Mok Notes

 Chapter 09: Sectionalismsectionalism- loyalty to a particular regionThe Northtwo parts: Northeast (New England and Mid Atlantic States) and Old Northwest (Ohio to Minnesota)improved transportation and high rate of economic growthmost populous section b/c of high birthrate and increased immigrationThe Industrial NortheastOrganized Laborlabor unions were formed in response to low pay, long hours and unsafe working conditions; they wanted higher wages, 10 hour work day, better working conditions, public education and no more debt imprisonment1830s, a few wins for labor unionsin Commonwealth v. Hunt, Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers, not necessarily illegal combinations or monopolies.1840s, state legislatures passed 10 hour workday for industrial workersprogress limited by:periodic depressions (Panic of 1837)employers and courts that were hostile to unionscheap immigrant laborethnic divisionsurban lifeurban population grew from 5% in 1800 to 15% in 1850booming agricultural centers and trading centers became citiesslums of poor people increased, so crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime also became characteristic of working-class neighborhoodsAfrican Americansurban free African Americans were 50 percent of all free African Americans freedom meant they could have a family and maybe land, but not economic or political equality b/c of racial prejudicesimmigrants took their jobsworked as strikebreakers/scabs, people who worked despite the strikeno access to educationsometimes sold back into slavery The Agricultural Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota)Northeastern agriculture declined b/c land stagnation and competition from the Northwestindustry bigger in the Northwest than in the South, but still less important than agriculturebecame tied to the rest of the North:military campaigns against the nativesbuilding of canals (Erie) and railroads that established common markets between the Great Lakes and the East Coastmarkets were in the Northeast, not the South, which alienated the South agriculturegrew large grain crops like corn and wheatcommercialized and specialized in certain crops tools like steel plow (John Deere), mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick), and thresher (separated grain from wheat stalks) increased efficiencyrural population moved west for richer soil farmers were relatively prosperousused different types of wheat to slow down soil exhaustion their location as transportation points made new cities appear for shipment and distribution of manufactured goodsvalued economic freedom and property rights cherished farm life autonomyfew opportunities to interact with popular culture and have a public social life but still interacted during barn raisings and in religious meetings Immigrationmost immigrants stayed in the Northeastthe South’s plantation economy and slavery limited the opportunities for free laborsurge in immigration was due to:development of inexpensive and relatively rapid ocean transportationfamines and revolutions in Europe the growing reputation of the US as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedomimmigrants provided steady stream of cheap labor and an increased demand for mass-produced consumer goodsimmigration only increased in the 1830s b/c of economic problems in US and wars in EuropeIrishreasons for immigration:potato crop failure and famine in 1840sdiscriminated against because of their Roman Catholicismcompeted with native Protestants and with blacks for domestic work and unskilled laborer jobsdid not support abolitionismcongregated in cities because too poor to go else whereentered local politics as Democrats1850s, jobs and influence1880s, controlled Democratic party (Tammany Hall)Germansreasons for immigration:economic hardships from industrializationfailure of revolution of 1848worked as farmers and artisans because they had money to move out westlived in Midwest as farmers supporters of public education and opponents of slaverySupporters of immigrationindustrialists and employers welcomed cheap laborwestern states and territories wanted a larger population to gain political powerNativists (native-born Americans)defense of “native-born” people and hostility to foreign-bornreasons for Nativism:racistsocially unfit, not civilized enoughfearful of immigrants stealing their jobsfeared their religion (Irish and Roman Catholics gon’ take over)they voted Democratic O:led to rioting and the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Bannersupported the Native American party or the Know-Nothing partyfaded in importance before the Civil War, but would return whenever immigration seemed to threaten the nativesThe South (included states that permitted slavery, even if they didn’t join the Confederacy)Agriculture and King Cotton (“Cotton is king.”)although small southern factories were producing 15% of manufactured goods, agriculture was still top dog because it made $industrialization unnecessary for south because the south’s agriculture was enough though still important, tobacco, rice, and sugarcane, were overtaken by cottontobacco rapidly exhausted land rice required substantial irrigation and a long growing periodsugar required intensive labor and long growing periodEli Whitney’s cotton gin supplied cotton to New England textile mills, stimulating US industrial