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Section 1: Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material

Study Guide A

Key Concept

DNA WAS IDENTIFIED AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL THROUGH A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS.

Vocabulary

|BACTERIOPHAGE |

MAIN IDEA: GRIFFITH FINDS A “TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE.”

CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOXES TO INDICATE THE RESULTS OF GRIFFITH’S EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE LISTED BELOW.

| |Results |

|Experiments |Mice Lived |Mice Died |

|1. Injected mice with live R bacteria. | | |

|2. Injected mice with live S bacteria. | | |

|3. Killed S bacteria and injected them into mice. | | |

|4. Mixed killed S bacteria with R bacteria and injected them into mice. | | |

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

5. The S / R form of bacteria caused disease in the mice.

6. Griffith concluded that there must be a “transforming principle” that changed harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria / mice.

Study Guide A continued

Main Idea: Avery identifies DNA as the transforming principle.

7. AVERY AND HIS TEAM ISOLATED GRIFFITH’S TRANSFORMING PRINCIPLE AND PERFORMED THREE TESTS TO LEARN IF IT WAS DNA OR PROTEIN.

In the table below, check the appropriate boxes to show the results of

each type of test.

|Avery’s Question |DNA |Protein |

|What type of molecule does the transforming | | |

|principle contain? | | |

|Are the chemical elements in the transforming principle more similar to DNA or protein? | | |

|Will transformation fail to occur after adding an | | |

|enzyme that destroys DNA, or after adding an enzyme | | |

|that destroys protein? | | |

Main Idea: Hershey and Chase confirm that DNA is the genetic material.

FILL IN THE BLANK WITH THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.

8. A bacteriophage has two main structures: a DNA molecule and a _________________ coat.

9. In their first experiment, Hershey and Chase tagged bacteriophages with __________________ sulfur. Protein contains sulfur, but DNA does not.

10. In their second experiment, Hershey and Chase tagged bacteriophages with __________________ phosphorus. DNA contains phosphorus, but protein contains very little phosphorus.

11. Radioactivity was only present in the bacteria that were infected with phosphorus-tagged bacteriophages. This result indicated that the bacteriophages’ _______________ had entered the bacteria, but the protein had not.

Vocabulary Check

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes sentence.

12. A bacteriophage is a type of _________________ that infects bacteria.

Section 2: Structure of DNA

Study Guide A

Key Concept

DNA STRUCTURE IS THE SAME IN ALL ORGANISMS.

Vocabulary

|NUCLEOTIDE |DOUBLE HELIX |BASE PAIRING RULES |

MAIN IDEA: DNA IS COMPOSED OF FOUR TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES.

1. IN THE SPACE BELOW, DRAW A NUCLEOTIDE AND LABEL THE PHOSPHATE GROUP, THE NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE, AND THE DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? ___________

3. All nucleotides have two parts that are the same: the deoxyribose sugar and __________________. The third part, _____________________, is different.

MAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s

three-dimensional structure.

CIRCLE THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE STATEMENT.

4. Franklin’s data revealed that the structure of DNA is uniform / variable in width.

5. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional shape of DNA by building models / building genomes.

6. DNA base pairing results in a molecule that has a uniform width. A sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside / outside. Inside the structure, a base with two rings always pairs with a base with one / two ring(s).

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: Nucleotides always pair in the same way.

7. THE T NUCLEOTIDE PAIRS WITH THE ___________ NUCLEOTIDE, AND THE C NUCLEOTIDE PAIRS WITH THE ___________ NUCLEOTIDE.

8. In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.

Vocabulary Check

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

9. The DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase: the ___________________________ is like the twisting handrails of the staircase, and the ______________________________ are like the steps that connect the railings to each other.

Select from the lettered list to fill in the blanks in the sentence below.

10. The base pairing rules of DNA relate to Chargaff’s rules. The base pairing rules state that A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G. Therefore, the amount of A will be _______________ the amount of T, and the amount of C will be ______________ the amount of G.

a. less than

b. more than

c. equal to

Section 3: DNA Replication

Study Guide A

Key Concept

DNA REPLICATION COPIES THE GENETIC INFORMATION OF A CELL.

