Earth and Space Science_____Name



Name:____________________ Date:______________ Pd:_____

Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth Science

1.1 - What is Earth Science?

1. Earth Science is the study of

a. Astronomy is the study of

(hint: the first 4 letters in astronomy spell STAR)

b. Geology is the study of

(hint: the G is for Ground)

c. Meteorology is the study of

d. Oceanography is the study of

2. Geology is divided into two broad areas – physical and historical geology. Define each.

a. Physical Geology –

b. Historical Geology -

1.2 – A View of Earth

3. For each event described below, name the branches of Earth Science which are involved:

a. A volcano erupts sending ash into the atmosphere

b. A tsumani wave wipes out an entire village in India

c. Warmer ocean temperatures (El Niño) are causing droughts and monsoons in different parts of the world

Earth’s Major Spheres (pg 7 – 10)

4. Where are the life forms of the biosphere located?

5. Matching:

| Geosphere |A.) The life-sustaining, thin, gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. |

| Atmosphere |B.) All of the water on Earth. |

| Hydrosphere |C.) All of the life forms on Earth. |

| Biosphere |D.) Layer of the Earth that is composed of the core, the mantle, and the crust.|

5a) Where are the life forms of the biosphere located?

6. Examine the words below and determine the relationship among the majority of the words. Choose the one that does not fit the pattern and explain why it does not fit.

a. hydrosphere

b. biosphere

c. atmosphere

d. solid earth

1.4 - Earth System Science (pg 18 – 22)

7. What is a system?

8. What are the two sources of energy in the Earth system?

1.5 - What is Scientific Inquiry? (pg 23 – 24)

9. List the basic steps (recipe) of The Scientific Method: (pg 24)

10. Distinguish between a hypothesis and theory.

11. Examine the words below and determine the relationship among the majority of the words. Choose the one that does not fit the pattern and explain why it does not fit.

a. hypothesis

b. theory

c. fact

d. observation

1.3 - Representing Earth’s Surface (pg 11 – 17)

12. Define:

a. Latitude-

b. Longitude-

13. Matching

| Contour Line |A.) Difference in elevation between adjacent lines. |

| Relief |B.) Represents Earth’s surface in 3 dimensions, showing elevation, distance, |

| |directions, and slope angles. |

| Topographic Map |C.) Connects points of equal elevation. |

| Contour Interval |D.) The difference between the highest and lowest part of an area. |

Use the map below to answer the following questions:

14. What is the distance between point B and E? C and E? B and E?

15. Find the elevation of Point D.

16. What is the elevation of Sugar Loaf Mountain?

Chapter 2 - Minerals

2.1 - Matter (pg 34 – 43)

17. Matching

| Atom |A.) Fundamental particle of an atom that has a positive charge |

| Compound |B.) The smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element|

| Isotope |C.) Fundamental particle of an atom that has a negative charge |

| Protons |D.) Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. |

| Electrons |E.) Fundamental particle of an atom that has a neutral charge |

| Neutrons |F.) A substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined |

| |in specific proportions. |

18. What are 3 most abundant elements in the crust and their weights? (pg 35)

a.

b.

c.

2.2 - Minerals (pg 44 – 49)

19. Define a Mineral:

S

I

N

C

C

20. Mineral Groups: What is the most common mineral group? (pg 47)

21. Name the structure that silicon and oxygen combine to form.

22. Examine the words below and determine the relationship among the majority of the words. Choose the one that does not fit the pattern and explain why it does not fit.

a. wood

b. water

c. mercury

d. diamond

23. Examine the words below and determine the relationship among the majority of the words. Choose the one that does not fit the pattern and explain why it does not fit.

a. ice

b. copper

c. coal

d. quartz

2.3 – Properties of Minerals (pg 50 – 53)

24. Which property is the least useful in identification? Why?

25. Mineral Properties

1

2

3

4

5

6 :metallic or non-metallic

7 Cl and Fr

8 Special Properties:

26. What is the density of a mineral?

27. What is the name of the scale to test the Hardness of a mineral?

28. On the hardness scale, what is the number and name of the softest mineral?

29. What is the number and name of the hardest mineral?

Chapter 3 – Rocks (pg 64 – 88)

Observing Rocks

30. Define a rock. (pg 66)

31. How are rocks classified? (pg 66)

32. Three rock types: (pg 66)

1

2

3

Rocks have certain characteristics that help you identify them such as minerals, crystals, or grains. Texture is the way a rock looks.

3.2 - Igneous Rocks

Key Points: It takes longer for large crystals to form.

The slower molten rock is cooled:

bigger its crystals

more coarse its texture

33. What are the two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks? (pg 72)

34. List & briefly describe the 4 textures used to describe igneous rocks:

1.

