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BASIC PHARMACOLOGY NOTES FOR THE PHARMACY TECHNICIAN

COURSE DATA SHEET I

1. Which of the following would not increase the blood pressure ?

a). STIMULANTS b). EXERCISE c). REST d). STRESS

[ REST ]

2. A patient urinates 10 ounces of urine. How would you record this ?

[ 10 oz. X 30 ml/oz = 300 ml.] [ 1 oz = 30 ml ]

3. A drug that can be purchased without a doctor's prescription is ?

[ ASPIRIN (ACETYLSALACYLIC ACID) ]

4. A drug used to induce perspiration is called ? [ DIAPHORETIC ]

5. A drug used to relieve pain is called ? [ ANALGESIC ]

6. Which of the following methods is the recommended technique to use when

administering intramuscular (I.M.) medications that may be irritating to

the skin or subcutaneous tissues ? [ Z-TRACK METHOD ]

a). INTRADERMAL METHOD b). SUBCU METHOD c). PARENTERAL METHOD

d). Z TRACT METHOD e). DELTOID METHOD d). GLUTEAL METHOD

7. What is the name of the nerve that one should attempt to avoid when admin-

istering I.M. medication to the Deltoid (upper arm) region ?

[ BRACHIAL NERVE ]

8. What is the name of the nerve that one should attempt to avoid when admin-

istering I.M. medication to the Gluteal (buttocks) region ? [SCIATIC NERVE]

9. Which injection site is "best" recommended for infants ? [VASTUS LATERALIS]

10. The following are routes used when administering a medication by way of

Mucous Membrane absorption ?

a). SUBLINGUAL c). VAGINAL e). OPTHALMIC

b). RECTAL d). NASAL f). BUCCAL

11. A liquid oral dosage form which serves as a vehicle in medicinal prepara-

tions is made of a solution of sugar and water for flavoring and is com-

monly found in non-alcoholic cough medications are called: [ SYRUPS ]

12. The name of the agent that increases or hastens bowel evacuation (defeca-

tion) and commonly called a laxative or purgative ? [ CATHARTIC ]

13. What is the name of a small hermetically sealed glass flask usually con-

taining a single dose of medication in liquid form but has an extended

neck with a weak point that is broken just before use ? [ AMPULE ]

14. In what direction should the bevel of a syringe needle be facing when ad-

ministering medication by the I.V. route or performing phlebotomy ?

[ BEVEL UP ]

15. If there were `back-leakage' of medication through a syringe needle while

you were preparing for an I.M. injection, which components of the syringe

should you first check ? [ CANNULA ]

16. A vial of medication contains 30 cc of a drug. If the usual dosage for

this drug is 0.5 cc, then how many injections at the prescribed dose may

be given from this bottle ? [ 60 INJECTIONS ]

MATH: [ 30 cc / 0.5 cc ] = [ # injections ] = [ # patients ]

** [ IN ADDITION: If you had 540 patients, then how many bottles

would you have to order: 540 / 60 = 9 ]

17. MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS:

a). [ qid ] = four times a day e). [ ad. lib.] = as much as needed

b). [ tid ] = three times a day f). [ qod ] = every other day

c). [ ac ] = before meals g). [ II gtts or 2 gtts ] = two drops

d). [ pc ] = after meals h). [ hs ] = at bedtime

18. According to DEA and FDA, federal drug regulation bureaus, drugs which

have no medicinal use, have a high potential for abuse, examples of which

are LSD, Marijuana and Heroin; for which possession is illegal are ?

a). SCHEDULE I b). SCHEDULE II c). SCHEDULE III d). SCHEDULE IV

[ SCHEDULE I ]

THE FIVE SCHEDULES of controlled substances:

a). SCHEDULE I = Includes substances that have no medicinal use and a high po-

tential for abuse. Possession is illegal. Drugs included in this schedule

are heroin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), marijuana and peyote.

b). SCHEDULE II = Includes various narcotics such as opium, the opium deriva-

tives (morphine), and the synthetic opium derivatives (synthetic morphine

and methadone); stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, and the com-

monly abused depressant barbuturates. For these, the physician must have a

special license (DEA #) and the prescription written in Federal Triplicate

Order Forms imprinted with this number. In the medical office they must be

stored under lock and key.

c). SCHEDULE III = Includes the lesser abused combination drugs that contain

limited quantities of codeine, narcotic substances or amphetamine-like sub

stances. The physician must hand write the prescription but the DEA number

is not required.

d). SCHEDULE IV = Includes the minor tranquilizers and hypnotics that have a

lesser potential for abuse. Prescriptions may be handwritten by the medi-

cal assistant under the physician's direction, but the physician must sign

them. Drugs in this schedule include meprobamate (equanil), chlordiazepox-

ide (Librium) diazepam (Valium), flurazepam (Dalmane), chloral hydrate and

the non-narcotic analgesic propoxyphene (Darvon).

e). SCHEDULE V = Includes miscellaneous mixtures containing limited amounts

of narcotic drugs. Prescription orders and re-fills are the same as for

Schedule IV drugs. Examples are most cough medications containing codeine

and some drugs used for gastrointestinal disorders, such as Donnagel and

diphenoxylate (Lomotil).