Vocabulary

|REPLICATION |DNA POLYMERASE |

MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION COPIES THE GENETIC INFORMATION.

FILL IN THE BLANK OR CIRCLE THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE STATEMENT.

1. DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied / observed during the cell cycle.

2. DNA replication takes place in the centrosome / nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

3. DNA is replicated during the M stage / S stage of the cell cycle.

4. DNA replication needs to occur so that every cell / organism will have a complete set of DNA following cell division.

5. A template is something that serves as a ___________.

6. Suppose that one strand of DNA has the sequence TAGGTAC. Write down the sequence of the complementary DNA strand. _______________________

Main Idea: Proteins carry out the process of replication.

7. CIRCLE ALL OF THE ROLES THAT PROTEINS PLAY DURING DNA REPLICATION.

a. They help unzip the DNA strand.

b. They hold the DNA strands apart.

c. They attach nucleotides to the nucleus.

d. They remove nucleotides from the DNA strands.

e. They bond nucleotides together.

Study Guide A continued

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the ________________ bonds connecting base pairs must be broken.

9. DNA replication is called semiconservative because each molecule consists of one ___________ strand and one ___________ strand.

Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of replication. Draw a diagram showing each step.

a. Enzymes unzip the helix.

b. Two identical DNA molecules result.

c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands.

Main Idea: Replication is fast and accurate.

CIRCLE THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE STATEMENT.

13. Human chromosomes have only one / hundreds of origin(s) of replication, where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin.

14. DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that enables it to detect errors / enzymes and correct them.

Vocabulary Check

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

15. The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme. A polymer is a string of repeating structural units. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming bonds between _____________________.

Section 4: Transcription

Study Guide A

Key Concept

TRANSCRIPTION CONVERTS A GENE INTO A SINGLE-STRANDED RNA MOLECULE.

Vocabulary

|CENTRAL DOGMA |MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) |

|RNA |RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA) |

|TRANSCRIPTION |TRANSFER RNA (TRNA) |

|RNA POLYMERASE | |

MAIN IDEA: RNA CARRIES DNA’S INSTRUCTIONS.

LABEL THE DIAGRAM BELOW WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES: TRANSLATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND REPLICATION.

FOR EACH PROCESS, WRITE DOWN WHETHER IT TAKES PLACE IN THE NUCLEUS OR IN THE CYTOPLASM OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL.

Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA

and RNA.

|ribose |deoxyribose |double |single |U |T |

|DNA |RNA |

|4. Contains the sugar ____________ |Contains the sugar ____________ |

|5. Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ |Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ |

|6. Typically __________-stranded |Typically __________-stranded |

Study Guide A continued

Main Idea: Transcription makes three types of RNA.

FILL IN THE BLANK WITH THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.

7. The enzyme that helps a cell to make a strand of RNA is called ________________________.

8. The following sentences summarize the three key steps of transcription.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,

i. A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene / nucleus and begins to unwind

the DNA / RNA.

ii. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, DNA polymerase / RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA.

iii. The RNA strand attaches to / detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together.

9. Identify which type of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA) performs each of the following functions.

__________ brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.

__________ forms part of ribosomes.

__________ is an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein.

Main Idea: The transcription process is similar to replication.

