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GUIDED READING CHAPTER 8: EXPLORING AND SETTLING WESTERN VIRGINIA Section 1: Early Explorers in Western Virginia Directions: Use the information from pages 295-308 to complete the following statements. Introduction 1. In 1606, King _________________ of ____________________ granted charters to two separate land companies, which collectively became known as the _________________ Company. 2. In December 1606, the London Company sent __________ ships to Virginia to start a settlement on Roanoke Island. Bad weather drove the group of 105 persons north. They found themselves on a peninsula in the ____________ River. 3. In May 1607, this site became the location for the settlement of ___________________, the first ________________________ English settlement in what is now the United States. English Explorations in Western Virginia 4. The __________________ of western Virginia proved to be a tremendous barrier to exploration. 5. By the late 1640s, as more people came into Virginia, ____________ were built to protect the coastal settlements and the growing _____________ trade. 6. Although Abraham Wood already had a profitable ______-trading business with the Indians, he wanted to expand his territory and ensure that _____________ claimed as much land as possible. 7. Wood and Edward _____________, a merchant, traveled to the origin of the ________________ River. ______________ kept a record of the trip, called “The Discovery of _________________ _______________________.” John Lederer 8. Between 1669 and 1671, _________________ physician John Lederer was the first European to document reaching the crest of the ______________________ Mountains and enter what is now ___________________________. 9. Although he is probably best remembered for his ___________________, Lederer also made a______________ of western Virginia. Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam 10. At that time, anyone who discovered a ______________ or a ______________ could claim all the lands drained by it. 11. Several others accompanied Captain Thomas Batts, the leader of the (1671) expedition. These included _____________________, who kept a journal; ______________________, who may have been a relative of Abraham Wood; _____________________, an Appomattox Indian who served as a guide; and _____________________, perhaps a former indentured servant. 12. Traveling through the mountains, Batts and Fallam eventually came to the _________ River. Two weeks later, running out of ___________________ and the Indians’ fear of a change of ____________ stopped them. 13. They claimed the territory and marked several trees with ___________________. 14. Their charting of the New River strengthened England’s claim to the _____________________ Valley, which includes the ______________________ Valley. James Needham and Gabriel Arthur 15. The Occaneechi had a ___________________ (the sole possession or control of something) on the trading activity. 16. Abraham Wood hoped James Needham could establish trade directly with the ______________. 17. On their second try, the explorers succeeded in reaching the Cherokee in present-day ____________________. Needham was able to work out a __________ agreement. The treaty eliminated the ________________ as middlemen. 18. Arthur stayed behind in Tennessee with the Cherokee so he could learn their _______________. 19. Sometime later, Arthur was permitted to go with a trading party to what was then Spanish West _______________. Arthur is believed to be the first European to see the ______________ River. 20. Later, Needham did return to __________________, accompanied by several Cherokee and aload of ___________. French Exploration in Western Virginia 21. While the English were exploring western Virginia from the ___________, the French were exploring it from the ____________. 22. One explorer, Robert Cavelier Sieur de ________________, heard from the Indians about a river called the __________ that flowed to the ____________. His group sailed downstream as far as the Falls of the Ohio at present-day Louisville, ______________________. 23. As a result of La Salle’s journey, _____________ claimed the Ohio Valley. A Temporary Stop to Exploration 24. Governor William ___________________ angered western settlers by refusing to send ________________ to protect them after a series of ______________ attacks in 1675. 25. Nathaniel _________________, a young planter, organized his own _______________ and led a successful expedition against the ________________. 26. In September 1676, Bacon and his followers attacked and burned _____________________. 27. From the time of Bacon’s 1676 __________________ until the year _____________, Virginia did not officially engage in exploration. Alexander Spotswood 28. In 1716, lieutenant governor Alexander Spotswood personally set out on a journey hoping to expand Great Britain’s __________________, establish new _____________, and counter _______________ expansion in the area. 29. Spotswood brought along Frenchman John Fontaine to serve as the party’s _________________. 