Instructions - Science Olympiad Student Center



Battle at Valley Forge InvitationalAstronomyTest BookletTeam Number: ___________School Name: ______________________________Participant Names: ______________________________________________________________Participant Names: ______________________________________________________________InstructionsTurn in all exam materials at the end of this test. There is an exam packet as well as a blank answer sheet.You may separate the exam pages.You may write in the exam.Only the answers selected on the answer sheet with be considered. Do not give multiple answers unless specified.Write your team number, school name, and participant names on the exam packet, but put ONLY the answers on the answer sheet. Check that the name and team number on the answer sheet are correct. Ensure that all markings on the answer sheet and specified answer boxes are legible. All illegible marking will be considered incorrect. The correctness of poorly filled bubbles will be considered on a case-by-case basis.Each question is worth one point. Tiebreaker questions have been indicated with a (T#). In the event of a tie, the proctors will first consult (T1), then (T2), and so on until the tie is broken. A random number generator selected the tiebreaker questions.You will have 50 minutes to complete the exam. When the time is up, place your pencil on the table and cease working on the exam. Writing after the time has finished risks immediate disqualification.Each team member is permitted to bring “either a laptop computer or one three-ring binder of any size” and a programmable calculator. Accessing the Internet is not permitted.Nonsensical, mocking, or inappropriate answers will result in disqualification. Achieving this on a multiple-choice test will be a challenge.You may refer to this page at any time during the testing time period.Part I: Image-Based QuestionsWhat object is shown in Image A?Omicron CetiHM CancriSS CygniHenize 3-1357NGC 2392What units are displayed along the vertical axis of Image A?IntensityMagnitudeLuminosityAngleFrequencyWhich of the following drives the variability of such an object as the one in Image A?The CNO cycleThe triple-alpha processHelium ionizationIron ionizationHydrogen ionizationWhat object is shown in Image B?NGC 2392SNR G1.9+0.3Tycho’s SNRHenize 2-248M15What two types of objects are orbiting in the object depicted in Image B?White Dwarf –?Neutron StarWhite Dwarf –?White DwarfNeutron Star –?Neutron StarMain Sequence Star – White DwarfMain Sequence Star – Neutron StarIn what spectrum was Image B taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat object is shown in Image C?SS CygniSirius A and BHM CancriJ075141/J174140Henize 3-1357The object in Image C can be considered a prototypical what?Neutron StarBinary white dwarf systemTrinary white dwarf systemDwarf NovaAM CVn SystemWhat object is shown in Image D?SN 2011feNGC 2392NGC 1846SS CygniHM CancriWhich of the following are true about the object in Image D?It is one of the largest sources of gravitational waves in the Milky WayIt is the shortest orbital period binary systemThe two objects in the system are spiraling away from each otherBoth A and BBoth B and CWhat object is shown in Image E? (T3)SS CygniSN 2011feJ075141/J174140Sirius A and BHenize 2-248What object is shown in Image F?Henize 3-1357SNR G1.9+0.3SNR 0509-67.5M15NGC 2392In what spectrum was Image F taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat object is shown in Image G?SNR 0509-67.5SNR G1.9+0.3Tycho’s SNRHenize 2-248Henize 3-1357What object is shown in Image H?Omicron CetiSNR 0509-67.5SN 2011feHM CancriJ075141/J174140In what spectrum was Image H taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat object is shown in Image I?SNR G1.9+0.3SNR 0509-67.5Tycho’s SNRSirius A and BNGC2440What object is shown in Image J?Tycho’s SNRHenize 2-248Henise 3-1357NGC 1846Omicron CetiIn what spectrum was Image J taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat object is shown in Image K? (T20)NGC 1846NGC 2392NGC 2440M15J075141/J174140In what spectrum was Image K taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat type of object is the green blob in the center of Image K?Globular clusterOpen clusterAM CVn systemPlanetary nebulaDark nebulaWhat object is shown in Image L?Tycho’s SNRM15SN 2011feSS CygniSirius A and BIn what spectrum was Image L taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat object is shown in Image M?Henize 2-248Henize 3-1357M15SN 2011feNGC 2440In what spectrum was Image M taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat is the Shapley-Sawyer Concentration Class of the object in Image M?IIVVIIXXIIWhat object is shown in Image N?HM CancriSS CygniSirius A and BSNR 0509-67.5SNR G1.9+0.3In what spectrum was Image N taken?GammaInfraredOpticalRadioX-RayWhat object is shown in Image O?Henize 2-248Henize-31357Tycho’s SNRNGC 2440NGC 1846Part II: Object and Conceptual KnowledgeWhich of the following are alternative names for NGC 2392?I. Eskimo NebulaII. Clownface NebulaIII. Caldwell 29Only IOnly IIOnly IIII and IIII, II, and IIIWhat object is the first non-supernova variable star discovered?Omicron CetiSS CygniSirius A and BHM CancriSS CygniWhat is the youngest known supernova remnant in the Milky Way?SNR 0509-67.5SNR G1.9+0.3Tycho’s SNRNGC 2392Henize 2-248A red giant is _______ than its main sequence counterpart.More luminous, hotter at the surfaceLess luminous, hotter at the surfaceMore luminous, cooler at the surfaceLess luminous, cooler at the surfaceNone of the aboveWhat type of star has a high temperature but a low luminosity?Blue giantsRed supergiantsSpectral class O main sequence starsSpectral class M main sequence starsWhite dwarfsA red giant star has a surface temperature of 3200 K and luminosity 1000 time that of the sun. What is its approximate radius in solar radii?About 10 solar radiiAbout 50 solar radiiAbout 100 solar radiiAbout 500 solar radiiAbout 1000 solar radiiCarbon detonation is a term for the:Violent reignition of thermonuclear fusion in a white dwarfViolent reignition of thermonuclear fusion in a red supergiantContraction of a main sequence star to fuse heavier elementsSwitch to fusing heavier elements that signals a star leaving the main sequenceProcess of a collapsing neutron starAt which of the following distances would a Type Ia supernova be most useful for determining a cosmological distance? (T7)500 Kpc1 Mpc500 Mpc1000 Mpc1500 MpcA white dwarf is unable to have a mass greater than how many solar masses? (T9)1.221.442.253.143.69What scenario raises questions about the use of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles?Their rarityAtmospheric hazeInterstellar hazeSingle degenerate progenitorsDouble degenerate progenitorsWhat is the sub-luminous type of supernova that may not destroy a what dwarf called?Type IabType IbType IxType IaxType IIA star with a surface temperature hotter than the Sun will live a(n):Longer life on the main sequenceShorter life on the main sequenceEqually long life on the main sequenceFor stars less massive than the Sun, the dominant reaction during the “hydrogen burning” stage is:The CNO cycleThe triple alpha processCarbon burningOxygen burningThe proton-proton chainHow does a planetary nebula die?The expanding gas cloud becomes invisible to usThe expanding gas cloud starts to contractThe expending gas cloud decelerates and a solar system is bornThe expanding gas cloud begins to fuse into heavier elementsThe expanding gas cloud gains angular momentum and creates a wormholeWhich of the following stars was the AAVSO Variable Star of the Month for June of 2000? (T6)HM CancriNGC 1846SS CygniOmicron CetiSirius A and BWhat force keeps neutron stars from collapsing?ConvectionGravitational wavesA differing hydrostatic equilibriumNeutron degeneracy pressureThe CNO cycleAn AM CVn star is a rare type of:Cataclysmic variable starRecurring Type Ia supernovaMira variable starPulsarDead planetary nebulaThe SN 2011fe event was significant to our understanding of Type Ia supernovae because:It was an excellent candidate for interstellar explorationIt was detected very earlyIt was first classified as a Type II supernovaIt had a much higher absolute magnitude than expectedIt had a much lower absolute magnitude than expectedWhich of the following are true about Tycho’s SNR?It was one of eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical recordsIt contradicted the Aristotelian dogma of the invariance of the realm of starsAstronomers alerted the Chinese emperor that the new “star” was an evil omenAll of the aboveNone of the aboveIn how many years is it roughly expected that Henize 2-248 will undergo a Type Ia supernova?70 years7,000 years700,000 years70,000,000 years700,000,000 yearsPart III: Mathematical QuestionsRefer to the following image for questions 51-56. 