10. CHECK THE APPROPRIATE BOXES TO IDENTIFY WHETHER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES IS TRUE OF TRANSCRIPTION, TRUE OF REPLICATION, OR TRUE OF BOTH TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION.

| |Transcription |Replication |Both |

| i. is catalyzed by large enzymes | | | |

| ii. is highly regulated by the cell | | | |

|iii. involves complementary base pairing of the DNA | | | |

|strand | | | |

|iv. involves unwinding of the DNA double helix | | | |

| v. occurs within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells | | | |

Study Guide A continued

11. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following end results is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication.

| |Transcription |Replication |Both |

| i. makes a double-stranded copy of all the DNA in a cell | | | |

| ii. makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular | | | |

|DNA sequence. | | | |

|iii. occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle | | | |

|iv. occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make | | | |

|proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as needed by a cell | | | |

Vocabulary Check

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

12. The name of each type of RNA tells what it does.

mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of ________________ to make.

rRNA is a key component of ______________________.

tRNA transfers, or carries, _____________________ from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

13. Transcription is the process of copying a sequence of __________ to produce a complementary strand of ________.

Section 5: Translation

Study Guide A

Key Concept

TRANSLATION CONVERTS AN MRNA MESSAGE INTO A POLYPEPTIDE, OR PROTEIN.

Vocabulary

|TRANSLATION |STOP CODON |ANTICODON |

|CODON |START CODON | |

MAIN IDEA: AMINO ACIDS ARE CODED BY MRNA BASE SEQUENCES.

FILL IN THE BLANK WITH THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE OR ANSWERS THE QUESTION.

1. Translation is the process that converts an mRNA message into a _____________.

2. A codon is a sequence of ________ nucleotides that code for an amino acid.

3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1 in your textbook be found in a strand of DNA or RNA? ____________

4. A reading frame is the order in which _____________ are read.

Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below.

|Codon |Amino Acid or Function |

|5. AGA | |

|6. UAG | |

|7. |tryptophan (Trp) |

|8. GGA | |

Main Idea: Amino acids are linked to become a protein.

CIRCLE THE WORD OR PHRASE THAT BEST COMPLETES THE STATEMENT.

9. Ribosomes / Vesicles and tRNA molecules / DNA polymerase are the tools that help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.

Study Guide A continued

10. The small / large subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.

11. The small / large subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.

12. A tRNA molecule is attached to a(n) sugar / amino acid at one end and has a(n) frame / anticodon at the other end.

13. Place the following sentences into the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation.

i. The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed.

ii. The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the bond between the first amino acid and tRNA.

iii. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid.

Vocabulary Check

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

14. AGG, GCA, and GUU are examples of _________________.

15. A(n) __________ is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

16. A ______________ indicates where translation is to stop.

Section 6: Gene Expression and Regulation

Study Guide A

Key Concept

GENE EXPRESSION IS CAREFULLY REGULATED IN BOTH PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS.

Vocabulary

|PROMOTER |EXON |

|OPERON |INTRON |

MAIN IDEA: PROKARYOTIC CELLS TURN GENES ON AND OFF BY CONTROLLING TRANSCRIPTION.

1. CIRCLE TWO REASONS WHY GENE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS.

a. Regulation allows the cells to live for a longer period.

b. Regulation allows the cells to better respond to stimuli.

c. Regulation allows the cells to promote gene recognition.

d. Regulation allows the cells to conserve energy and materials.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

2. In prokaryotic cells, gene expression is typically regulated at the start of transcription / translation.

3. A(n) operator / promoter is a segment of DNA that helps RNA polymerase recognize the start of a gene.

4. An exon / operon is a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an

operator, and one or more genes / introns that code for proteins needed

to carry out a task.

Complete the Cause-and-Effect Diagram describing the lac operon on the next

page by putting the letter for each sentence into the appropriate box.

a. Lactose binds to the repressor protein, and the repressor cannot bind

to the operon.

b. Lactose is broken down.

c. RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes.

d. RNA polymerase is blocked by the repressor.

e. The genes are not transcribed.

Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression at many points.

-----------------------

12.

11.

10.

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

1. _______________

DNA

RNA

Proteins

3. _______________

_______________ ____________

2. _______________

_______________

Ribosome assembles at the start codon of mRNA strand.

A.

B.

C.

When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it falls apart and the protein is released.

8.

6.

Bacteria growing

in culture

medium

without lactose

added

medium

with lactose added

The repressor continues to bind to the operator.

5.

The resulting transcript is translated into 3 enzymes.

9.

7.

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