Chapter 1



Chapter 1WORLDS APARTChapter SummaryChapter 1 provides an introduction to United States history by exploring the backgrounds of the three major cultures that came together to create the New World. Topics discussed include descriptions of Native American, West African, and European societies on the eve of contact; the motivations for European exploration and settlement in the New World; early Spanish, French, and British settlements; and the impact of contact with Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans during the sixteenth century.I.Native American Societies before 1492A.Hunters, Harvesters, and GatherersB.The Development of AgricultureC.Nonfarming SocietiesMesoamerican CivilizationsThe MayansThe AztecsNorth America’s Diverse CulturesAncestral PuebloansPlains IndiansMound-building culturesF.The Caribbean IslandersII.West African SocietiesGeographical and Political DifferencesArtisans and merchantsFarming and gender rolesB.Family Structure and ReligionC.European Merchants in West Africa and the Slave TradeIII.Western Europe on the Eve of ExplorationA.The Consolidation of Political and Military Authority B.Religious Conflict and the Protestant ReformationIV.ContactThe Lure of DiscoveryAdvances in navigation and shipbuildingThe Atlantic islands and the slave tradeB.Christopher Columbus and the Westward Route to AsiaThe Spanish Conquest and ColonizationThe end of the Aztec EmpireThe fall of the Inca EmpireSpanish incursions to the northThe seeds of economic declineThe Columbian ExchangeCultural Perceptions and petition for a ContinentA.Early French Efforts in North AmericaEnglish Attempts in the New WorldThe colonization of IrelandExpeditions to the New WorldThe Roanoke colonyVI.ConclusionLearning ObjectivesAfter a careful examination of Chapter 1, students should be able to answer the following:1.How did geography shape the development of regional cultures in North America prior to 1492?2.What were the key characteristics of West African society?3.How did events in Europe both shape and inspire exploration of the Americas?4.What were the biological consequences of contact between Europeans and Native Americans?5.Why did early French and English efforts at colonization falter? CHAPTER 1: WORLDS APARTMultiple ChoiceNATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES BEFORE 1492Africans primarily came to early European settlements in America:In 1492, how many people lived on the continents of North and South America?From where did the earliest humans to visit North America probably come?In what part of North America did farming originate?What allowed early Americans to start permanent villages?Which group developed Mesoamerica’s most advanced writing system?Which was a great Mexican city from the first through eighth centuries C.E.?Which group dominated Mexico from 900 to 1100 C.E.?The Aztec capital was:Ancestral Puebloan peoples are also called: This culture is an example of a “mound-building” society.This urban center dominated the Mississippi Valley.Which of the following tribes is a descendant of the ancestral Puebloan peoples?The overall state of relations among Native American groups in 1500 can best be described as:WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIESMost African immigrants to the Americas came from: Which of these was a great city of West Africa?Which religion began to take root in West Africa in the tenth century?West Africans preserved their religious faith primarily through:In the fourteenth century, Europeans were most familiar with the _________ part of Africa.The majority of African slaves lost their freedom:WESTERN EUROPE ON THE EVE OF EXPLORATIONThe “Black Death” killed what fraction of Europe’s population?The Renaissance originated in the city-states of:In the tenth century, this portion of Europe was controlled by Muslims.According to Luther, salvation is the result of:Calvin emphasized the doctrine of:The “Counter-Reformation” was meant to:CONTACTOf the following events, which one most threatened trade between Europe and Asia?Of the following countries/regions, which was least involved in voyages of discovery?Columbus was born in:Columbus’s voyages were funded by:In his plans to reach India, Columbus mistakenly calculated:Columbus first reached this place in America:Conquistadors came from:The conquistadors were primarily interested in:Spanish conquest first occurred in:Cortés found allies against the Aztecs among:Which disease devastated the Aztec population?The Inca empire was located primarily in:The Council of the Indies administered whose empire?Cabeza de Vaca eventually reached Mexico after an eight-year trek that began inWhich of these is an example of “the Columbian exchange”?Who introduced horses to America?Which disease was not exported from Europe to America?Which of the following was NOT a transplant from the Old World to the New World?COMPETITION FOR A CONTINENTThe Treaty of Tordesillas affected which countries?Brazil was colonized by:Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River in order to: Which British monarch formed the Church of England separate from the Catholic Church?Queen Mary earned the nickname “Bloody Mary” for her persecution of:England’s first colonization target under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth was:Queen Elizabeth sent Frobisher in search of:Who claimed Newfoundland for England?Where did Raleigh attempt to found a colony in 1585?Who was the first English child born in America?Gilbert and others believed there was an English population:Who wrote the “Discourse on the Western Planting”?Hakluyt argued that the Indians, once civilized, would be:What did Hakluyt consider “sincere religion”?What was the “Lost Colony”?ChronologyWhen (approximately) did Islam start to spread in West Africa?What period marks the European Renaissance?When did the Protestant Reformation begin in Germany?Short EssaysHow did England’s experience with the Irish influence its treatment of Indians?What were Columbus’s goals when he began his expedition? Did he succeed in reaching them?What factors contributed to the defeat of the Aztecs by Cortés?Compare and contrast slavery in Africa and in America.Extended EssaysWhat role did religion play in the way Europeans treated Indians and slaves?Analyze the differing interests each of the European powers had in the New World.Which was a stronger force in New World colonization, economics or religion? Support your answer with specific examples.Why were the events of the Renaissance important in setting the stage for New World exploration?How did domestic European conflicts affect the actions of individual countries toward American exploration and settlement? ................
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