19. DRUG (MEDICATION) TYPES:

a). ANTIPYRETIC = A drug given to reduce fever.

b). CONTRACEPTIVE, ORAL = A drug that prevents conception;

slang for "the Pill."

c). ANTIHISTAMINE = A drug used to treat allergy symptoms.

d). ANTISPASMODIC = A drug used to relieve on prevent muscular contrac-

tions, spasms, and convulsions.

e). ANTIEMETIC = A drug that relieves vomiting.

f). VACCINE = A suspension of infectious agents or some part of them used

to convey resistance to infectious disease.

g). APPETITE SUPPRESSOR = A drug that controls appetite.

h). ANTICOAGULANT = A drug used to prevent blood clotting.

i). HEMOSTATIC = A drug used to check bleeding.

j). DISINFECTANT = A substance that destroys bacteria on objects, places,

and materials; not used on the living body because of

capacity to destroy living tissue as well.

k). EXPECTORANT = A drug used to increase secretion and aid in expelling

mucus from the respirtory tract, or to modify such sec-

retions.

l). DEPRESSANT = A drug that tends to decrease the activities of the body

parts.

m). PROPHYLACTIC = A drug that prevents the development of a disease, such

as a vaccine, a vitamin, a hormone, or an immunologic

preparation.

n). ASTRINGENT = A substance that produces shrinkage of mucous membranes or

other tissues and decreases secretion.

o). ANTACID = A drug that neutralizes acidity, especially in the digestive

tract.

PART II: Translate the following prescriptions into common English:

A. Tylenol 50 Sig: 2 tabs q4h prn for pain.

__________________________________________________________________

ANSWER = Tylenol Number fifty; Directions: Take two tablets (pills) every four

hours when necessary for pain

B. Darvocet-N 60 Sig: 2 tabs stat then 1 tab q3h prn for pain.

__________________________________________________________________

ANSWER = Darvocet-N Number sixty; Directions: Take two tablets (pills)

immediately, then one tablet every three hours when necessary for pain

C. Gantanol 68 Sig: 2 tabs b.i.d. until finished.

__________________________________________________________________

ANSWER = Gantanol Number sixty-eight; Directions: Take two tablets (pills) two

times each day (twice per day) until finished

PART III: Write the abbreviation or symbol for the following

pharmaceutical terms:

1. a.c. = before meals 17. q.o.d. = every other day

2. a.m. = morning 18. mg. = milligram

3. gt. = drop (gtt. = drops) 19. h.s. = before bedtime

4. b.i.d. = two times a day 20. s.o.s. = if needed

5. stat. = immediately 21. elix. = elixir

6. tab. = tablet 22. gm. = gram

7. q.2h. = every 2 hours 23. Rx = take (recipe)

8. M. = mix 24. h = hour

9. p.r.n. = when necessary 25. q.i.d. = four times a day

10. s = without 26. c = with

11. gr. = grain 27. q. = every

12. p.c. = after meals 28. pil. = pill

13. capsul. = capsule 29. comp. = composition

14. ml. = milliter 30. dil. = dilute

15. inj. = injection 31. rep. = let it be repeated

16. syr. = syrup 32. D. = doses

DOSE CONVERSIONS

FRIED'S LAW (ADULT = 12 ½ yrs = 150 mos) CLARK'S RULE (LAW):

Child's age in mos Child weight (lbs)

PEDS DOSE = ------------------ X ADULT DOSE PEDS DOSE = ------------------

150 mos 150 lbs

X ADULT DOSE

YOUNG'S RULE (LAW):

Child wt (lbs)

Child's age in yrs = -------------- = CHILD(50lbs)

PEDS DOSE = ------------------ X ADULT DOSE 150 lbs

child + 12 50

yrs X ADULT DOSE = --- X A.D.