revolutionworld needed Britain for cloth, Britain needed American South for cotton fiberoriginally grown in just South Carolina and Georgia, but b/c of demand and depletion of soil, planters moved westward to Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (Southwest)2/3 of exports were cotton by 1850sheavy industrylimited activity in flour milling and textile/iron manufacturingcommercial sector developed only centered around the plantation economymerchants worked to find buyers for crops and other crops rudimentary financial system inadequate transportation system-- railroads short and localsubordinate to the North for manufactured goods-- colonial almostnot as profitable as agriculture, so never became big forceSlavery, the “Peculiar Institution”slave tradedomestically, bought through professional slave traders were treated like livestock, separated from family, defects hidden foreign slave trade prohibited in 1808, but smuggling still existedwealth measured in terms of land and slavescalled the “peculiar institution” because it was unique to the Southits distinctiveness isolated the Southcolonial justification was that it was an economic necessity1800s justification was that it was beneficial for slave and master (warrants were historical and religious; Bible says it’s okay)cotton boom --> 1 million slave in 1800 to 4 million in 1860mostly from natural reproductionsome were smuggled in in many parts, slaves made up 75% of populationslave code created to prevent revoltscan’t own property, leave master’s premises w/o permission, meet w/ other slaves other than at church, carry firearms, or hit/testify against a white personbut poorly enforced, and usually punished by owners not the governmentanyone with any black blood was black culturepidgin- slave language/slangwere Protestant (Baptists), incorporated voodoo and other polytheistic religionsmore emotional, with fervent chanting, spontaneous exclamations and conversion experiences emphasized freedom and deliverance, both in the afterlifes and in the current life sang with banjos to pass the time and express their anger and sadnessfamilymost families broken up by slave trade, so strong kinship networks developed to compensate children of white masters, black mothers are enslaved blacks gave birth earlier than whites paternal relationship with masters which softened their bitter relationship and strengthened the white grip on themeconomicsmost worked in fields, others worked as house servants, in factories or constructionheavy capital investment in slaves = less capital than North to industrializeslave lifevaried from humane to evil treatment, partially depending on the size of the plantationsmaller plantations more intimate, larger plantations run by overseers were fed, had personal gardens, some medical care less healthy b/c of povertyhouse servants were closer to masters, more scared for lives sexual exploitation of women led to punishment by white wivesbut sense of family and religious faith maintainedconditions were better than slave conditions on the sugar plantations in the Caribbean and may have been better than factory conditionsowners had incentive to keep their investments healthy and loyal, so they protected slave children from hard work until early adolescence and used hire labor for dangerous tasks urban slave/black life usually bought their freedom, but sometimes let go after master’s death or b/c of moral qualmsnew laws restricted these methods b/c southerners were afraid of insurrection slaves had to have more autonomy in order to be productivewere set free resistancemost blacks unhappy, but some pretended to be Sambos (smiling buffoons)whites always knew that rebellion was possibleDenmark Vesey in 1822 and Nat Turner in 1831 led revoltsquickly and violently suppressed, but impacts were:hope to African Americansgovernments tightened slave codesdemonstrated the evils of slaverysmaller scale rebellions running away through the underground railroad, but difficult to run away b/c of slave patrols stealing from mastersnot working hard Free African Americansmulatto children whose white fathers liberated themgot their freedom from money from extra workfree blacks lived in cities, so they could own property but still couldn’t vote or enter certain occupationsworked in mining, lumbering, docking, contracting, driving wagonssome continued to live in South because they wanted to be near captive family members, felt the South was home, and that the North had no greater opportunitiesWhite societyplanter aristocracyat least 100 slaves and at least 1000 acrestwo systems of slave labortask system- slaves assigned task. When task finished, they are free for the day (rice plantations)gang system- slaves were divided into groups and then forced to work for as many hours as the oversee ordered (cotton, sugar, tobacco plantations)increase in death rate dominated state legislatures, enacted laws that favored themselvesexercised influence greater than their numbers wanted to appear as genteel, long-standing aristocrats, but were in reality first-generation settlers held disdain for the industrialist capitalists, but they were as capitalist, since they had to supervise and invest carefully in land and slaves in order to make a profitfarmers (yeoman)most slaveholders had fewer than 20 slaves and several hundred acresnumber of nonslaveowning farmers