2.

3.

4.

35. Magma-hot liquid rock earth

36. Lava - hot liquid rock earth

37. Fill in the table below for Obsidian and Granite.

Types of Igneous Rocks

|Type | Inside/Outside |Cooled slowly or |Texture |Size of Crystals |Name of rock |

| |the earth |Cooled quickly |Coarse/Fine/Glassy |Large or Small | |

|Intrusive | | | | | |

|Extrusive | | | | | |

38. Continental crust is made of:

39. Oceanic crust is made of:

3.3 - Sedimentary Rocks (pg 75 – 79)

Key Points:

Occur in layers.

Can contain fossils.

Use the words from the word bank to fill in the following definitions

|Halite |Gypsum |Layers |Shale |Fossils |

|Cementation |Limestone |Clastic |Organic |Chemical |

|Compaction |Coal |sediment |Compaction |Cementation |

40. A rock made of the tiniest clastic grains, which are called clay or mud:

41. Sediment can be glued together to form rock in a process called:

42. Sedimentary rocks that form from smaller pieces of other rocks are:

43. Sedimentary rocks made from the remains of things that were once alive:

44. Rocks formed when minerals dissolved in water are deposited and left:

45. The squeezing together of sediments to form rocks:

46. A dark black organic sedimentary rock:

47. Any material that settles to the bottom of a liquid:

48. The 2 processes that change sediment into sedimentary rock are:

1.

2.

49. One main characteristic of sedimentary rocks is that they occur in:

50. Sedimentary rocks can also contain:

51. The most common organic sedimentary rock is:

52. Two chemical sedimentary rocks that form when large bodies of water evaporate are and

53. What do ripple marks suggest about the environment of deposition?

3.4 - Metamorphic Rocks (pg 80 – 84)

Key Points: formed with intense heat and pressure

foliation: arrangement of minerals in parallel layers

foliated rocks look flaky and split into thin layers

54. What are the two settings that metamorphic rocks form in?

55. List the Agents of Metamorphism. Describe how these agents change a rock.

56. Complete the chart below by naming which metamorphic rock each parent rock listed becomes.

Metamorphic Rock

|Parent Rock |Limestone (S) |Granite (I) |Shale (S) |Sandstone (S) |

|changes to (M) | | | | |

S=sedimentary I=igneous M=metamorphic

3.1 – Rock Cycle (pg 66 – 69)

57. What is the Rock Cycle?

58. Where does the energy that drives the rock cycle come from?

59. Fill in the Rock Cycle.

60. Which of the following is not a rock?

a. Coal

b. Sandstone

c. Pumice

d. Lava

Chapter 4 – Earth’s Resources

• Resources can be roughly divided into renewable and nonrenewable.

• Mineral and metal resources become concentrated through a variety of geological processes that include igneous activity, precipitation from hydrothermal solutions, and erosionally-formed placer deposits.

4.1 – Energy and Mineral Resources (pg 94 – 101)

61. What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource?

62. Coal passes through 4 stages of development, list them below:

a.

b.

c.

d.

63. Name some fossil fuels.

64. Igneous processes and metamorphic process, such as hydrothermal solutions, form what type of mineral deposits? Give Examples.

4.2 – Alternate Energy Sources (pg 102 – 107)

65. Matching

| Solar Energy |A.) Energy that can be extracted from Earth’s internal heat. |

| Nuclear Energy |B.) Energy that is “free” and uses the sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity. |

| Wind Energy |C.) Energy that comes from radioactive materials that release energy through fission. |

| Hydroelectric Power |D.) Energy that comes from moving water driving turbines to produce electricity. |

| Geothermal Energy |E.) Energy that is generated by wind. |

| Tidal Energy |F.) Energy that is generated by the relative motion of water in response to the |

| |Earth-Moon-Sun system. |

4.3 – Water, Air, and Land Resources (pg 108 – 112)

• The chemical composition of the atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth.

• Earth’s land provides soil and forests, as well as mineral and energy resources.

66. How are greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, beneficial to Earth as a system?

67. Explain how mining for mineral resources damages the land.

4.4 – Protecting Resources (pg 113 – 116)

68. Matching

| Clean Air Act |A.) This law requires industries to reduce or eliminate point source pollution into |

| |surface waters. |

| Clean Water Act |B.) This law decreased the illegal and unsafe dumping of hazardous wastes and required |

| |companies to store, transport, and dispose of hazardous waste according to strict |

| |guidelines. |

| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |C.) This law established NAAQS for six criteria pollutants known to cause health |

| |problems. (NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality Standards) |

Chapter 5 Weathering, Soil & Mass Movements (pg 124 – 152)

• As fast as plate tectonics can create land, weathering destroys it – both mechanical and chemical.