150

3

Child (3 yrs) = ------ = 1/5 X ADULT DOSE = 1/3 X ADULT DOSE

3 + 12

COURSE DATA SHEET (PT.II)

PART IV: DRUG (MEDICATION) TYPES (CON'D):

1. ADRENERGIC

2. ANALGESIC

3. ANESTHETIC

4. ANALGESIC-ANTIPYRETIC

-ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

5. ANTIBIOTIC

6. ANTIDEPRESSANT

7. ANTIFUNGAL

8. ANTIEPILEPTIC

9. ANTIHISTAMINE

10. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE

11. ANTITUSSIVE

12. BRONCHODILATOR

13. ANTISPASMODIC

14. CARMINATIVE

15. CATHARTIC

16. CHOLINERGIC

17. DECONGESTANT

18. DIAPHORETIC

19. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC

20. DIGESTANT

21. DIURETIC

22. EMETIC

23. EXPECTORANT

24. HYPNOTIC

25. HYPOGLYCEMIC

26. MIOTIC

27. MYDRIATIC

28. HEMOSTATIC

29. NARCOTIC

30. OPIATE

31. PARASYMPATHETIC

32. SEDATIVE

33. STEROID

34. SYMPATHETIC

35. TRANQUILIZER

36. VASOCONSTRICTOR

37. VASODILATOR

1. ADRENERGIC = A drug that acts like epinephrine, a hormone produced by the

medulla of the adrenal glands are used as emergency HEART STIMULANTS AND TO

COUNTERACT ALLERGIC CONDITIONS like hives & asthma called sympathomimetic.

2. ANALGESIC = A drug to relieve pain by lessening the sensory function of

the brain. They range from aspirin to the opium derivatives.

3. ANALGESIC-ANTIPYRETIC-ANTI-INFLAMMATORY = A drug that relieves pain (usu-

ally originating in the joints, muscles, teeth, head, skin, and connective

tissue), reduces fever (antipyretic), or acts as an anti-inflammatory or

anti-rheumatic. Examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin (acetyl-

salicylic acid), phenylbutazone (Butazolidin), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin,

Nuprin), naproxen (Naprosyn), piroxicam (Feldene), indomethacin (indocin).

4. ANESTHETIC = A drug used to produce insensibility to pain or the sensation

of pain, local or general. Topical anesthetics are applied to the surfaces

of the skin and mucous membranes and have a local action. Local anesthetics

are infiltrated. General anethesia is systemic and produces sleep.

5. ANTIBIOTIC = Agents that are produces both by living organisms and synthe-

tically and are effective against bacterial infections. Antibiotics are of

two basic types: Bacteriolytic and Bacteriostatic.

6. ANTIDEPRESSANT = Several drug groups are used to treat depression, includ-

ing anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, anti-anxiety agents (anxiolytics),

psychomotor stimulants, and lithium. Anti-depressants include amitriptyline HCI

(Elavil) and imipramine pamoate (Tofranil).

7. ANTIFUNGAL = Preparations to treat systemic or local fungal infections

(mycoses), which include: Griseofulvin (Fulvicin-U/F), Miconazole (Monis-

tat) and Nystatin (Mycostatin). Fungal species fall into four main classes:

(1) Pediculosis capitus (head), (2) Pediculosis corporis (body) (ringworm),

(3) Pediculosis cruris (jock), (4) Pediculosis pedis (athletes feet); as

well as the taenia species.

8. ANTIEPILEPTIC = Agent used to reduce the number or severity of epileptic

attacks. These agents may be called anticonvulsants. However, convulsions

do not occur in all types of seizures. Examples include sedatives and hyp-

notics: phenytoin (Dilantin), methylphenidate HCI (Ritalin), and sometimes,

dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine).

9. ANTIHISTAMINE = (HISTAMINE BLOCKER); An agent used to counteract the ef-

fects of histamine. Histamine is a natural substance in the body's tissues

that aids in the body's inflammatory response to tissue injury and regul-

ates the secretions of stomach acid.

10. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE = A drug used to treat hypertension. There are many drugs

for treating hypertension, including the following: diuretics (water pills);

sympathetic blocking agents such as atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol tartrate

(Lopressor), nadolol (Corgard); centrally acting agents, such as methyldopa (Aldo-

met); and vasodilators.

11. ANTISPASMODIC = An agent that relieves or prevents spasms from musculo-

skeletal injury or inflammation and from neurologic disorders resulting

from central nervous system damage, or spasms of the smooth muscles such as

the intestines or the uterus. Examples include methocarbamol (Robaxin) and

carisoprodol (Soma), and levodopa (L-dopa).

12. ANTITUSSIVE = (COUGH SUPPRESSANT); An agent that suppresses the cough re-

flex and dries up the secretion and normal discharge of a cough. Examples

are dextromethorphan HBr (Romilar), codeine and terpin hydrate with codeine

13. BRONCHODILATOR = An agent used to treat chronic bronchitis, bronchial as-

thma, and emphysema. Oral medications include aminophylline (Theophylline)

and theophylline anhydrous (TheoDur). Parenteral medications include epine-

phrine (Adrenalin, SusPhrine). Aerosol inhalation medications include albu-

terol (Ventolin, Proventil) and isoproterenol HCI (Isuprel). (COPD / COLD =

bronchitis, bronchiolitis, asthma, emphysema)

14. CARMINATIVE = A medication that relieves flatulence and aids in the expul-

sion of gas from the stomach and intestines. It usually contains a volatile

oil or carbonated beverage.