increased and there was little prospect of moving up into the planter classproduced bulk of cotton crop, worked in fields alongside slaves, lived as modestly as farmers of Northlimited educational opportunities dependent on planter class for access to cotton gins, markets, livestock and creditpoor whites (hillbillies, poor white trash)3/4 of South’s white population could not afford the rich farmland controlled by the planters; just subsistence farmersisolatedno money to become educated or be connected to the commercial world of plantation system defended slave system b/c they thought they could own slaves too someday and b/c at least they were better than someone“From childhood, the one thing in their condition which has made life valuable to the mass of whites has been that the niggers are yet their inferiors.”part of the “ruling race” too poor to protest against the planter classmountain people lived in frontier conditionsdisliked planters and their slaves b/c threatened sense of independencelater would remain loyal to the Unionsome important trading centers, but small compared to North and unnecessary b/c South was mostly agriculturalSouthern Thoughtdivisive opinions about slavery between North and South code of chivalrySouth was feudal societystrong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic treatment of inferiors explains why Brooks beat Sumner with a cane lawllol they still dueledbetter than the “yankees” of the norththe “southern lady”more subordinate than their northern counterparts b/c of the code of chivalry were either involved in the economic life of the farm or completely isolated if the farm was too large for the family to help outeven fewer opportunities for education and higher child birth ratemost women defended their class lines gender system used to ensure stability-- attack on slavery --> attack on other institutionseducationupper class valued college education so southern gentlemen could enter farming, law, ministry or militarymilitary good because of chivalryother occupations like trade and commerce were coarse and not “genteel”for lower classes, school past elementary school not availableslaves prohibited from learning reading or writingreligionMethodist and Baptist churches split from northern counterparts b/c they preached biblical support for slavery, which allowed them to gain in membershipUnitarians opposed slavery and Catholics and Episcopalians were neutral, so their numbers declined in the SouthThe West1800s definition was anything beyond the Mississippi River population pressures in the East from immigration and natural birth and limited agricultural opportunities in the East and the South made the West attractiveNative Americansnatives to the east of the Mississippi had been killed off, emigrated reluctantly or been forced to leave by treaty or military actionmade natives dependent on whites through the factor system, where the government supplied tribes with goods horses allowed the Cheyenne and the Sioux to become nomadic hunters, move away from advancing settlers or to oppose the settlers by forceThe Frontierrepresented the possibility of a fresh start and new opportunities for the daring mountain men were people who had followed Lewis and Clark served as guides for settlers crossing the mountains into California and Oregon White Settlers on the Western Frontierlife similar to early colonial lifedied mostly from disease and malnutrition, not Indian raidswomen played the roles of doctor, teacher, seamstress, cook, chief field assistants = limited lifestandenvironmental impact:settlers cleared entire forests and exhausted the soil with poor farming methodstrappers and hunters decimated beaver and buffalo to near extinctiontraded with Mexico, offering lower priced and higher quality goods in their market fur trappers were in constant debt to eastern merchants Chapter 10: Industrial Revolutionpopulation growthhigh birth rate supplemented by European immigrants and growth of nonwhite population one third lived west of the AllegheniestransportationIndustrialization required transporting raw materials to factories and finished goods to create large domestic market for mass-productioncreated national market economycreated regional specializationwest- grain, east- industry, south- cottonfacilitated movement westwardlittle transportation in the South, partially why South didn’t industrialize necessity was shown during the war of 1812roads (“turnpike era”) (1790s -1820s)turnpikes were initially privately financed, so they were short and only in densely populated areas interstate roads needed, but not built because of states’ rights advocatesexception: interstate road is National (Cumberland) Road from Maryland to Illinoisbecame highway to the westfederal government wanted to pass act giving federal government authority to build roads, but Madison vetoed it, leaving road building to the states Canal Age (1820-1830s)roads were not enoughsteamboats made transportation easier, but still not efficient enoughcanals made transportation much cheaperhad to be funded by governmentsDe Witt Clinton’s Erie Canal linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities, spurred connection of all major lakes and riversgave NY access to Great Lakes, Chicago, growing Western markets and making NYC the wealthiest city on the Atlantic coast, replacing New Orleansconnected