30. Spotswood encouraged settlement of the area by picturing it as an agricultural ______________. 31. The governor presented each of his companions with a _________________________. On the reverse side was written “____________________________________.” Explorations Lead to Conflicts32. Both the ___________ and the _____________ claimed the Ohio and Mississippi valley regions. Both sides wanted to control the ________ trade with the Native Americans. 33. In 1742, Sir William Gooch, a governor of Virginia, commissioned a group led by John __________________ and John Peter ____________________ (or Salley) to explore as far west as the __________________________ River. 34. They arrived at the ____________ River on May 6. They continued, finally reaching the _______________________ River on June 7. 35. On July 2, a company of ____________________ and __________________ surprised them. They were made prisoners and taken to ________________________. Salling was imprisoned in ________________ but the others were taken to __________ for trial. Howard and his followers were released and permitted to travel to ________________. After two years, Salling escaped from the _____________ and made his way back to ___________________. Céloron de Blainville 36. Frenchman Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville led around 250 men to the banks of the Ohio, where they buried engraved lead ___________ as proof of ______________ ownership. 37. One plate, buried at the mouth of the _______________ River in 1749, was found by a boy in the year __________. Thomas Walker and Christopher Gist 38. Two of the most important ______________________ explorers were Dr. Thomas Walker and Christopher Gist. The _______________ Land Company employed Dr. Walker, while Gist was an employee of the ____________ Land Company. 39. A 1750 trip took Walker through the __________________ Gap (which he named). 40. Gist was a ___________________, one who measures and maps out the ___________, _______________, _______________, and so on of an area of land.Section 2: Early Settlers in Western Virginia Directions: Use the information from pages 309-317 to complete the following statements. Introduction 1. In Europe, opportunity was reserved for those of ________________________ (noble) birth. 2. The frontier of America—the area just at the edge of or beyond a ________________ area—was considered the great ____________________. Democracy took root on the ________________. Reasons for Settlement 3. One of the first known people to take an active interest in settling the new land was __________ _______________, a native of ______________________. 4. After 1730, settlement increased due to several factors. First, the reports of the early explorers told of unspoiled ______________ and untold __________________. Second, because they were afraid the _______________ would gain control of the land east of the Ohio River, the _______________ encouraged settlers to move there. Third, as land became scarce in the _________________ colonies, many people moved toward the unsettled area. Finally, there was Virginia’s revision of its _____________________. 5. In 1730, the colony of Virginia established a policy giving land ____________________ 1,000 acres for each family settling in ___________________ Virginia. These settlers could not come from established ____________________ settlements. 6. An unplanned result of Virginia’s land policies was that a variety of _________________ groups found their way into the frontier. Settlers Come to Western Virginia 7. ______________________________ is usually credited with being the first permanent European settler in western Virginia. When the family arrived near where _________________ is located today, he built a crude __________ cabin.8. Prominent among the European settlers of western Virginia were the ___________________, who had come from the Rhine River valley. 9. The Germans looked for a place to settle where they would have __________________ freedom. 10. In 1730, Virginia granted ten thousand acres of land in the _______________ Valley to Isaac __________________. 11. The Scots-Irish were ___________ who had been settled in northern Ireland by King ______________ of England. 12. The Scots-Irish were ________________________ against (denied their rights because of prejudice) in ________________. 13. In the 1700s, they settled in Pennsylvania and then moved south as land became available in ___________________. In 1748, the Scots-Irish founded the first settlement west of the _________________________ Divide. It was called _________________ Meadow. 14. Many early settlers, in order to escape from the European continent, became _______________ servants. Under this system, people agreed to work for a period of years as servants in America in exchange for _______________ to the New World. 15. Many __________________, who were sold as indentured servants, were never ____________. This helped establish a system of _______________ in the United States. West Virginia Portraits: Andrew Lewis 16. Andrew Lewis was born in the year _________ in Donegal County, ______________. 