15. CATHARTIC = An agent that increases and hastens bowel evacuation (defec-

ation). Commonly called a laxative. The types range from mild laxatives to

purgatives, which are severe cathartics. Some work by increasing the amount

of bulk in the bowel. Others work by irritating the intestinal mucosa which

produces movement.

16. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC = Now mostly refers to those chemical substances used to

treat cancerous conditions and tumors. However, medically, it is the term

for any drug that is used as an agent to treat infections.

Antineoplastic drugs: vincristine, vinblastine

17. CHOLINERGIC = Drugs that act like the parasympathetic nervous system. They

function to help restore energy and mimic the natural physiological process

that occurs when acetylcholine (a natural neurotransmitter) stimulates cho-

linergic nerves to transmit impulses to certain body structures and organs,

Cholinergic drugs DECREASE THE HEART RATE AND ACT ON SMOOTH AND SKELETAL

MUSCLE. However, because the site of action is so difficult to localize, or

target, these drugs have limited clinical usefulness.

18. DECONGESTANT = A drug that relieves local congestion in the tissues usually

the mucous membranes. The most popular are the nasal decongestants, such as

ephedrine or phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine). Decongestants are often com-

bined with anti-histamines.

19. DIAPHORETIC = A drug used to induce or increase perspiration.

20. DIGESTANT = A drug that promotes the progress of digestion. Enzymes, ant-

acids, and bile salts are included in this group.

21. DIURETIC = A drug that increases the function of the kidneys and stimu-

lates the flow of urine. It increases the water content of blood through

osmosis of salt action, freeing water from the tissues and reducing edema.

Examples include hydrochlorothiazide (Diazide, Esidrix, HydroDiuril), fur-

osemide (Lasix)(strongest)(loop diuretic) (water pills)

22. EMETIC = A drug used to induce vomiting. Ipecac syrup is commonly used,

and mild mustard and plain tepid water are home remedies used as emetics.

23. EXPECTORANT = A drug used to increase the secretions and mucus from the

bronchial tubes. It makes a cough more productive (expectoration) & breaks

up congestion. Some expectorants are combined with anti-histamines. An ex-

pectorant has an effect opposite that of a cough suppressant.

24. HEMOSTATIC = A drug used to control bleeding; a blood coagulant. Absor-

bable hemostatics are applied directly to a wound, and an artificial clot

is formed that is gradually absorbed. Gelfoam and Surgicel are examples.

25. HYPNOTIC = A drug that produces sleep and lessens the activity of the

brain. A hypnotic has a sedative action when used in smaller doses. The

barbiturates, both oral and injectable are the most common hypnotics; pen-

tobarbital (Nembutal), phenobarbital (Luminal), amobarbital (Amytal), seco-

barbital (Seconal), and secobarbital and amobarbital (Tuinal).

26. HYPOGLYCEMIC = Drugs used to compensate for a lack of effective insulin ac-

tivity, such as the prompt acting and long-acting insulins; or drugs that

stimulate the pancreas to release insulin, such as chlorpropamide (Diabin-

ase) and tolbutamide (Orinase). [Type IIa and IIb DM]

27. MIOTIC = An agent that causes the pupil of the eye to contract.

28. MYDRIATIC = An agent used to dilate the pupil of the eye. Used by ophthal-

mologists in eye examinations.

29. NARCOTIC = Any of a group of drugs that depress the central nervous system

and cause insensibility or stupor. Natural narcotics include the opium

group. Synthetic narcotics include codeine phosphate (methylmorphine), mep-

eridine HCI (Demerol), methadone (Dolophine), morphine sulfate, pentazocine

(Talwin), and propoxphene HCI (Darvon).

30. OPIATE = The habit-forming drugs that are derived from or contain opium,

such as morphine, codeine, heroin, papaverine, and tincture of opium (par-

egoric).

31. PARASYMPATHETIC = (BLOCKING AGENT); Drugs that are called anticholinergic

or cholinergic blocking agents because they block certain effects of ace-

tylcholine (see Cholinergic). These agents include atropine sulfate, di-

cyclomine HCI (Bentyl), and methylscopolamine (Scopolamine). Parasympathe-

tic blocking agents are effective antidotes to cholinergic overdose and are

used as gastrointestinal antispasmodics for the management of peptic ulcer,

gastritis, and colitis. They are also used as heart rate stimulants, bron-

chial dilators and pupil dilators for ophthalmic examinations.

32. SEDATIVE = A drug that reduces excitement; a quieting agent that does not

produce sleep as a hypnotic drug does. Anti-anxiety agents may also be

classified as sedatives. Sedatives may be hypnotic drugs given in smaller

doses or drugs such as the bromides, paraldehyde, chloral hydrate, or flur-

azepam (Dalmane). The newer antianxiety agents include alprazolam (Xanax),

chlordiazepoxide HCI (Librium), diazepam (Valium), and meprobamate (Equanil

and Miltown).