entire country by bypassing the Alleghenies no other city could compete with NYC’s Erie Canalpositive impacts: faster transportation, lower food prices, more immigrants in the West, stronger economic tiesnegative impact: New England farmers adversely affected by competition from West steamboatsRobert Fulton created steamboat to replace the flatboatmade shipping faster and cheapernow all navigable streams are two-wayrailroads (1840s -- )1820s- early railroads built, but only connected waterways, did not connect to each other and did not have standard gaugetechnological developments (locomotives, railroad cars, heavier iron rails) popularized railroadsshort lines were consolidated into trunk lines-- many of which met at Chicagorailroads beat the canals-- faster, more reliable and cheapermoney for railroads came from: private investors, foreign investors, governmentsgovernments granted special loans, tax breaks and land grants for railroads made Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago into commercial centersmerchants and farmers bought railroad stocks to connect their area to the rest of the worldpromoted western agriculture and decreased its dependence on the South for the Mississippi Riverlater gave North strategic advantages in the Civil Warcommunicationstelegraph lines (Samuel Morse) alongside railroad lineshelped schedule and route trainsinstant communication between distant citiesreinforced division between North and South b/c although they were inexpensive, they were more extensive in the Northnewspapers easily printed with the steam cylinder rotaryalso helped feed division between North and South because most higher budgeted magazines/newspapers were in Northgrowth of industryby the end of the 1800s, US was world leader in manufacturingas manufacturing became more profitable than trade, the merchant capitalists disappearedmechanical inventionspatent laws heavily rewarded inventors if their ideas for tools/machines were usefulexample: Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable part systembasis of modern mass-production and assembly line methodslarge amount of domestically produced fiber spurred the development of the textile industry government also supported R&D for military purposes corporations for raising capitaleasier for businesses to raise money by selling stockslimited liability- stockholders only risked however much they invested, could gain very muchbefore corporations had to obtain a charter by an act of the state legislature, but by the 1830s, corporations could get a charter just by paying a fee raised the money necessary to build factories and transportationstill depended on credit, which was dangerously unstable because official currency consisted of specie, which was scarceownership of industries from families and individuals changed to many shareholders of a corporationfactory systemSamuel Slater established US factory using British secrets in 1791; spinning jenny - first efficient cotton-spinning machine in America New England became leader becausedecline of maritime industry and farming made capital and ready labor supply available, respectivelydecline of farming also made manufacturing attractivewaterpower and good seaports for water powerwater initially used; coal, then petroleum later replaced, allowing for more diverse factory locations finding labor difficult at first b/c they needed to compete with the lure of cheap western landbefore, most people still worked on farms and urban residents were skilled artisans technology made farming less labor intensivechild labor used middle of the century, immigrants started to be usedone system brought whole families to the mill to work Lowell/Waltham system- women (farmers’ daughters) who worked for several years, saved wages then returned home to marry and raise childrenexcellent conditions, especially when compared to British conditionsclean boardinghouses and dorms, fed and supervised low wages, but still generous for the timewomen were lonely and bored, but textiles were the only industry they could enter conditions declined though, as the textile industry became more competitive immigrant labor decreased condition quality because there was less social pressure to provide good conditions for themunionscomprised of skilled workers/artisans forced into the factory system b/c no longer able to competegoal was 10 hour workdayobstacles:immigrant workersstate laws outlawing unionsfrequent economic depressions with high unemploymentexcluded womenpretty much only victory was Commonwealth v. Hunt which declared unions lawfulcommercial agriculturecheap land and easy credittransportation made markets widely available and accessiblecotton and the SouthEli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin made cotton more profitable than tobacco and indigoincreased demand for land, slaves and increased crop productionunpatented, so everyone could use itmoney was invested in slaves, so they didn’t industrialize and cotton was shipped overseas for saleanother reason they didn’t industrialize was because local consumers could not afford finished products tariffs also helped promote industrializationeffects of the Market Revolutiongrowing interdependence of peoplestandard of living increasedwomenbefore, they worked alongside their husbands on the farmnow, they could work in domestic service, teaching or