WESTWARD EXPANSION…INTO INDIAN LAND



WESTWARD EXPANSION…INTO INDIAN LAND

STEPS TO REMOVAL:

1) Cross Land-

2) Hunt on Land-

3) Live on Land together-

4) Pay for your land; give you another piece of land-

5) If you don’t agree…use force!-

6) Want reservation land-move again

TREATIES THAT AFFECTED SOUTH DAKOTA:

1830’s-1840’s Indian Removal Act: Removed various eastern Indian tribes to Oklahoma Indian Territory;

*Trail of Tears: 1830’s

-John Marshall: represented the Cherokee

1. Cherokee Nation v.s. Georgia and Worchester v.s. Georgia

2. WON both cases!

-Andrew Jackson-Pres. Sold land and forced them out

-Choctaw 1831-1st to walk

-exposure, cholera, malnutrition, supplies did not “arrive”

-Creek 1836-3,500 of 15,000 died

-Cherokee 1838-Georgia to Oklahoma; 4,000 of 17,000 died

-1,000 slaves also died on the march

1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie: Grants Sioux Nation 60 million acres, including all of South Dakota as long as white man could build roads through the territory

1858 Treaty of_Washington, D.C.: transfer of 11,155,890 acres east of the Missouri River, 430,000 acres near Fort Randall, continued ownership of 648 acres in Pipestone Quarry in Minnesota

1868 Second Treaty of Fort Laramie: creates 26 million acre reservation-about Western 1/2 of South Dakota-allows Sioux to hunt on the rest of the land-this can only be altered by vote of 3/4 of all Sioux men

*Buffalo: Plains Indians were NOMADS-moved with the herd

• Used ALL parts of the Buffalo-

• Why did Whites hunt Buffalo?

1. Railroad

2. Sport

3. Hides, tongue

• Records:

▪ 120 Buffalo in 40 minutes

▪ 6,000 in 60 days

▪ Population: End of Civil War 12-15 million to extinction by 1934

*Sand Creek Massacre_:

• 1864-Colorado

• Cheyenne/Arapaho came to make peace treaty

• Colorado Volunteers showed up-killed 160 (110 were women and children)

*Battle of Little Big Horn: (“Custer’s Last Stand”)

• 1876-Big Horn Mountains, Montana

• Defiant Sioux/Cheyenne, led by Chief Sitting Bull and Chief Crazy Horse, didn’t want to leave the Black Hills

• Colonel George Custer/7th Cavalry’s mission-remove them

• Killed Custer and 264 soldiers

• “Custer’s men stood on the hill and fought to the death”

• Congress orders all Sioux onto reservations-only 10% of Sioux agree to cede 7 million acres, but it happens anyway

1877 Sioux Agreement: cut Indian land from 60 million to slightly less than 22 million acres

1887 General Allotment Act: (The DAWES Act) allotment of 160 acres to Indians for farming and ranching

Problem: Sounds good on the surface, but actually cut Indian land even more, and sold the “extra land” to white settlers

✓ Placed white farmers/ranchers nearby as “role models”

✓ Most Indians were not farmers, they were nomads

1889 Sioux Agreement: cut Indian land to 12,681,911 acres

Black Hills Claim: From 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty and the 1877 agreement: Western Sioux were to be paid $108 million for giving up the Black Hills. To this day, they have not accepted this money!)

✓ Problem: Article 12 which states you must have agreement of 3/4 of adult males in all of the signatory tribes-this was ignored in 1877: then were finally put in jail until they agreed

✓ This is considered sacred burial grounds to Sioux

✓ Pressure: Rush of settlers to Dakota Territory

Cattlemen wanted to use ALL land to let cattle roam

Movement for statehood

*Wounded Knee:

• 1890-South Dakota

• Sioux gathered to do “Ghost Dance”-peaceful dance with prayer that white men leave, bring the dead back to life and restore their former lives

• White point of view…Indians gathering; excitement; war dance??

• 7th Cavalry (Custer’s old group) sent in to stop dancing and collect weapons

• 300-400 Sioux killed or froze to death; 60 soldiers killed

• 7th Cavalry revenge??

• Ended the wars in the West

RESULTS:

• Results in confining Western Sioux people on 9 reservations in South Dakota (see picture)

• Lost rights to use nearly 90, 000,000 acres

• Only 13,111,911 acres in South Dakota

• Lost 81.7% of their land

FOUR MAIN INDIAN TRIBES:

Lakota

• Lived in South Dakota Black Hills

• Black Hills Gold Rush

• Led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Nez Perce

• Northwest tribe

• Involved in the “thief treaty”

• Tried to run

• After 1500 miles, Chief Joseph said, “I will fight no more, forever”

Cherokee

• Southeast tribe

• Moved to “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma)

• Court ruled in their favor they could stay

• Lost 4,000 people on the Trail of Tears

Dakota

• Lived in Minnesota

• Supplies did not arrive as white man had promised

• They were told “Let them eat grass!”

• Led to largest mass execution in US History in MANKATO, MN!!

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