33. STEROIDS = Drugs that mimic certain chemicals in the body such as the male

and female hormones (testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen) and the hor-

mones of the cortices of the adrenal glands. Agents affecting the female

and male reproductive systems are used to treat reproductive system imbal-

ances, for birth control, and in labor and delivery. The adrenocorticost-

eroids (commonly, cortisone) are widely used as anti-inflammatory, anti-

allergic, and anti-stress agents.

34. SYMPATHETIC = (BLOCKING AGENTS); Drugs that are called adrenergic blocking

agents (or sympatholytic) because they block certain functions of the adre-

nergic nerves (see Adrergic). These agents are mainly useful in treating

cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, angina and cardiac arrhyth-

mias. Some examples are phenoxybenzamine HCI (Dibenzyline), phentolamine

mesylate (Regitine), and propranolol HCI (Inderol).

35. TRANQUILIZER = A calming agent that reduces anxiety and tension without

acting as a depressant. Tranquilizers are called "psychotherapeutic" drugs.

In recent years, this group of drugs has greatly increased in number. The

phenothiazine derivatives are often used. These include chlorpromazine

(Thorazine), perphenazine (Trilafon), and thioridazine (Mellaril).

36. VASOCONSTRICTOR = A drug that causes the blood vessels to constrict, nar-

rows the lumen of a vessel, raises blood pressure, and causes the heart to

beat more forcefully. Vasoconstrictors may be used to stop superficial

bleeding raise and sustain blood pressure, and relieve nasal congestion.

37. VASODILATOR = The opposite of a vasoconstrictor. A drug that dilates blood

vessels, lowers blood pressure by making the blood vessel lumen larger, and

causes the heart to pump less forcefully. Used in the treatment of hyper-

tension, angina pectoris, and peripheral vascular diseases. Nitroglycerin

placed sublingually gives prompt vasodilation. Non-nitrate vasodilators in-

clude propranolol (Inderal) and nadolol (Corgard), both synpathetic block-

ing agents.

PART V: DIRECTIONS: Define the FIVE SCHEDULES of controlled substances:

1. SCHEDULE I = Includes substances that have no medicinal use and a high

potential for abuse. Possession of these drugs is illegal. Drugs included in

this schedule are heroin, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), marijuana and

peyote.

2. SCHEDULE II = Includes various narcotics such as opium, the opium deriva-

tives (morphine), and the synthetic opium derivatives (synthetic morphine

and methadone); stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, and the common-

ly abused depressant barbuturates. For these, the physician must have a

special license (DEA #), and the prescription written in Federal Triplicate

Order Forms imprinted with this number. In the medical office they must be

stored under lock and key.

3. SCHEDULE III = Includes the lesser abused combination drugs that contain

limited quantities of codeine, narcotic substances or amphetamine-like sub-

stances. The physician must hand write the prescription but the DEA number

is not required.

4. SCHEDULE IV = Includes the minor tranquilizers and hypnotics that have a

lesser potential for abuse. Prescriptions may be handwritten by the medical

assistant under the physician's direction, but the physician must sign them.

Drugs in this schedule include meprobamate (equanil), chlordiazepoxide (Lib-

rium) diazepam (Valium), flurazepam (Dalmane), chloral hydrate, and the non-

narcotic analgesic propoxyphene (Darvon).

5. SCHEDULE V = Includes miscellaneous mixtures containing limited amounts of

narcotic drugs. Prescription orders and refills are the same as for Schedule

IV drugs. Examples are most cough medications containing codeine and some

drugs used for gastrointestinal disorders, such as Donnagel and diphenoxy-

late (Lomotil).

PART VI: DIRECTIONS: Name five types of drugs that are most COMMONLY ABUSED:

1. The potent narcotic analgesics such as heroin and morphine.

2. Depressant drugs, such as the barbiturates, sedatives, hypnotics, and anti-

anxiety agents.

3. Psychomotor stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines.

4. Hallucinogens and psychosis imitating drugs such as LSD, mescaline, peyote.

5. Cannabis derivatives such as marijuana and hashish.

PART VII: DIRECTIONS: Name the FIVE BASIC USES OF DRUGS:

1. THERAPEUTIC = Used to cure a disease (antibiotics for bacterial infections)

2. PALLIATIVE = Used to relieve the symptoms of a disease (i.e. pain relievers)

3. PREVENTIVE = Used to prevent a condition (i.e.Dramamine for motion sickness)

4. REPLACEMENT = Used to replace or supplement what the body is not producing

such as insulin for diabetics, or vitamins and minerals.

5. DIAGNOSTIC = Used to aid in the diagnosis of a disease or condition, such as

dyes used in radiographic examinations.