factoryotherwise, married women had a “separate sphere” as “guardians of domestic values”working women were singlearranged marriages less commonLowell Mills- young daughters hired to work in factoriesbegan to work in teaching and domestic service after the Panic of 1837economic and social mobilitygap between the very poor and the very rich widenedrich created culture of wealth in citiesmany poor people actually starved to death!! D:blacks were poor everywhere, even in north where they were politically freebut economic opportunities in US greater than in Europealso, comparing between time periods, factory workers ate better, were better clothed and housed and had greater access to consumer goods geographically mobility was possible, but unlikely b/c of expensemiddle classmore opportunities for people to become wealthy without owning land able to own household inventions (cast-iron stove) and servants to alleviate the tedium of houseworkhad greater access to meats, grains and dairy products, and some ice for preservation purposes greater decoration on their houses, children didn’t sleep together anymore, more colors slaveryat the beginning of the 1800s, people thought it would gradually disappear because of the exhausted soil of the South and the constitutional ban on the importation of slavesbut the cotton industry exploded...so yeahChapter 11: Society, Culture, and Reform 1820-1860antebellum period- period before the Civil WarThe Second Great AwakeningOrigin 1790s from efforts to fight spread of religious rationalism. Enlightenment thinking like deism and rejecting original sinBaptists, Presbyterians, Methodists (founded by John Wesley) successful at combating New Light dissenters (ppl who made religion more compatible w/ rationalism and believed that everyone was capable of salvation)was a reaction to rationalism (belief in human reason, Enlightenment thinking) and religious skepticismfew people attended church formally anymoresome embraced deismcreation of new sects like Unitarianism that denied Calvinist predestination and teachings of original sin in favor of believing in the inherent goodness of human nature and salvation through good works began in 1790s among educated people, young men encouraged to become evangelical preachers by Timothy Dwightaudience centered, seemed democratic because they offered salvation for allSecond Great Awakening called individuals to readmit God + Christ into daily life, reject skeptical rationalism. New sects rejected predestination, combined piety w/ belief of God as active force whose grace achieved through faith + worksrevivalism in New York “burned-over district” (were prone to religious awakenings) “hell-and-brimstone”Charles G. Finney made people afraid of damnation preached that salvation is available to those through faith and hard work, ideas that appealed to the middle class Baptists and Methodists became the largest Protestant denominations because of circuit preachers like Peter Cartwright who traveled from one location to another, attracting thousands to their preaching in “camp meetings”Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Millennialism- people believed that the world would end so they gathered for the second comingMormons (Church of the Latter-Day Saints)founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with the Book of Mormon, which was about a successful civilization in America which Mormons should mimicBrigham Young established cooperative social organization called New Zion in Utahtheir practice of polygamy, social organization and intense secrecy made US gov and those around them angryreflected belief in human perfectibility effect on Native Americanspeople like Neolin and Handsome Lake combined Indian and Christian imageryconvinced their people to rise up in defense of their land“give up destructive habits like whiskey, gambling and other”“stop hunting and instead be farmers”appeal?black preachers interpreted religious message of salvation available to all as right to freedom for blackswomen needed religion to compensate for personal and social strains caused by the Industrial Revolutiondid not appeal to wealthier, better-educated levels of society like Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Unitarianscreated broad acceptance of the idea that people could belong to different churches but still be Christian Culture: Ideas, the Arts and LiteratureEuropean romanticism became idealistic transcendentalism in the USThe Transcendentalistsquestioned established church doctrine, capitalism/materialism, conformity and societal rationalitypromoted discovery of inner self, God in nature, environmentalism and individualityRalph Waldo Emersoncalled for new American culture in address at Harvard College called “The American Scholar”In “Nature” he argued for self-fulfillment through natureargued for self-reliance, independent thinking and spiritual over materialopponent of slavery, supporter of the UnionHenry David Thoreaulived in the woods by himself for two yearswrote a book about it called Waldenadvocates nonviolent protestdoes not pay tax during the US war with Mexico to protestwon’t pay poll tax b/c of slavery either was against the repressive forces of society, which produced “lives of quiet desperation”Walt Whitman wrote poems about democracy, liberation of the individual and pleasures of the flesh as well as of the spirit