23012401858010A00A21107401319530B00B33375601502410C00C11734806350What is the X-Axis of the above light curve? (T4)Time (months)Distance from parent star (light years)LuminosityAbsolute BrightnessPhase What is the Y-Axis of the above light curve?MagnitudeDistance (light years)InclinationTransit TimeBoth C and DIdentify length “A” labeled in the above light curve. (T8)One MonthOne LuminosityOne Orbital PeriodOne Light YearIdentify local minimum “B” labeled in the above light curve. (T1)Primary EclipsePrimary MinimumStandard EclipseOrbital ZenithOrbital PrimaryIdentify local minimum “C” labeled in the above light curve. Orbital TroughSecondary EclipseSecond Standard EclipseSecondary MinimumOrbital SecondaryIf the entire X-Axis (as strictly measured on the graph) spans 1.641 units, calculate the approximate period and frequency of the described binary system.Period: .876; Frequency: 1.14Period: .853; Frequency: 1.17Period: .821; Frequency: 1.21Period: .432; Frequency: 2.31Period: .410; Frequency: 2.44The following description will be used for questions 57-62.A binary system is 1.495 pc distant and has an absolute magnitude of 14.2. The period is 81.12 years. Although the orbits of the A and B components of this binary system are highly elliptical, the system has a mean separation of 22.4 AU. Component A has a mean distance of 10.7 AU from the system’s barycenter. Let component A describe the star with the smaller mass, and component B describe the star with larger mass. Calculate the total mass of the system. 3.424 x 1030 kg4.125 x 1030 kg8.143 x 1030 kg1.727 x 1031 kg3.256 x 1031 kgCalculate the mass of component A.8.899 x 1029 kg9.973 x 1029 kg1.005 x 1030 kg1.125 x 1030 kg1.789 x 1030 kgCalculate the mass of component B. 1.241 x 1030 kg1.636 x 1030 kg3.726 x 1030 kg5.192 x 1030 kg9.214 x 1030 kgCalculate the radius of component A. 7.415 x 1011 m8.142 x 1011 m8.469 x 1011 m1.605 x 1012 m2.993 x 1012 mCalculate the radius of component B. 1.755 x 1012 m2.452 x 1012 m4.683 x 1012 m6.197 x 1012 m8.555 x 1012 mCalculate the period of revolution of the binary star system. 52.4 years63.9 years76.1 years81.2 years90.7 yearsWhat is the typical absolute magnitude of a Type Ia supernova?-22.3-19.3-18.0-16.9-16.3The following description will be used for questions 64-65. A typical type Ia supernova was seen in the Pinwheel Galaxy of Ursa Major. The brightest apparent magnitude this supernova obtained was +15. Calculate the distance from Earth to the Pinwheel Galaxy. 105.8 million light years175.4 million light years236.3 million light years258.6 million light years290.9 million light yearsLet the distance above describe the proper distance from the galaxy to the observer. Calculate the recessional velocity.2043 km/s2348 km/s2781 km/s3389 km/s4726 km/sThe following image will be used for questions 66-67. What law does the above diagram describe?Spectroscopic ParallaxHubble’s LawKepler’s Third LawLuminosity-Distance RelationshipIn 2014, a Type Ia supernova was observed in the galaxy Messier 82. If this supernova had a peak magnitude of 11, how far away was this supernova?10 Mpc12 Mpc14 Mpc15 Mpc16 MpcThe following image will be used for questions 68-71. Match each stage to its corresponding orbital description and spectroscopic binary. If Stage 1, record A on the answer sheet. If Stage 2, B. If Stage 3, C. If Stage 4, D. (T2)The following description will be used for questions 72-77.A binary system has a period of 16.7 days. The maximum observed velocity of component A is 94 km/s, and the maximum observed velocity of component B is 23 km/s. The inclination angle of the reference plane is 87 degrees. Calculate the radius of component A. .092 AU.127 AU.144 AU.167 AU.189 AUCalculate the radius of component B. .035 AU.041 AU.048 AU.053 AU.065 AUCalculate the total radius of the binary system..156 AU.179 AU.194 AU.215 AU.223 AUCalculate the total mass of the binary system. 3.453 x 1030 kg5.534 x 1030 kg6.784 x 1030 kg4.256 x 1031 kg7.178 x 1031 kgCalculate the mass of component A.7.421 x 1029 kg1.927 x 1030 kg3.599 x 1030 kg4.446 x 1030 kg6.579 x 1030 kgCalculate the mass of component B. 7.774 x 1029 kg8.452 x 1029 kg1.088 x 1030 kg2.487 x 1030 kg4.683 x 1030 kgStar A has a parallax of 0.3". Star B has a parallax of 0.03". The stars have identical luminosities. How much brighter or fainter does Star A appear compared with Star B as seen from Earth.10 times brighter100 times brighter1,000 times brighter210,000 times brighterIf the parallax (arc seconds) and the distance (pc) of some star are equivalent, calculate this equivalent value.0.512InfinityAs determined by Kepler, what could be a possible value for the eccentricity of a planetary system in which planets orbit some stellar object? 0.511.52 ................
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