DRUG THERAPY VERSUS UNTOWARD EFFECTS = morphine depresses the cough mechan-

ism yet increases the mechanism that causes vomiting. Epinephrine (Adrena-

lin) decreases (constricts) the openings of the blood vessels yet increases

(dilates) the opening of the bronchial tubes.

PART VIII: DIRECTIONS: Name the METHODS OF VENIPUNCTURE and describe a

SYRINGE CONSTRUCTION:

1.- SYRINGE METHOD 3.- BUTTERFLY METHOD

2.- VACUTAINER METHOD (MICROSYRINGE METHOD)

(ANTECUBITAL VENIPUNCTURE) 4.- FINGERPUNCTURE (MICROSTICK)

(MULTIDRAW)(MACROSAMPLING) (MICROSAMPLING)

SYNOPSIS:

----- ONE WAY FLOW SYSTEM -------

| |

\ / NEEDLE \ /

(cannula)

BEVEL | LUER LOCK VACUTAINER

| | | (hub) | PLASTIC HOLDER

| | ╔═════════════════

/════════════|=|═══════ aspirin (ASA), Salacylic acid)

3. BRAND NAME = Also called the TRADE name. This is the name by which a parti-

cular manufacturer identifies a drug. A drug will have a different trade

name with each pharmaceutical company that manufactures it. (also called the

Pharmaceutical name)(Ex: Anacin, Bufferin for aspirin, Ibuprofin for Moltrin

Proprietary name, has preservatives (MSG = Monosodim Glutamate)

4. GENERIC NAME = This is the common name of the chemical or drug, and is usu-

ally descriptive of a drug's chemical structure. This name is not owned by

any particular company. It is non-proprietary, that is, not protected by a

trade mark. For example, "digitalis" is a generic name. No preservatives.

PART X: DIRECTIONS: Define, Explain or Fill-in the blank.

1. A REFERENCE BOOK used by physicians and medical assistants to find out

information about presription drugs is called a:

[ PHYSICIANS DESK REFERENCE - PDR ]

2. Drug standards are established and enforced by what organization ?

[ FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION - FDA = This is an agency of the U.S. Depart-

ment of Health and Human Services, and makes mandatory the testing of all

drugs before release to the public. They set manufacturing standards to

ensure the proper identity, purity, strength, and quality of drugs shipped

in interstate commerce. ]

** Narcotics and various other substances are controlled and regulated by the

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), a branch of the Justice Department. This

agency regulates the five SCHEDULES (I-V) of controlled substances.

3. Give the name and date of the act passed to regulate the manufacture, sale,

dispensing and prescribing of narcotics:

[ 1914 HARRISON NARCOTICS ACT PURPOSE: To regulate the manufacture, sale,

dispensing and prescribing of narcotics by the Treasury Department ]

4. All PRESCRIPTIONS follow a SPECIFIC FORMAT. List the components below in

the order they are written (list the four parts of a prescription):

a).-SUPERSCRIPTION c).-SUBSCRIPTION

b).-INSCRIPTION d).-SIGNATURE

a).-SUPERSCRIPTION = Patient's name and address, the date and the symbol "Rx"

(Latin for Recipe, meaning to take).

b).-INSCRIPTION = Names and quantities of the ingredients.

c).-SUBSCRIPTION = Includes directions for compounding. Most medications are

prepared ready for dispensing or administration.

d).-SIGNATURE = Directions for the patient. It is usually preceded by the

symbol "S" or "Sig" (Latin for Signa, meaning "mark"). This is where the

physician indicates what instructions are to be placed on the label.

===============================================================================

COURSE DATA SHEET (PT.III)

PART II: DIRECTIONS: Define the routes of drug administration listed below.

1. Inhalation - ___________________________________________________________

2. Injection - ___________________________________________________________

3. Oral - ___________________________________________________________

3. Rectal - ___________________________________________________________

4. Topical - ___________________________________________________________

5. Vaginal - ___________________________________________________________

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

1. INHALATION = Also called the NASAL ROUTE. A mucous membrane route of drug administration that may come

in the form of droplets, vapors, or gas. This route generally reaches the mucous membrane of the respiratory

tract and may be used to either liquefy bronchial secretions or dilate the bronchi.

2. INJECTION = Injection is the method or vehicle used to accomplish the PARENTERAL route of drug

administration which includes Intravenous (I.V.), Intramuscular (I.M.), Intradermal (I.D.) and Subcutaneous forms, intrathecal.

3. ORAL = The oral route (p.o.) is also considered a mucous membrane route of drug administration. Mouth and

throat agents come in the form of SPRAYS, SWABS, and SUBLINGUAL TABLETS. This membrane may be

treated locally with antiseptics for oral hygiene and local infections; with anesthetics for relief of pain, and with

astringents that form a protective film over the mucous membrane. Sublingual tablets are placed under the

tongue and the absorption is systemic (Nitroglycerin tabs.) [ the Oral Route is composed of: (a) Lingual,

(b) Sublingual, (c) Gingival (d) Pharyngeal, (e) Buccal ].