Brook Farmcommunal experiment of transcendentalismeveryone share in the labor equally, but failedGeorge Ripley started it to achieve “a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor”Margaret Fuller, a feministTheodore Parker is a theologian and radical reformerNathaniel Hawthorne is a novelist (Scarlet Letter!!)Other Communal ExperimentsShakersreligious societycommunal property complete celibacy genderless male wanted social disciplineNew HarmonyRobert Owen’s utopian socialist communityin response to inequity and alienation caused by Industrial RevolutionOneidaperfect social and economic equalityshared property, children, and partners-- major point of criticism “ew free love!”lawl prospered by selling good silverwareFourier Phalanxes- communal, very planned society according to Charles FourierArts and LiteraturePaintinggenre painting- everyday life of ordinary peopleGeorge Caleb Bingham, WIlliam S. Mount, Thomas Cole and Frederick Churchthe Hudson River School also painted the undiluted power of naturereflected Architecture began to reflect classical Greek stylesLiterature changed from the sentimental novels popular among women to AMERICAN litWashington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper wrote fiction using American settingsThe Last of the Mohicans - glorified the frontiersman The Scarlet Letter - questioned intolerance and conformity in American lifeHerman Melville’s Moby Dick - reflected theological and cultural conflicts, the quest for triumph could liberate and destroyEdgar Allen Poe wrote macabre stories American Spelling Book and American Dictionary of the English Language by Noah Webster made an American languageReforming Societydriven by Second Great Awakening, wanting to create a perfect society by following God’s laws reform movements reflected idea that institutions could prevent moral failure or rescue individuals from despairTemperance (moderation) and Prohibition (cold turkey)high rate of alcohol consumption which decreased working efficiency and increased danger to women and childrenthus, women were particularly involvedproblem was increasing b/c of wider availability of alcohol and its status as a growing pasttime in rural areas shift from moral exhortation to political actionAmerican Temperance Society used moral arguments to take a pledge of total abstinenceWashingtonians argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed treatmenttemperance became a part of middle-class respectabilityfactory owners and politicians also supported temperance, b/c it reduced crime and poverty and increased workers’ output on the jobCatholic immigrants opposed the imposition of Protestant values b/c alcohol was a central part of their culture overshadowed by issue of slavery, but would return in the 1870s (Women’s Christian Temperance Union) and succeed with the 18th AmendmentMovement for Public Asylumsincreasing numbers of criminals, emotionally disturbed persons and paupersDorothea Dix brought awareness about the caretaker abuse and bad living conditionsimpact: mental treatment at state expensereformers thought that they could cure these thingsschools for blind and deaf people- Thomas Gallaudet (deaf people) and Samuel Gridley Howe (blind people)penitentiaries- experiment with putting prisoners in solitary confinement so they could reflect on what they did too many people committed suicide and there was overcrowdinggeneral trend with prison reform was discipline, moral instruction and work programsPublic Educationmotivated by growing numbers of uneducated poor and laborers demanding for their children to be educatedresulted in tax-supported public education education reform reflected new belief that everyone was able to become smart and also to resist societal instabilitywanted to use education to inculcate Christian and democratic values critics believed that children should learn from themselves, rather than from teachersfree common schoolsbefore 1815, most schools aristocratic, only available for richHorace Mann fought for improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, longer school year and increased teacher preparation/salaries tax-supported schools accepted McGuffey readers extolled the virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety; Protestant work ethiclots of colleges, some new colleges began to admit women!also attempted to educate natives to help them assimilate mostly successful inn the Northoverall, reform was successful b/c the literacy rate was super high medicineoutbreaks of cholera promoted the search for independent health theoriesexamples:water cure (today hydrotherapy is still used)dietary theories proposed by Sylvester Grahamphrenology- measuring people’s heads to see their intelligence/dispositionhard to reform medical field b/c people said it would be undemocratic monopolypeople still defaulted to theology and tradition rather than science and innovationEdward Jenner developed a vaccination against smallpox William Morton and John Warren developed anesthesiaOliver Wendell Holmes developed germ theoryIndian reservationtransition from just getting them out of the way to better upholding moral dutyreservation could help the Indian race “regenerate”The Changing American Family and Women’s Rights Movementfamily as economic unit declinedrole for women and men changed, as men left to work and women stayed at homepeople