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2583180-57811400Chapter 12: DNAI. Metacognition: By the end of this unit you are expected to be able to do/complete all objectives below. Your teacher will help you understand this material, but it is ultimately your responsibility. Constantly ask yourself whether or not you are meeting these targets, and what are you doing to master them?PreCheckTBSectionObjectives (*EOB)PostCheck12.11. Communicate information about how DNA sequences influence heredity.*12.22. Explain how DNA’s structure allows it to code for genes and replicate.*12.23. Describe the steps leading to the development of the double-helix model of DNA.12.24. Explain the significance of the double-helix model of DNA.12.35. Summarize the events of DNA replication.II. Vocabulary Building: Due Date: __________________How am I going to learn the terms? (select one or create your own idea that is teacher approved)Make flashcards of all vocabulary terms and definitions.Make a flip chart including all vocabulary terms and definitions.Other Ideas (teacher approved)? ________________________________________________III. Chapter Vocabulary and Root Words: TermDefinitionMemory CueTransformationBacteriophageBase pairingReplicationDNA polymeraseTelomereIV. Guided Reading Section Questions (*EOB):Section 12.1 p. 338-343: Identifying the Substance of Genes PreCheckObjectives (*EOB)PostCheck1. Communicate information about how DNA sequences influence heredity.*Summarize the process of bacterial transformation. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________List the conclusions that Griffith and Avery drew from their experiments. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the role of bacteriophages in identifying genetic material. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What conclusion did Hershey and Chase draw from their experiments? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the three roles of DNA in heredity. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe how a book can represent the three roles of DNA (hint: use Figure 12-4). ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why would the storage of genetic information in genes help explain why chromosomes are separated so carefully during mitosis? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________287210538100000Using the following picture, what do you notice about the DNA “book” after it has been replicated? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Section 12.2 p. 344-348: The Structure of DNA PreCheckObjectives (*EOB)PostCheck1. Explain how DNA’s structure allows it to code for genes and replicate.*2. Describe the steps leading to the development of the double-helix model of DNA.3. Explain the significance of the double-helix model of DNA.55168806413500Describe the chemical components and structure of a DNA nucleotide.* _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the experiments leading to the identification of DNA as the molecule that carries the genetic code. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________290639519431000Using Chargaff’s Rule complete the table and then answer the following questions. *Which organism has the highest percentage of adenine? ___________________________The percentage of adenine bases in humans is approximately what percent?_______ Guanine in the bacterium? _______A & T and G & C occurred in equal amounts. What does that suggest about the relationship among these bases? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________38893758128000Describe the steps leading to the development of the double-helix model of DNA. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What important clue from Rosalind Franklin’s work helped Watson and Crick model DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why did scientists have to use tools other than microscopes to solve the structure of DNA? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why is it significant that the two strands of DNA are antiparallel? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. * _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Use the following terms to label the DNA structure below. *12939697839PhosphateDeoxyriboseNitrogen BaseAdenineGuanineCytosineThymineHydrogen BondsNucleotide (circle one)00PhosphateDeoxyriboseNitrogen BaseAdenineGuanineCytosineThymineHydrogen BondsNucleotide (circle one)Section 12.3 p. 350-353: DNA Replication PreCheckObjectives (*EOB)PostCheck1. Summarize the events of DNA replication.51669957239000Summarize the events of DNA replication. * ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why is base pairing so important during DNA replication? * ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A strand that has the base sequence ACTGAA will produce a strand with what complementary base sequence? ________________________________________________Use the phrases to categorize the similarities and differences between replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Occurs in cytoplasmSingle, circular chromosomeOccurs in nucleusBegins several points Begins one point uses DNA polymerase New DNA strands are complementary Numerous chromosomes 50826428257500BothProkaryotic Eukaryotic406273027940000Complete the following concept map about DNA replication.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Is photocopying a document similar to DNA replication? Think of the original materials, the copying process, and the final products. Explain how the two processes are alike and identify major differences. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-33655033210500___________________________________________________________________________UV Light – “Put on your sunscreen!” This familiar phrase can be heard at most beaches on a sunny day. It’s an important directive, though, because sunlight – for all its beneficial effects – can readily damage the skin. The most dangerous wavelengths of sunlight are the ones we can’t see: the ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Not only can excess exposure to UV light damage skin cells, it can cause a deadly form of skin cancer that kills nearly 10,000 Americans each year.The nucleotides in DNA include the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine (A, C, G, and T). The energy from UV light can produce chemical changes in these bases, damaging the DNA molecule and producing errors when DNA is replicated.Use your understanding of the structure of DNA to predict what sorts of problems excessive UV light might produce. How might these changes affect the functions of DNA? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________All cells have systems of enzymes that repair UV-induced damage to their DNA. Some cellular systems block DNA replication if there are base pairing problems in the double helix. Why are these systems important? How might they work? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Analyze the effects that UV light might have on skin cells. Why is UV light so dangerous? Why is the skin particularly vulnerable to it? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________389699516319500A scientist studied the effect of exposing DNA to various wavelengths of UV light. The scientist determined the number of copying errors made after the exposure to UV rays. The graph shows the results. Use the graph to answer the remaining questions.The most damaging effects of UV light on DNA replication occur at which wavelength? ________What conclusion would you draw from the graph about the effect of ultraviolet light on organisms? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________V. I can statements: Read the following I can statements and complete the table with evidence you know that I can statement. This could include a sentence, a picture, etc. You MUST complete this section for credit.TBSectionI can statement (*EOB)Evidence12.11a. I can summarize the process of bacterial transformation and how it supports that DNA is responsible for heredity. 12.11b. I can summarize Griffith’s experiments stating his independent variable, dependent variable, and conclusions. 12.11c. I can summarize Avery’s experiments stating his independent variable, dependent variable, and conclusions. 12.11d. I can summarize Hershey and Chase’s experiments stating their independent variable, dependent variable, and conclusions. 12.11e. I can summarize the three roles that DNA plays in heredity. 12.22a. I can explain and diagram the basic structure of a DNA nucleotide (using the following terms: phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and covalent bonds).*12.23a. I can summarize Chargaff’s Rule. 12.23b. I can summarize Rosalind Franklin’s work with x-ray diffraction. 12.23c. I can summarize the work of Watson and Crick in creating a 3D model of DNA. 12.24a. I can explain what is significant about the antiparallel strands of DNA. 12.24b. I can explain how hydrogen bonds allow DNA molecules to be separated. 12.24c. I can explain what is significant about nucleotide base pairing.*12.35a. I can explain how DNA replication is “semiconservative.” 12.35b. I can explain the role of enzymes in DNA replication. 12.35c. I can create a complementary strand of DNA when given a DNA sequence.*12.35d. I can state two similarities and two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication. VI. Study GuideThe final chapter assessment is on ____________________________To study for the test I have completed the following:___ Completing the entire reading guide___ Rereading the entire chapter___ Making flashcards___ Making my own study guide___ Reviewing all of my notes___ Reviewing all of my labs___ Reviewing all of my worksheets___ Reviewing all of my quizzes___ Quizzing myself ___ Quizzing a classmate___ Creating a practice test___ Outlining the chapter___ Copying my notes___Making a graph organizer___ Getting additional help from my teacher___ Taking online quizzes/tests on website___ Other (explain: _______________________________)___ Other (explain: _______________________________)___ Other (explain: _______________________________)___ Other (explain: _______________________________)I predict that I will earn the following grade on my assessment ___________ because __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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