17. Around 1729, his parents, who were ___________________, moved the family to Pennsylvania. Later they moved to ________________ County, Virginia. 18. Because of his skill and hard work, Andrew Lewis moved quickly through the ranks in the______________. He is probably best remembered for the role he played in the Battle of ________________________________. 19. Lewis continued to serve in the military during the American _________________________.Section 3: Life in the Early Settlements Directions: Use the information from pages 318-329 to complete the following statements. Introduction 1. Pioneers could claim an area by using a ____________________ or _____________ to blaze trees around the edge of the site. Settlers could also get ownership of land by planting and harvesting a crop of ______________. The best claim came with actual settlement, which was defined as building a _____________. 2. Sometimes trees were removed by setting the ______________ on fire. At other times, ___________________ was used; that is, a band of ___________ was removed all the way around a tree. Settlers’ Homes 3. Most cabins did not hav____________; sometimes a section of log was removed and the hole covered with ___________ paper. 4. Some cabins had a second level, usually a _________ that was reachable by a ______________. 5. The ____________________, which occupied a prominent place, was the only means of _______________ the cabin. Cooking was done in the _________________ as well. 6. The Indians taught the pioneers which __________ could be used for medicinal purposes. Settlers’ Clothing and Food 7. Men wore loose hunting shirts made of softened __________________. Breeches and ____________________ covered their legs. Around their waists they wore large ____________. Moccasins, made from a single piece of ____________, covered their feet. Squirrel-skin or ______________ caps completed the common dress on the frontier. 8. Early settlers spun or wove many of their own ___________ and developed __________ from local ______________ to color the fabric.9. Since many pioneers raised ______________, practically all of the dresses were made of coarse _________________________, a mixture of __________ and wool or ____________ and wool. 10. Some pioneers, however, presented a different picture. They dressed like fashionable ______________________. 11. Since there were no grocery stores, frontier families had to produce all of their ___________. 12. ____________ was one of the most important crops. 13. Indians taught the early settlers how to tap the _______________ trees for syrup. A second source of sweetening was the “ __________ tree.” Settlers’ Recreation 14. Women held _______________ or _______________ bees. 15. “_______________________” were a chance for women, men, and children to get together with their neighbors. 16. Young boys learned to use a _________ and _______________. 17. _____________________ were important events. They provided a time for celebration and ________________. 18. ____________________ was the most popular social activity. _____________, _____________, and _______________ provided the music. 19. When timbering became a major industry, the skills of _______ became the basis for popular sports and recreation. 20. One of the biggest celebrations took place on the __________ of ____________. Settlers’ Health 21. Since most settlers did not bathe often, many suffered from an ailment called _______________ ____________. The usual “cure” was to rub the blood of a black _________ on the wound. 22. Families were usually very large. It was not uncommon for one family to have ______ - _______ children. However, many of the children never reached ____________________.23. In 1796, ____________________, an English physician, developed a vaccination for ______________________. 24. Much feared on the frontier was ______________________, or rabies, which was caused by the bite of an _________________ animal. There was no cure until the year _________, when _________________________ of France developed a serum to be given in a series of injections. 25. Of all the frontier diseases, ____________________, or __________________, was probably the most common. Settlers’ Unique Language 26. Because those who lived in the mountains were generally __________________ from the language changes in the rest of the _________________, the language used on the ____________________ changed very little. 27. The dialect (_______________ form of language) spoken in the mountains is commonly referred to as the ________________________________ dialect. 28. Examples of mountain language are __________________ for “I suppose,” _____________ for “wasp,” ____________ for “closet,” _____________ for “clean,” ____________ for “kiss,” and ____________ for “pretend.” 29. Almost all of the “bad English” used by native _____________________ was once used by high-ranking nobles of _________________ and __________________. Special Feature: Folk Medicine 30. Many people who claimed to be _________________ actually had no formal _______________ training. 31. Medical knowledge was often spiced with belief in the _____________________ and bits of __________________. 