• The ultimate source of weathering is the sun, though its major agent is water.

• The rates of weathering are highly variable.

• By breaking a rock into smaller pieces, mechanical weathering increases the rock’s surface area that can be exposed to chemical weathering.

Define the following terms:

69. Weathering:

70. Erosion:

71. Define mechanical weathering.

72. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mechanical weathering.

a. Each piece of broken rock has the same characteristics as the original rock.

b. In nature, three physical processes are especially important causes of mechanical weathering; frost wedging, unloading, and biological activity.

c. When a rock is broken apart, less surface area is exposed to chemical weathering.

d. Mechanical weathering is the transformation of rock into new compounds.

73. Define chemical weathering.

74. What type of material would best in our climate – marble or granite? Why?

75. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about chemical weathering.

a. Water is the most important agent in chemical weathering.

b. Chemical weathering converts granite to clay minerals and quartz grains.

c. Chemical weathering can change the shape of a rock and its chemical composition.

d. Spheroidal weathering is a form of chemical weathering

76. How are water, carbon dioxide and oxygen involved in chemical weathering?

a. Which one is the most important?

77. List the factors that affect the rate of weathering.

1.

2.

3.

Chapter 9 - Plate Tectonics

78. (8.4 – pp 233-237) List the layers of the Earth: in order from the surface inward

79. Which layer is divided into plates?

80. Where is the Moho?

9.1 - Continental Drift (pg 248 – 252)

Key Points: continental drift Alfred Wegener

81. State the theory of continental drift.

82. What is Pangea?

83. List the data that Wegener collected to test his hypothesis of Pangaea and Continental Drift.

1

2

3

4

84. Why was continental drift not accepted among the scientific community?

85. How did the opponents of the continental drift hypothesis account for existence of similar fossils on widely separated landmasses?

9.2 - Sea-Floor Spreading (pg 254 – 260) **Harry Hess

Key Points:

rifts are valleys or ridges or underwater mountains

seafloor spreading: new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges

lithosphere is divided into plates which move

asthenosphere provides currents on which the plates move

86. List evidence used to support Hess’s theory of Sea-floor Spreading. (pg 257)

A.

B.

C.

87. The oldest seafloor is found near

88. The youngest seafloor is found near the

89. What is the strongest evidence for sea-floor spreading?

90. How was the age of the rocks determined?

9.3 - Plate Tectonics (pg 261 – 268)

Key Points: theory that entire plates move: Plate Tectonics

diverging boundary: plates move opposite direction ( (

transform boundary: plates slide past each other

converging boundaries: plate moving towards each other or colliding ( (

91. Define the Theory of Plate Tectonics.

92. What is the average rate of plate motion?

93. Fill in the following table.

|Feature/Action |Plate Boundary Type |

|Formation of a non-volcanic Mountain Range | |

|East African Rift Valley | |

|Subduction | |

|San Andreas | |

|Mid-Ocean Ridge | |

Key Points: seafloor crust (basalt) is dense than continental crust (granite)

seafloor crust will subduct under continental crust

converging boundary: ( (

94. Based on the diagrams below: Name the 3 types of convergent plate boundaries and associated landforms:

[pic]

A. What mountain range in the Pacific NW contains active volcanoes because of this type of plate convergence?

B. What forms in this type of plate convergence?

C. What mountain range has formed between India and Asia because of this type of plate convergence?

95. Why don’t continental plates subduct?

96. If a deep ocean trench is located adjacent to a continent, where would active volcanoes form?

97. Rank the following in order of formation from intial phase to final:

Atlantic Ocean

African Rift Valley

Red Sea

9.4 - Mechanisms of Plate Motion (pg 270 – 271)

98. What mechanisms have been proposed to explain plate motion? Explain.

1. Whole-Mantle Convection (pg 270) –

2.

3.

4.

99. Describe how Hawaii formed.

[pic]

100. In figure 9-2 label the following:

a. Trench

b. Continent

c. Subduction

101. What feature is being formed?

102. What type of plate boundary is illustrated on the eastern portion of the figure?

103. What mechanism of plate motion is being illustrated?

Chapter 8 – Earthquakes with Chapter 11 – Mountain Building

Earthquakes

Key Points: 3 types of faults/stress

a. Normal fault -

b. Reverse fault -

c. Strike-slip fault -

d. Much of what we know about the Earth’s interior comes from the careful study of .

