Ms. Arendas



WH MIDTERM EXAMS Tuesday 16th periods 1 & 4 (2 & 650 Multiple Choice = Use own paper # to 50Upon completion give your exam and questions to me on table “How Did the Renaissance Change Mans View of the World”?Sign up for Student Led Conferences January 14th or it will be assigned for youHistory Fair Rubric & DBQ EssaysSTANDARD: Utilize historical & inquiry skills and analytical processes; Analyze the causes, events & effects of the Renaissance , & Protestant Reformation & Scientific Revolution, and Age of Exploration; CCSS for Literacy in History /Social Studies Page 171 -174Taking a Mini Quiz on Protestant ReformationLEARNING GOAL: The Student will understand the major academic, artistic, economic, political, and religious changes that took place in Western Europe as a result of internal conflict and interaction with the East The Scientific Revolution: 1550 – 1800 page 290& 3.The Scientific Revolution refers to that period in history when men and women began to figure out truths about life, the world, and the heavens, without resorting to Christian teachings for the answers.The scientific discoveries of the 16th - 17th centuries brought upon a fundamental change in the ways Europeans viewed the natural world. It had significant implications in areas such as political and religious thought. The beginning of the scientific revolution may be laid solidly in the lap of Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws of motion. Whatever the truth about Newton and the apple, his "laws" made possible an explanation of how the heavens worked without having to conclude "It's God's will." As Newton, Galileo, Bacon, and others devised ways to experiment and interpret what they saw around them, the scientific revolution grew far beyond what the Church was willing to accept.Why did the Scientific Revolution occur? The period of “exploration” led to discovery of new plants and animals and encouraged great interest in the natural sciences, and there was also a new interest in navigation and astronomy. Thanks to the Printing Press, scientific knowledge spread more rapidly at that time than at any other time in previous history. The constant warfare between the various nation-states may have pushed scientific development because they wanted to have new technologies.Roots of Modern Science:During the Middle Ages, most scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe. This was called the geocentric theory. The idea came from Aristotle, the Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C. Ptolemy expanded the theory in the 2nd century A.D. Christianity taught that God had deliberately placed the earth at the center of the universe. Earth was thus a special place on which the great drama of life unfolded.Beginning in the 1500’s a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. This is what Historians call the Scientific Revolution. Polish cleric and astronomer Copernicus, studied planetary movements for more than 25 years and reasoned that the stars, Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. This was called the heliocentric theory. Fearing ridicule or persecution, he did not publish his findings until 1543 the last year of his life he received a copy of it (Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) on his deathbed. Copernicus cautiously dedicated the book to Pope Paul III. This book would only solve some of the problems concerning the epicycles of the Ptolemaic system. Post - Copernicus Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) tried to come up with different ideas, yet he kept the earth at the center. Brahe's system: moon and sun revolve around the earth; every other planet revolves around the sun. Brahe’s student Johannes Kepler would use Brahe's calculations and come up with the mathematical law that the planets moved elliptically. An Italian scientist Galileo Galilei published a small book called the Starry Messenger in 1610 supporting Copernicus. He designed a telescope that magnified to 30x than that of the naked eye to study the stars. In 1616, the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas and although he remained publicly silent, he continued his studies and in 1632 published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. The pope angrily summoned him to Rome to stand trial before the Inquisition. Standing before the court in 1633 and under the threat of torture, he knelt before the cardinals and read a signed confession. In it, he agreed that the ideas of Copernicus were false. He was never again a free man and lived under house arrest. He died in his villa in 1642. *In 1992 the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo had been rightThe work of two important thinkers of the 1600’s (Bacon & Descartes) helped advance the Scientific Method: Sir Isaac Newton:Considered the greatest person of the Scientific Revolution, English scientist - Isaac Newton (1642-1727), put the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo together (explain planetary motion) and tried to solve the dilemma. He worked for almost 20 years before he published his findings in a work called “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” in the year 1687 stating that every object in the universe attracts every other object (law of gravity and motion). Bacon had a passionate interest in science & urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions. This approach is called empiricism.Descartes relied on mathematics and logic and believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason. He wrote: “I think, therefore I am” Scientists developed new tools and instruments to study secrets of nature and earth.-The 1st microscope was invented by a Dutch maker of eyeglasses (Janssen)-One of Galileo’s students (Torricelli) developed the 1st mercury barometer –a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather.-In 1714, a German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit made the1st thermometer to use mercury in glass and showed freezing at 32 degrees.-A Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius – created another scale for the mercury thermometer and showed freezing at 0Medicine and the Human BodyDuring the Middle Ages European doctors had accepted as fact the findings of an ancient Greek physician Galen. However, he had never dissected the body of a human; only anatomies of pigs and other animals. A Belgian (Flemish) physician named Vesalius proved Galen wrong and published his book: “On the Structure of the Human Body” in 1543. It was filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle. By the late 1700’s, British physician, Edward Jenner, introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox.What is the Scientific Method?Discoveries in ChemistryRobert Boyle is considered the founder of modern chemistry. In a book called “The Sceptical Chemist” he challenged Aristotle’s idea that the physical world consisted of four elements – earth, air, fire, and water. Instead he proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined to. His most famous contribution to chemistry is Boyle’s Law which explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.2 thinkers that advanced the use of scientific method: Francis Bacon & Rene’ DescartesThe Enlightenment in EuropeStarted from two English political thinkers of the 1600sThey were Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Each had different conclusions on the government and human natureThomas Hobbes: Believed that all humans were naturally wicked and selfish. Without government, there would be war between every man against every man. People should give up their rights to a strong leader to gain law and order. Hobbes called this “The Social Contract.”John Locke: Believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves. He believed people naturally had the ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. Locke believed that everyone is born equal and free with three natural rights of life, liberty, and property. The purpose of the government was to protect these rights or be overthrown if not done so.The Enlightenment was an 18th century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the SR. One of the favorite words of these intellectuals was reason. The height of the Enlightenment in France was in the mid-1700s. Paris was the meeting place for the discussion of ideas and politics. These social critics were called “Philosophes.” Philosophes believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life. Reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty were what their beliefs were centered around. Reason: Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking.Nature: Philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable.Happiness: Philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth. Progress: Philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve.Liberty: Philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights. Professions that “Philosophes” held were:Writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers Montesquieu: He believed that Britain was the best governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. He proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. Voltaire: Real name, Francois Marie Arovet, was the most influential and brilliant philosophe. He published 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Voltaire Often used satire against his opponents. He made frequent targets of the clergy (church), aristocracy (nobility), and the government (monarchy). He never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief and freedom of thought & speech. His words made him many enemies at the French court and he was sent to prison twice. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Committed to individual freedom. Believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness, and also that only good government was one that was freely formed by the people, and guided by the general will of society.Diderot (page 303) Cesare Bonesana Beccaria: He believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. His thoughts turned to justice system. He argued that a person in crime should receive a speedy trial and that torture should never be used. He also believed that capital punishment should be abolished. He said the degree of the punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime. He based his ideas about the justice system on the principle that governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. His ideas influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America. Mary Wollstonecraft: The most persuasive woman at the time of the Enlightenment. She published an essay titled “A Vindication of the Rights of Women.” She argued that women should have the same education as men. She said it would make them virtuous and useful. Also, argued that women should dominate in medicine and politics. Enlightenment writers challenged long held ideas about society over a span of a few decades. They examined principles such as the divine right of monarchs, the union of church and state, and the existence of unequal social classes. The light of reason showed that these beliefs needed to be reformed. Philosophes formed and popularized new theories. They encouraged reformation but weren’t active revolutionaries. Thinking of the enlightenment produced three long term effects that helped shape the Western world. Their theories eventually inspired the American and French Revolutionaries and other revolutionary movements of the 1800s. The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment 1550-1800Directions: ANSWER THE QUESTIONS Pages 290-307 Read Galileo on Trial page 292Why did the Scientific Revolution occur? (Explain the