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Sophomore Biology

Study Guide

First Semester Exam

Chapter 1 The Science of Life

List the characteristics of life

Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction

Outline the main steps in the scientific method

Compare a scientific hypothesis to a scientific theory

State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias

List the function of each of the parts of a compound light microscope

Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life

Explain the relationship between elements and atoms

Explain the relationship between enzymes and activation energy

Describe the structure of a water molecule

Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances.

Identify the role of solutes and solvents in solutions.

Differentiate between acids and bases.

Chapter 3 Biochemistry

Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.

Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.

Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

Distinguish between monosaccharide, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Explain the relationship between amino acids and proteins structure.

Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.

Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function

State the three principles of the cell theory

Explain why the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life.

Describe the three basic parts of the cell.

Analyze the relationship among cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and living organisms.

Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Describe the structure and function of a cell’s plasma membrane.

Summarize the role of the nucleus.

List the major organelles found in the cytosol, and describe their role.

Identify the characteristics of mitochondria.

Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.

List the three structures that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Chapter 5 Homeostasis and Cell Transport

Explain how equilibrium is established as a result of diffusion.

Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.

Explain how substances cross the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion.

Distinguish between passive transport and active transport.

Compare endocytosis and exocytosis.

Chapter 6 Photosynthesis

Explain why almost all organisms depend on photosynthesis.

Describe the role of chlorophylls and other pigments in photosynthesis.

Summarize the main events of the light reactions.

Explain how environmental factors influence photosynthesis.

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

Identify the two major steps in cellular respiration.

Compare lactic acid fermentation with alcohol fermentation.

Contrast the role of glycolysis and aerobic respiration in cellular respiration /

Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction

Describe the structure of a chromosome.

Identify the difference in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes

Explain the difference between sex chromosomes and autosomes

Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.

Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.

Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided in eukaryotes .

Summarize the events of interphase.

Describe the stages of mitosis.

Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals.

Define sexual reproduction.

Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.

Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication.

Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to proteins.

Compare the structure of RNA to DNA.

Chapter 23 Bacteria

Describe the internal and external structure of prokaryotic cells.

Chapter 24 Viruses

Summarize why viruses are not living organism.

Describe the basic structure of viruses.

Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus replication.

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