104. (11.2 – Folds, Faults, & Mountains) Fault Types Chart

|Type of fault |Stress |Rocks above fault |Occurs at this type of Plate |Example of this is… |

| | |move …. |Boundary | |

|Normal | | | |Death Valley |

|Reverse | | | | |

|Strike-slip | | | | |

105. (11.1 – Forces in Earth’s Crust) What is deformation?

106. (11.1 – Forces in Earth’s Crust) List 3 types of stress.

107. (pg 218) A seismic wave is a

108. (pg 218) Define epicenter.

109. pg 218) Define focus.

110. What is the distance between

the seismic station and an earthquake epicenter, if the first S wave arrives 4.0 minutes after the first P wave?

111. If the distance from the epicenter is 1500 miles, how long after the earthquake does the first P wave arrive?

112. If the distance from the epicenter is 2000 kilometers, how long after the earthquake does the first S wave arrive?

8.2 - Measuring Earthquakes (pg 222 – 227)

Key Points: To pinpoint the location of an earthquake you need to get data from seismograph stations.

The Richter Scale is a numerical description of the of seismic waves produced by an earthquake.

As the numbers on the Richter scale increase, the strength of the quake increases.

3 Types of Seismic Waves Chart (pg 222-223)

|Seismic Wave |Type of Motion |Wave can travel through solid, |

| | |liquid or both |

|Primary Wave | | |

|Secondary Wave | | |

|Surface Wave | |XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX |

113. Which wave travels the fastest? Slowest?

114. An instrument that measures and records seismic waves is a

115. Explain the differences between the 3 scales discussed in lecture:

116. Which of the 3 scales is most widely used by scientists?

8.3 – Earthquake Hazards (pg 228 – 232)

117. What material is the softest to build on? WHY? (pg 229)

a. What material would be best to build on?

118. What is liquefaction?

Chapter 10 – Volcanoes (pg 278 – 302)

Key Points:

• Volcanoes come in many different forms.

• Volcanic eruptions take the form of lava flows, gases, and pryoclastic material (ash and bombs etc)

• Volcanic eruptions occur at: Rifts, Hot Spots (intraplate), Subduction Boundaries.

o Name an example of each:

119. Identify the 3 Types of Volcanoes in the Photos:

A________________ B__________________ C__________________

120. Characteristics of these 3 types of volcanoes:

|A. | |

| | |

|B | |

| | |

|C | |

121. Define: (page 294)

A) caldera

B) pyroclastic flow

C) Plutons

D) (volcanic) pipe

122. What factor is responsible for partial melting of rock beneath ocean ridges?

123. List some events that may signal a volcanic eruption:

124. What is the Ring of Fire? Where is it?

125. What 3 factors determine the eruptive style of a volcano?

126. Fill in the following table based on the 3 types of magma.

|Magma Composition |Silica Content |Viscosity |Gas Content |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

127. Rank the magma types from least explosive to most.

Chapter 6 – Running Water & Groundwater (pg 156 – 179)

• The Water Cycle is a defining feature of Earth’s surface.

• Groundwater is retrieved from aquifers that have high porosity and permeability.

• Stream velocity depends on discharge and slope gradient.

128. How is Earth’s water cycle balanced? (pg 159)

129. Describe how gradient and discharge change between a stream’s head waters and it’s mouth.

130. Circle the letter of the lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel.

a. Mouth

b. Headwaters

c. Valley

d. Base level

131. Define a drainage basin.

132. Fill in the statements using the words from the chart below:

|zone of saturation |Groundwater |downward |

|zone of aeration |water table |spaces |

Much of the water in soil seeps until it reaches the , which is the area where water fills all of the open in sediment and rock. is the water within this zone. The upper limit of this zone is the . The area above the water table where the soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated is the .

133. Matching

| Aquifer |A.) A measure of a material’s ability to transmit fluids. |

| Aquitard |B.) An opening bored into the zone of saturation. |

| Spring |C.) Rock or soil through which groundwater moves easily. |

| Permeability |D.) The volume of open spaces in rock or soil. |

| Porosity |E.) A flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the ground surface. |

| Well |F.) Impermeable layers that get in the way or prevent water movement. |

134. Where do springs form?

135. List some landforms that are associated with areas of karst topography.

Read the article below and then answer the questions on the next page.

[pic]

136. Where is this mine located?

a. How big is it?

b. How deep is it?

137. What was initially mined from this pit?

138. How did the ore form?

139. Application Why have miners also been able to recover significant amounts of gold, silver, and molybdenum?

140. How much copper has been removed since 1906?

141. What environmental problems have been receiving attention?

-----------------------

H.

D. Weathering & Erosion

Cooling

I

Figure 8-1

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download