Codebook:



Appendix A: Collection Protocol Description and Rationale / Interpretive Description

ECA of Editorial Cartoons in Appeal to Reason and Kansas City Star, 1910-1917

Definition of editorial cartoons: What we term a cartoon can be drawn in many styles, including realism, minimalism, and caricature. Typically, however, it has the feel of an in-the-moment sketch rather than a worked and reworked production, reflecting the original use of the word. Until 1843, according to Dewey (2007), the word “cartoon” was used only to refer to “a rough sketch for a painting or fresco” (p. 24); that changed when the British humor magazine Punch labeled an illustration, accompanied by a brief commentary, a cartoon.

Cartoon narratives sometimes, but not always, include elements of humor—out-and-out funny jokes, puns, parody, sarcasm, or irony. Newspaper cartoonists often are considered the “second class citizens of the editorial page” (Lamb,

Population. The population was all editorial cartoons published in Appeal to Reason and in Kansas City Star publications between 1910 and 1917, inclusive.

Appeal to Reason sample. Editorial cartoons published on the front page in Appeal to Reason during 1910-1917, inclusive, comprise the primary data source.

Rationale: Disney’s daughter, Diane Disney Miller, said in an article ghostwritten by Pete Martin, “Dad was raised on a weekly publication called The Appeal to Reason. It carried cartoons on the doings of Capital and Labor, and one of the first pictures Dad ever drew was of a big fat Capitalist and a Laboring man with a square paper hat on his head” (70). Steven Watts, drawing from the same Martin/Miller interviews, writes, “Walt remembered socialism as one of the earliest inspirations for his drawing. As he noted many years later, after looking at his father’s socialist publications ‘I got so I could draw capital and labor pretty good—the big, fat capitalist with the money, maybe with his foot on the neck of the laboring man with the little cap on his head’” (19). Michael Barrier (2007), again drawing on the Martin/Miller interviews, writes, “Walt Disney remembered copying the cartoons by Ryan Walker in the Kansas-based socialist newspaper, the Appeal to Reason, which came to the Disney household every week: ‘They always had a front-page cartoon, of capital and labor, and when I was…trying to draw…I had them all down pat’” (13). Neal Gabler includes the same quote in his biography (29).

Kansas City Star publications sample. Editorial cartoons published throughout the publications of the Kansas City Star during 1910-1917, inclusive, and drawn for the purpose of providing contextual comparison, comprise a secondary data source. However, Star publications used very few graphic images of any kind on the front page. Additionally, the Star archives are digitized through NewsBank and are not separated by publication (morning edition, evening edition, weekly edition). Each publication consisted of multiple sections, compared to Appeal’s one four-page section (with an occasional six-to-eight page section). Because the artists, unlike the reporters, produced work used across publications and, likely, in all sections, I created a constructed year

Rationale. When the Disney’s moved from Marceline, Kansas, to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1910, Walt Disney’s father purchased a newspaper distributorship and put his sons (and other boys) to work delivering the paper. In the same Martin/Miller interviews, Disney recalled visiting the artists when he went to the Star offices with his father.

Data to be collected from the front pages of Appeal to Reason:

• Title/Name of Paper

• Date of paper

• Issue information (Date / Number / Number of Subscribers Claimed)

• Staff Information (Names/Positions Listed on Masthead)

• Main article headline

• Other article headlines

• Inclusion criteria present (Appeal to Reason only): Because Walt Disney specifically mentioned copying the “front-page cartoon[s]” in Appeal to Reason (Barrier, 13), the primary unit of analysis is all front-page single-panel and multi-panel cartoons spanning more than one column in issues of Appeal to Reason (1910-1917, inclusive). Not Included: I did not include single-panel or multi-panel non-comic illustrations, in-column cartoon illustrations or non-cartoon illustrations, photographs, or other graphics.

If no defined material is present on the front page of Appeal to Reason, the coding is complete. If defined material is present on the front page, then proceed to next section.

• Cartoonist: Note signature (Name)

• Placement of cartoon (Upper Right, Upper Left, Lower Right, Lower Left, Center)

• Copyright or reprint information of cartoon

• Number of panels

• Title of cartoon

• Caption(s)

• Narrative refers to the cartoonist telling a story, i.e., relating a sequence of events that can be inferred from the moment captured in the single frame or across multiple panels, the panels also comprising only a portion of a longer, larger story. Story often includes the elements of conflicted or conflicting characters in a time/place setting who are embroiled in a plot of action. The story may be told from a particular point of view or from multiple points of view, in any of several tones, all of which leads to the development of a particular theme. [NEED CITATION(S)]

• Artistry refers to the choices the cartoonist made in telling the story visually and verbally, including the overall style choices of realism, caricature, and minimalism; the use of line, shading, white space, proportion, perspective, and scale; the use of personification, hyperbole, and symbolism; and the use of foreshadowing, flashback, and narrative arc, all of which support the narrative. [NEED CITATION(S)]

• Labels with description of who/what is being labeled

• Speech bubbles text with description of who is speaking and to whom

• Internal or external topic (Nord, 1978): Internal topics include any cartoon where the Appeal to Reason or one of its employees or contributors is the subject or the object of the cartoon narrative. External topics are all other

• Theme (must be corroborated through triangulation of data)

COLLECTION IS COMPLETE for this cartoon. However, if new collection points emerge, then the protocol is revised to include the new collection point AND all previously examined cartoons are reexamined in light of the new collection point. (Altheide and Schneider, p. 130)

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