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Section 2. Structure of DNANucleotide: Refer to the Visual Vocab in Section 2 for visual answers. Students should label: phosphate group; nitrogen-containing base; and deoxyribose sugar.1.42.the phosphate group and the deoxyribose sugar; the nitrogen-containing base3.that it was of uniform width4.by building models5.The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside. Inside the structure, a base with two rings always pairs with a base with only one ring.6.A; GDNA Double Helix: drawing should include sugar-phosphate backbone; nitrogen-containing bases; and hydrogen bonds7.The sugar-phosphate backbone is like the twisting handrails of the staircase, and the nitrogen-containing bases are like the steps that connect the railings to each other.8.Because A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G, the amount of A will be equal to the amount of T, and the amount of C will be equal to the amount of G.Section 3. DNA Replication1.the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle2.nucleus3.S stage4.so that every cell will have a complete set of DNA following cell division5.something that serves as a pattern6.ATCCATG7.Proteins help unzip the DNA strand, hold the strands apart, and bond nucleotides together.8.hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs9.because each molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand10.Enzymes unzip the helix.11.DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are complementary to the original strands.12.Two identical DNA molecules result.13.origins of replication14.proofreading15.DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming bonds between nucleotides. The “-ase” ending signals that it is an enzyme. The first part of the word tells that the enzyme makes DNA by stringing together lots of monomers to form polymers.16.Replication is the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle. Accept any reasonable answer. Students may compare replication to making copies on a copier.17.Share the best bumper stickers with the class.Section 4. Transcription1.replication (nucleus)2.transcription (nucleus)3.translation (cytoplasm)4.Contains the sugar ribose5.Has the bases A, C, G, and T6.Typically single-stranded7.RNA polymerase8.A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene and begins to unwind the DNA. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA. The RNA strand detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together.9.mRNA: intermediate message that is translated to form a protein; rRNA: forms part of ribosomes; tRNA: brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein10.Both occur within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, are catalyzed by large enzymes, involve unwinding of the DNA double helix, involve complementary base pairing of the DNA strand, and are highly regulated by the cell.11.Replication occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle and makes a double-stranded copy of all the DNA in a cell. Transcription occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs as needed by a cell. Transcription makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular DNA sequence.12.mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of protein to make. rRNA is a key component of ribosomes. tRNA transfers, or carries, amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.13.the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNASection 4. Transcription1.replication (nucleus)2.transcription (nucleus)3.translation (cytoplasm)4.Contains the sugar ribose5.Has the bases A, C, G, and T6.Typically single-stranded7.RNA polymerase8.A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene and begins to unwind the DNA. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA. The RNA strand detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together.9.mRNA: intermediate message that is translated to form a protein; rRNA: forms part of ribosomes; tRNA: brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein10.Both occur within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, are catalyzed by large enzymes, involve unwinding of the DNA double helix, involve complementary base pairing of the DNA strand, and are highly regulated by the cell.11.Replication occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle and makes a double-stranded copy of all the DNA in a cell. Transcription occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs as needed by a cell. Transcription makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular DNA sequence.12.mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of protein to make. rRNA is a key component of ribosomes. tRNA transfers, or carries, amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.13.the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNASection 5. Translation1.the process that converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein2.sequences of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid3.RNA4.the order in which nucleotides are read; they are read as a series of three, nonoverlapping nucleotides5.arginine (Arg)6.stop codon7.UGG8.glycine (Gly)9.Ribosomes, tRNA molecules10.small11.large12.amino acid, anticodonCycle Diagram:A. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid.B. the ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the bond between the first amino acid and tRNA.C. the ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed.13.codons14.anticodon15.Stop codons indicate where translation is to stop. (Students may mention that methionine is also a start codon.)Section 7. Mutations1.point mutation/substitution; frameshift mutation2.gene duplication; translocation3.chromosomal mutation4.unequal crossing over5.the attachment of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome6.Answers will vary.7.Answers will vary.8.noncoding regions9.premature stop codon10.no change11.lack of regulation12.altered splice site13.germ cells/gametes14.no15.an agent in the environment that can change DNA16.UV light can cause neighboring thymine nucleotides to break their hydrogen bonds to adenine and bond with each other instead.17.a change in an organism’s DNA18.a frameshift mutationSection 4. Genetic Engineering1.genetically identical copy of a gene or organism2.plants, simple animals (regeneration), prokaryotes (binary fission)3.nuclear transfer; DNA from organism to be cloned is inserted into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed; egg stimulated and implanted in a female to develop4.human organ transplants, save endangered species5.low success rate in cloning mammals, clones imperfect copies, decrease in biodiversity6.changing an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits7.DNA that contains genes from more than one organism8.Plasmids are loops of DNA that replicate separately from bacterial DNA.Bacteria and Recombinant DNA: Sketch 1 should show a plasmid and a segment of DNA with the desired gene being cut with a restriction enzyme. Sketch 2 should show the open plasmid and the gene with matching sticky ends. Sketch 3 should show the gene incorporated into the plasmid.9.an organism that has one or more genes from a different organism inserted into its genome10.Bacteria: Process—gene inserted into plasmid, plasmid inserted into bacteria; Example—bacteria with human insulin gene Plants: Process—gene inserted into plasmid, plasmid inserted into bacteria, plant infected with bacteria; Example—Bt (insect-resistant) crops Animals: Process—gene inserted into a fertilized egg, egg implanted in a female; Example—oncomouseSection 2: Structure of DNAStudy Guide Key ConceptDNA structure is the same in all organisms.Vocabularynucleotidebase pairing rulesdouble helixMain Idea: DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides.In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and arrows.center3921760001.How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?2.Which parts are the same in all nucleotides? Which part is different?Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s three-dimensional structure.3.What did Franklin’s data reveal about the structure of DNA?4.How did Watson and Crick determine the three-dimensional shape of DNA?How does DNA base pairing result in a molecule that has a uniform width?MAIN IDEA: Nucleotides always pair in the same way.What nucleotide pairs with T? with C?1265555480314000In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.Vocabulary Check7.Explain how the DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase.8.How do the base pairing rules relate to Chargaff ’s rules?Section 3: DNA ReplicationStudy Guide Key ConceptDNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.VocabularyreplicationDNA polymeraseMain Idea: Replication copies the genetic information.1.What is DNA replication?2.Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?3.When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?4.Why does DNA replication need to occur?5.What is a template?6.If one strand of DNA had the sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the sequence of the complementary DNA strand?MAIN IDEA: Proteins carry out the process of replication.7.What roles do proteins play in DNA replication?8.What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate?9.Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?Study Guide B continued2984547307512.11.10.__________________________________________________________________________________________0012.11.10.__________________________________________________________________________________________Use words and diagrams to summarize the steps of replication, in order, in the boxes below.MAIN IDEA: Replication is fast and accurate.13.Human chromosomes have hundreds of _________________, where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin.14.DNA polymerase has a __________________ function that enables it to detect errors and correct them.Vocabulary Check15.Explain what DNA polymerase is by breaking the word into its parts.16.Write a short analogy to explain what replication is.Be Creative17.People sometimes like to display bumper stickers that relate to their trade or field of study. For example, a chemist may have a bumper sticker that says “It takes alkynes to make the world.” Then, chemists or other people who know that an alkyne is a molecule that contains carbon atoms joined by a triple bond get a nice little chuckle out of the play on words. Use your knowledge of DNA replication to write a bumper sticker.Section 4: TranscriptionStudy Guide Key ConceptTranscription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.Vocabularycentral dogmamessenger RNA (mRNA)RNAribosomal RNA (rRNA)transcriptiontransfer RNA (tRNA)RNA polymeraseMain Idea: RNA carries DNA’s instructions.Label each of the processes represented by the arrows in the diagram below. Write where each of these processes takes place in a eukaryotic cell in parentheses.