WESTWARD EXPANSION…INTO INDIAN LAND
WESTWARD EXPANSION…INTO INDIAN LAND
STEPS TO REMOVAL:
1) Cross Land-
2) Hunt on Land-
3) Live on Land together-
4) Pay for your land; give you another piece of land-
5) If you don’t agree…use force!-
6) Want reservation land-move again
TREATIES THAT AFFECTED SOUTH DAKOTA:
1830’s-1840’s Indian Removal Act: Removed various eastern Indian tribes to Oklahoma Indian Territory;
*Trail of Tears: 1830’s
-John Marshall: represented the Cherokee
1. Cherokee Nation v.s. Georgia and Worchester v.s. Georgia
2. WON both cases!
-Andrew Jackson-Pres. Sold land and forced them out
-Choctaw 1831-1st to walk
-exposure, cholera, malnutrition, supplies did not “arrive”
-Creek 1836-3,500 of 15,000 died
-Cherokee 1838-Georgia to Oklahoma; 4,000 of 17,000 died
-1,000 slaves also died on the march
1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie: Grants Sioux Nation 60 million acres, including all of South Dakota as long as white man could build roads through the territory
1858 Treaty of_Washington, D.C.: transfer of 11,155,890 acres east of the Missouri River, 430,000 acres near Fort Randall, continued ownership of 648 acres in Pipestone Quarry in Minnesota
1868 Second Treaty of Fort Laramie: creates 26 million acre reservation-about Western 1/2 of South Dakota-allows Sioux to hunt on the rest of the land-this can only be altered by vote of 3/4 of all Sioux men
*Buffalo: Plains Indians were NOMADS-moved with the herd
• Used ALL parts of the Buffalo-
• Why did Whites hunt Buffalo?
1. Railroad
2. Sport
3. Hides, tongue
• Records:
▪ 120 Buffalo in 40 minutes
▪ 6,000 in 60 days
▪ Population: End of Civil War 12-15 million to extinction by 1934
*Sand Creek Massacre_:
• 1864-Colorado
• Cheyenne/Arapaho came to make peace treaty
• Colorado Volunteers showed up-killed 160 (110 were women and children)
*Battle of Little Big Horn: (“Custer’s Last Stand”)
• 1876-Big Horn Mountains, Montana
• Defiant Sioux/Cheyenne, led by Chief Sitting Bull and Chief Crazy Horse, didn’t want to leave the Black Hills
• Colonel George Custer/7th Cavalry’s mission-remove them
• Killed Custer and 264 soldiers
• “Custer’s men stood on the hill and fought to the death”
• Congress orders all Sioux onto reservations-only 10% of Sioux agree to cede 7 million acres, but it happens anyway
1877 Sioux Agreement: cut Indian land from 60 million to slightly less than 22 million acres
1887 General Allotment Act: (The DAWES Act) allotment of 160 acres to Indians for farming and ranching
Problem: Sounds good on the surface, but actually cut Indian land even more, and sold the “extra land” to white settlers
✓ Placed white farmers/ranchers nearby as “role models”
✓ Most Indians were not farmers, they were nomads
1889 Sioux Agreement: cut Indian land to 12,681,911 acres
Black Hills Claim: From 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty and the 1877 agreement: Western Sioux were to be paid $108 million for giving up the Black Hills. To this day, they have not accepted this money!)
✓ Problem: Article 12 which states you must have agreement of 3/4 of adult males in all of the signatory tribes-this was ignored in 1877: then were finally put in jail until they agreed
✓ This is considered sacred burial grounds to Sioux
✓ Pressure: Rush of settlers to Dakota Territory
Cattlemen wanted to use ALL land to let cattle roam
Movement for statehood
*Wounded Knee:
• 1890-South Dakota
• Sioux gathered to do “Ghost Dance”-peaceful dance with prayer that white men leave, bring the dead back to life and restore their former lives
• White point of view…Indians gathering; excitement; war dance??
• 7th Cavalry (Custer’s old group) sent in to stop dancing and collect weapons
• 300-400 Sioux killed or froze to death; 60 soldiers killed
• 7th Cavalry revenge??
• Ended the wars in the West
RESULTS:
• Results in confining Western Sioux people on 9 reservations in South Dakota (see picture)
• Lost rights to use nearly 90, 000,000 acres
• Only 13,111,911 acres in South Dakota
• Lost 81.7% of their land
FOUR MAIN INDIAN TRIBES:
Lakota
• Lived in South Dakota Black Hills
• Black Hills Gold Rush
• Led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
Nez Perce
• Northwest tribe
• Involved in the “thief treaty”
• Tried to run
• After 1500 miles, Chief Joseph said, “I will fight no more, forever”
Cherokee
• Southeast tribe
• Moved to “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma)
• Court ruled in their favor they could stay
• Lost 4,000 people on the Trail of Tears
Dakota
• Lived in Minnesota
• Supplies did not arrive as white man had promised
• They were told “Let them eat grass!”
• Led to largest mass execution in US History in MANKATO, MN!!
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