4. RECTAL = A mucous membrane route of drug administration that is applied to the rectal mucosa or latter portion of the sigmoid colon of the large intestine which is highly absorptive. Drugs administered by this route are ab-

sorbed directly into the bloodstream and are useful if the patient is nauseated, vomiting, or unconscious. They

come in the form of gelatin or cocoa butter based SUPPOSITORIES which melt on contact, and may soften the

stool or stimulate evacuation. Enemas are also used to cleanse and evacuate.

5. TOPICAL = The Topical Route or topical medications are also considered a mucous membrane route of drug

administration; however, these medications are applied to the external surfaces of the skin and in large amounts

when left for an extended period of time may be absorbed into the bloodstream. The mucous membranes that they reach are the dermal and epidermal surfaces. Topical medications come in the form of LOTIONS, LINIMENTS, OINTMENTS, CREAMS, COMPRESSES and PATCHES.

6. VAGINAL (urethral)= A mucous membrane route of drug administration that is applied to the vestibule or mucous membrane of the vagina, one of the internal organs of the female reproductive tract leading to the cervix or mouth of the uterus, and which is highly absorptive. Medications for this route may come in the form of

SUPPOSITORIES, TABLETS, CREAMS or FLUID SOLUTIONS and are used to treat local infections. Irrigating

solutions (douches) may be used as anti-infectives or to acidify the area, and creams and foams may be used as

local contraceptives.

COURSE DATA SHEET IV

I.- PDR - Physicians Desk Reference

Pharmacology Textbook - reference for concepts and principles

of drug classification

1). ACTION - How drug acts in body.

2). INDICATION - conditions for which drug is used

3). SIDE EFFECTS - Effect on the body other than the ones for

which drug is given.

4). ADVERSE EFFECTS - Effect on tissue or organ system other than

the one being sought by administration of a medication.

5). PRECAUTIONS - Actions necessary because of special conditions

of the patient, drug, or environment that need to be considered.

6). CONTRAINDICATIONS - conditions that make administration of a

drug improper or undesirable.

7). TOXIC EFFECTS - poisonous effects and symptoms of toxicity.

8). DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION - The usual route, dosage and timing

for administration of the drug.

II.- ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATIONS

A).- DRUG THERAPY ASSESSMENT

1).- PATIENT ASSESSMENT:

a). Patient history and current status

b). Condition of patient that may contraindicate the use or

dosage of drug ordered.

c). Does the patient have a drug dependency that you know of

that may contra-indicate the drug about to be given to him

d). Does the patient have any allergies to type of drug being

given or to certain foods or animals that will produce a

similar allergic effect.

e). When a site is chosen for drug administration, is the site

free of swelling, pain injury, change in texture or pigmen-

tation.

2).- DRUG ASSESSMENT:

a). Evaluation of dosage ordered and the drug itself.

b). Make sure there are written orders if told verbally to give

a medication, make sure the Doctor writes it in patient

chart.

c). Always be sure of yourself when administering a drug. Know

the drug and how you are going to administer it.

d). If unsure have the Doctor do it. Always question if unsure

Ex. Ornade - time released antihistamine. If you know the

amount to be administered, then do so, if not, then ask.

3).- ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT:

a). Environment safe for drug administration

b). Patient protected and comfortable

c). When administering drugs, there should be more than one

person. In the event of having to give first aid and in

case you have to inject epinephrine.

d). Cannot inject epinephrine without order from Doctor ! If

doctor is not there, or there is no order, do not admin.

e). Have EMERGENCY CART with emergency drugs on hand and read-

ily available.

f). Organization is imperative !

========================================

After drug administration, observe patient for drug reactions:

* ANAPHYLLACTIC SHOCK = severe allergic reaction of the body to a

foreign protein or drug (hypersensitivity)

Lesser allergic reactions could include hives, swelling and itching.

Note: Epinephrine - opens airway, lungs, opens vasculature because of

vasoconstriction.

COURSE DATA SHEET (PT.V)

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

1. INHALATION = Also called the NASAL ROUTE. A mucous membrane route of drug administration that may come

in the form of droplets, vapors, or gas. This route generally reaches the mucous membrane of the respiratory

tract and may be used to either liquefy bronchial secretions or dilate the bronchi.

2. INJECTION = Injection is the method or vehicle used to accomplish the PARENTERAL route of drug

administration which includes Intravenous (I.V.), Intramuscular (I.M.), Intradermal (I.D.) and Subcutaneous forms.

3. ORAL = The oral route (p.o.) is also considered a mucous membrane route of drug administration. Mouth and

throat agents come in the form of SPRAYS, SWABS, and SUBLINGUAL TABLETS. This membrane may be

treated locally with antiseptics for oral hygiene and local infections; with anesthetics for relief of pain, and with

astringents that form a protective film over the mucous membrane. Sublingual tablets are placed under the

tongue and the absorption is systemic (Nitroglycerin tabs.) [ the Oral Route is composed of: (a) Lingual,

(b) Sublingual, (c) Gingival (d) Pharyngeal, (e) Buccal ].