32. It was common to call upon the ____________ child of a __________ child for help. These people were supposed to have special ______________ powers.Section 3: Life in the Early Settlements Directions: Use the information from pages 318-329 to complete the following statements. Introduction 1. Pioneers could claim an area by using a ____________________ or _____________ to blaze trees around the edge of the site. Settlers could also get ownership of land by planting and harvesting a crop of ______________. The best claim came with actual settlement, which was defined as building a _____________. 2. Sometimes trees were removed by setting the ______________ on fire. At other times, ___________________ was used; that is, a band of ___________ was removed all the way around a tree. Settlers’ Homes 3. Most cabins did not have ________________; sometimes a section of log was removed and the hole covered with _________________ paper. 4. Some cabins had a second level, usually a _________ that was reachable by a ______________. 5. The ____________________, which occupied a prominent place, was the only means of _______________ the cabin. Cooking was done in the _________________ as well. 6. The Indians taught the pioneers which __________ could be used for medicinal purposes. Settlers’ Clothing and Food 7. Men wore loose hunting shirts made of softened __________________. Breeches and ____________________ covered their legs. Around their waists they wore large ____________. Moccasins, made from a single piece of ___________, covered their feet. Squirrel-skin or _______________ caps completed the common dress on the frontier. 8. Early settlers spun or wove many of their own ___________ and developed __________ from local ______________ to color the fabric.9. Since many pioneers raised ______________, practically all of the dresses were made of coarse _________________________, a mixture of __________ and wool or ____________ and wool. 10. Some pioneers, however, presented a different picture. They dressed like fashionable ______________________. 11. Since there were no grocery stores, frontier families had to produce all of their ___________. 12. ____________ was one of the most important crops. 13. Indians taught the early settlers how to tap the _______________ trees for syrup. A second source of sweetening was the “ __________ tree.” Settlers’ Recreation 14. Women held _______________ or _______________ bees. 15. “___________________________” were a chance for women, men, and children to get together with their neighbors. 16. Young boys learned to use a _________ and _______________. 17. _____________________ were important events. They provided a time for celebration and ________________. 18. ____________________ was the most popular social activity. _____________, _____________, and _______________ provided the music. 19. When timbering became a major industry, the skills of ____________________ became the basis for popular sports and recreation. 20. One of the biggest celebrations took place on the __________ of ____________. Settlers’ Health 21. Since most settlers did not bathe often, many suffered from an ailment called _______________ ____________. The usual “cure” was to rub the blood of a black _________ on the wound. 22. Families were usually very large. It was not uncommon for one family to have ______ - _______ children. However, many of the children never reached ____________________.23. In 1796, _________________________, an English physician, developed a vaccination for ____________________. 24. Much feared on the frontier was ______________________, or rabies, which was caused by the bite of an _________________ animal. There was no cure until the year _________, when ________________ of France developed a serum to be given in a series of injections. 25. Of all the frontier diseases, ____________________, or __________________, was probably the most common. Settlers’ Unique Language 26. Because those who lived in the mountains were generally __________________ from the language changes in the rest of the _________________, the language used on the ____________________ changed very little. 27. The dialect (_______________ form of language) spoken in the mountains is commonly referred to as the ________________________________ dialect. 28. Examples of mountain language are __________________ for “I suppose,” _____________ for “wasp,” ____________ for “closet,” _____________ for “clean,” ____________ for “kiss,” and ____________ for “pretend.” 29. Almost all of the “bad English” used by native _____________________ was once used by high-ranking nobles of _________________ and __________________. Special Feature: Folk Medicine 30. Many people who claimed to be _________________ actually had no formal _______________ training. 31. Medical knowledge was often spiced with belief in the _____________________ and bits of ________________________. 32. It was common to call upon the ____________ child of a __________ child for help. These people were supposed to have special ______________ powers. ................
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