moved to cities where they worked individually in factoriesfarms became increasingly commercialized, where hired men were more efficient than women marriages out of love, not arrangementbirth control/abstinence used b/c economic value of children changedwith fewer children, women now had more time to devote to religious and social uplift organizations, developed closer friendships with one another cult of domesticity- role of women was in the home, as helpers, as mothers, as consumers promoted by Godey’s Lady’s Book, a woman’s magazine which didn’t deal with politics or religion b/c “other subjects are more important for our sex and more proper for our sphere”given lives of higher material comfort and responsibility to give religious/moral guidance to children (ooh dat complementary but equal stuff)working women was seen as undesirable, unless it was in nursing or teaching, which were sufficiently female enough inequalitiesno legal or political rights almost impossible to obtain divorces; custody of children almost always went to menwife beating legal in most places, rape “impossible” within marriage discouraged from pursuing education past the elementary level exception: Oberlin College “The mutual influence of the sexes upon each other is decidedly happy in the cultivation of both mind & manners”early women’s rights movementsGrimke sisters didn’t like how men made them inferiors in the antislavery movement (Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837)“Men and women were created equal. They are both moral and accountable beings and whatever is right for man to do, is right for woman to do.”other reformers: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady StantonSeneca Falls Convention (1848)meeting where they issued the “Declaration of Sentiments” which declared that “all men and women are created equal” and listed women’s grievances against laws and customsElizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaigned for equal voting, legal, and property rights for womenhowever, women’s rights movements were overshadowed by the slavery crisisembraced by Quakers who supported sexual equality and encouraged women as preachers and community leadersleisurevacations and holidays were rare times to have funmen liked to drink, talk and play gameswomen talked, played cards or shared work on household tasksalso liked to read, go to theatres, watch minstrel shows, cockfighting, public sporting events, lectures, liked seeing strange things like Barnum’s CircusAntislavery Movementmoderates wanted gradual abolitionradicals wanted immediate abolition without compensating ownersSecond Great Awakening encouraged radicalism (slavery is a sin), which prevented compromiseAmerican Colonization Societywanted to transport free slaves to an African colony while reimbursing owners appealed to moderates and racist politiciansnever fundable because the slave population exploded after the invention of the cotton ginbut did receive some funding and did move some blacks to Liberia (capital= Monrovia)blacks also didn’t want to go back to Africa, a place they didn’t know American Antislavery Societybegan with William Lloyd Garrison’s publication of The Liberator, a radical abolitionist newspaperargued that slavery should be evaluated not from the bad impacts on white society, but on the slaves themselvesrejected gradualism as affirmation of slave system (get rid of the free!) and proposed immediate abolitioncondemned and burned the Constitution as a proslavery documentHinton R. Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South was an economic argument against slaveryLiberty partypolitics more practical than Garrison’s moral crusadeJames Birney was their nominated candidateblack abolitioniststhose like Frederick Douglass (The North Star) are able to speak firsthand about the brutality and degradation of slaverywanted social, economic and political equalityHarriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth, and William Still organized the effort to help fugitive slaves escape to free territoryviolent abolitionism“slaves should rise up in revolt against their masters!” -- David Walker and Henry Highland GarnetNat Turner led a revolt in which 55 slaves killedwhite response was to kill hundreds of blacksfear of future uprisings and Garrison’s inflamed rhetoric put an end to antislavery talk in the Southanti-abolitionismthought abolitionism would create a war between the sectionscause instabilitygreat violence against abolitionistsdespite violence, abolitionism continued Garrisonians who were extreme (complete abolition now, anti-government, pacifism) vs. moderates (moral suasion, convince their masters that what they were doing was wrong lol)victorieswas able to return the Amistad to AfricaPrigg v. Pennsylvania ruled that states didn’t have to enforce the 1793 law requiring return of fugitive slavesalso passed laws to forbid state officials from capturing and returning runawayspolitical power limited though, because slavery was a “domestic institution”Southern Reaction to Reformsucceeded at state level in northern and western states but little impact in the Southsouth was traditional, slow to support public education and humanitarian reformsviewed social reform as a northern conspiracy against the southern way of life ................
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