4. RECTAL = A mucous membrane route of drug administration that is applied to the rectal mucosa or latter portion of the sigmoid colon of the large intestine which is highly absorptive. Drugs administered by this route are ab-

sorbed directly into the bloodstream and are useful if the patient is nauseated, vomiting, or unconscious. They

come in the form of gelatin or cocoa butter based SUPPOSITORIES which melt on contact, and may soften the

stool or stimulate evacuation. Enemas are also used to cleanse and evacuate.

5. TOPICAL = The Topical Route or topical medications are also considered a mucous membrane route of drug

administration; however, these medications are applied to the external surfaces of the skin and in large amounts

when left for an extended period of time may be absorbed into the bloodstream. The mucous membranes that they reach are the dermal and epidermal surfaces. Topical medications come in the form of LOTIONS, LINIMENTS, OINTMENTS, CREAMS, COMPRESSES and PATCHES.

6. VAGINAL = A mucous membrane route of drug administration that is applied to the vestibule or mucous

membrane of the vagina, one of the internal organs of the female reproductive tract leading to the cervix or

mouth of the uterus, and which is highly absorptive. Medications for this route may come in the form of

SUPPOSITORIES, TABLETS, CREAMS or FLUID SOLUTIONS and are used to treat local infections. Irrigating

solutions (douches) may be used as anti-infectives or to acidify the area, and creams and foams may be used as

local contraceptives.

===============================================================================

DRUG (MEDICATION) TYPES:

a). ANTIPYRETIC = A drug given to reduce fever.

b). CONTRACEPTIVE, ORAL = A drug that prevents conception; slang for the Pill

c). ANTIHISTAMINE = A drug used to treat allergy symptoms.

d). ANTISPASMODIC = A drug used to relieve on prevent muscular contrac-

tions, spasms, and convulsions.

e). ANTIEMETIC = A drug that relieves vomiting.

f). VACCINE = A suspension of infectious agents or some part of them used

to convey resistance to infectious disease.

g). APPETITE SUPPRESSOR = A drug that controls appetite.

h). ANTICOAGULANT = A drug used to prevent blood clotting.

i). HEMOSTATIC = A drug used to check bleeding.

j). DISINFECTANT = A substance that destroys bacteria on objects, places,

and materials; not used on the living body because of

capacity to destroy living tissue as well.

k). EXPECTORANT = A drug used to increase secretion and aid in expelling mucus

from the respirtory tract, or to modify such secretions.

l). DEPRESSANT = A drug that tends to decrease activities of the body parts.

m). PROPHYLACTIC = A drug that prevents the development of a disease, such

as a vaccine, a vitamin, a hormone, or an immunologic

preparation.

n). ASTRINGENT = A substance that produces shrinkage of mucous membranes or

other tissues and decreases secretion.

o). ANTACID = A drug that neutralizes acidity, especially in the digestive

tract.

===============================================================================

COURSE DATA SHEET VI

1. If you are given an order to administer 350 mg of a drug and you have

available a vial marked 500 mg/cc, the what volume of this drug should

you give the patient ? (MUST SHOW MATH FOR CREDIT !)

a). 1.4 cc b). 0.70 cc c). 0.50 cc d). 0.60 cc e). 150 cc

ANSWER = 0.70 cc MATH:

(a)

available strength available amount 500 mg 1 cc

------------------ = ---------------- ====> ------ = ----

ordered strength amount to give 350 mg x cc

(b) (500) X (x) = (350) X (1) ====> (c) 500x = 350

(d) 500x 350 (e) 350 7

---- = --- ====> x = --- = -- = 0.70 cc

500 500 500 10

2. The following are routes used when administering a medication by way of

Mucous Membrane absorption ?

a). SUBLINGUAL b). RECTAL c). VAGINAL d). NASAL e). OPTHALMIC f). BUCCAL

3. METHODS OF VENIPUNCTURE and describe a SYRINGE CONSTRUCTION:

1.- SYRINGE METHOD 3.- BUTTERFLY METHOD

2.- VACUTAINER METHOD (MICROSYRINGE METHOD)

(ANTECUBITAL VENIPUNCTURE) 4.- FINGERPUNCTURE (MICROSTICK)

(MULTIDRAW)(MACROSAMPLING) (MICROSAMPLING)

SYNOPSIS:

----- ONE WAY FLOW SYSTEM -------

| |

\ / NEEDLE \ /

(cannula)

BEVEL | LUER LOCK VACUTAINER

| | | (hub) | PLASTIC HOLDER

| | ╔═════════════════

/════════════|=|═══════ ................
................

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