-184151708151. _______________DNARNAProteins3. __________________________________________2. ______________________________001. _______________DNARNAProteins3. __________________________________________2. ______________________________Fill in the table below to contrast DNA and RNA.DNARNA4. Contains the sugar deoxyribose5.Has the bases A, C, G, and U6. Typically double-strandedStudy Guide B continuedMAIN IDEA: Transcription makes three types of RNA.7.What enzyme helps a cell to make a strand of RNA?8.Summarize the three key steps of transcription.9.Write the basic function of each type of RNA in the chart below.Type of RNAFunctionmRNArRNAtRNAMAIN IDEA: The transcription process is similar to replication.10.List two ways that the processes of transcription and replication are similar.11.List two ways that the end results of transcription and replication differ.Vocabulary Check12.How does the name of each type of RNA tell what it does?13.What is transcription?Section 5: TranslationStudy Guide Key ConceptTranslation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.Vocabularytranslationstop codonanticodoncodonstart codonMain Idea: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.1.What is translation?2.What is a codon?3.Would the codons in Figure 5.1 be found in a strand of DNA or RNA?4.What is a reading frame?Refer to Figure 5.1 to complete the table below.CodonAmino Acid or Function5. AGA6. UAG7.tryptophan (Trp)8. GGAMAIN IDEA: Amino acids are linked to become a protein.9._______________ and _______________ are the tools that help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.10.The _______________ subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.11.The _______________ subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.Study Guide B continued12.A tRNA molecule is attached to an _______________ at one end and has an _______________ at the other end.Fill in the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation.8191563500Ribosome assembles on start codon of mRNA strand.A.B.C.When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it falls apart and the protein is released.00Ribosome assembles on start codon of mRNA strand.A.B.C.When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it falls apart and the protein is released.Vocabulary Check13.What are AGG, GCA, and GUU examples of?14.What is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon?15.What do codons code for in addition to amino acids?Section 7: MutationsStudy Guide Key ConceptMutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype.Vocabularymutationframeshift mutationpoint mutationmutagenMAIN IDEA: Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome.1.List two types of gene mutations.2.List two types of chromosomal mutations.3.Which type of mutation affects more genes, a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation?4.What leads to gene duplication?5.What is a translocation?Below is a string of nucleotides. (1) Use brackets to indicate the reading frame of the nucleotide sequence. (2) Copy the nucleotide sequence into the first box and make a point mutation. Circle the mutation. (3) Copy the nucleotide sequence into the second box and make a frameshift mutation. Use brackets to indicate how the reading frame would be altered by the mutation.A G G C G T C C A T G A6. 7. Study Guide continuedMAIN IDEA: Mutations may or may not affect phenotype.Fill in the cause-and-effect diagram below to explain how a point mutation may or may not affect phenotype.-12065114300result incoding regions9. 10. mayoccurinPointmutations11. resultin8. 12. no change nonfunctional protein 00result incoding regions9. 10. mayoccurinPointmutations11. resultin8. 12. no change nonfunctional protein 13.For a mutation to be passed to offspring, in what type of cell must it occur?MAIN IDEA: Mutations can be caused by several factors.14.Can DNA polymerase catch and correct every replication error?15.What is a mutagen?16.How does UV light damage the DNA strand?Vocabulary Check17.What is a mutation?18.If a nucleotide is deleted from a strand of DNA, what type of mutation has occurred?Section 4: Genetic EngineeringStudy Guide KEY CONCEPTDNA sequences of organisms can be changed.VOCABULARYclonerecombinant DNAtransgenicgenetic engineeringplasmidgene knockoutMAIN IDEA: Entire organisms can be cloned.908054362455. Concerns4. Potential benefits3. Cloning mammals2. Cloning in nature1. Definition of cloneEntire organisms can be cloned.005. Concerns4. Potential benefits3. Cloning mammals2. Cloning in nature1. Definition of cloneEntire organisms can be cloned.Fill in the chart below to take notes about cloning.MAIN IDEA: New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA.6.What is genetic engineering?7.What is recombinant DNA?8.Why are plasmids used to produce bacteria with recombinant DNA?Study Guide B continued571553467000Use the space below to sketch and label the process that scientists use to produce bacteria with recombinant DNA. Use Figure 4.3 help you with your sketch.MAIN IDEA: Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits. 9.What is a transgenic organism? plete the table below to take notes on transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals.Type of OrganismProcess UsedExampleBacteriaPlantsAnimalsVocabulary Check11.The term recombine means “to combine, or join, again.” How is the meaning of recombine related to the production of recombinant DNA?12.The prefix trans- means “across,” and genic means “relating to genes.” How do these two meanings help to explain the meaning of transgenic? ................
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