prelude to it?)What invention led to more scientific knowledge being spread?What was the Scientific Revolution?Explain the difference between the geocentric theory and heliocentric theory?Tell me 3 facts about Polish cleric and astronomer Copernicus (include a primary source)Tell me 3 facts about Italian scientist Galileo Galilei? (include a primary source)Provide 3 facts about Sir Isaac Newton (include a primary sourceWhat did the 2 thinkers Bacon & Descartes say to help advance the Scientific Method?What is German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit credited with discovering?What is Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius credited with discovering?What is British physician Edward Jenner credited with discovering?What was the Scientific Method?Page 300What was the Enlightenment?Philosophers ExplainLocke’s view of the theory of knowledge (TOK)Explain what professions the Philosophes of the Enlightenment held15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Explain what each of the following philosophes believed in and provide 1 example of their primary sources:20. Montesquieu21. Voltaire22. Rousseau 23. What was Diderot’s most famous contribution to the Enlightenment & when was it published?24. What was the name of Adam Smith’s most famous work?25. What was the meaning of Adam Smith’s laissez- faire?26. What form of punishment did Becarria oppose? 27. Mary Wollstonecraft was known as the founder of? What book did she publish?28. Which class of people was the new reading public?29. Explain the rise in “individualism” and a more “secular outlook” during this time periodSecularism indifference or rejection to religious consideration (truth can be found in science) 30. Even though the Philosophes encouraged reformation they weren’t considered active Revolutionaries…their theories eventually inspired which later movements?31. Why does artist/rapper Eminem say: “Yo…the 1st Amendment is Off the Hook”?Extra Credit: Choose a current ARTIST who has a social, economic, religious or political message in their lyrics about inequalityPrint or copy their lyrics / Name of artistReflect and write on what their message means or conveys American RevolutionThe Influence of the EnlightenmentColonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence. The colonists had asked for the same political rights as people in Britain, but the king had stubbornly refused. Therefore, the colonists were justified in rebelling against a tyrant who had broken the social contract (King George III) In July of 1776, the Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence. This document, was written by political leader Thomas Jefferson, and firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment. Since Locke had asserted that people had the right to rebel against an unjust ruler, the Declaration of Independence included a long list of King Georg III’s abuses. The document ended by declaring the colonies separation from Britain.Shortly after declaring their independence, the 13 individual states recognized the need for a national government.Like Montesquieu, the delegates distrusted a powerful central government controlled by one person or group. Therefore established 3 separate branches –Legislative, (makes laws)Executive (carries out laws), Judicial (interprets laws). This setup provided a built-in-system of checks and balances, with each branch checking the actions of the other two. The Constitution, set up a federal system in which power was divided between national and state governments. Congress added the Bill of Rights known as the first ten amendments to the Constitution. These amendments protected such basic rights as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion. There are 27 total today!Many of these rights had been advocated by Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke. Both documents put Enlightenment ideas into practice!Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions 1550-1815 Chapters 22 & 23 Workbook pages 80-88 / Textbook pages 589-643Enduring Understanding – The ideals of the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment provided Western Civilization with a new vision in science, politics and psychology1)Identify the major causes of the EnlightenmentThe enlightenment was an intellectual movement. Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific method to laws that shaped human actions. They hoped to build a society founded on the ideas of the Scientific revolution. Two English writers Thomas Hobbes & John Locke – were important to the movement2) Summarize the major ideas of Enlightenment philosophersFrench thinkers called philosophes had five main beliefs: a) Thinkers can find the truth by using reasonb) What is natural is good and reasonable and human actions are shaped by natural lawsc) Acting according to nature can bring happinessd) By taking a scientific view, people and society can make progress and advance to a better lifee) By using reason people can gain freedomVoltaire - widely considered the most brilliant of the philosophes. He fought for tolerance, reason and freedom from religious belief, and freedom of speech Montesquieu- wrote about separation of powers – dividing power among the separate branches of governmentRousseau- wrote in favor of human freedom and wanted a society which all people were equalBeccaria - was an Italian philosopher and spoke out against abuses of justice3) Evaluate the impact of Enlightenment ideals on the development of economic, political and religious structures in the Western world4) Analyze the extent in which the Enlightenment impacted the American & French RevolutionsEnlightenment ideas strongly influenced them. Thinkers also helped spread the idea of progress. By using reason, they said it is possible to make society better. They also helped make the world less religious and more worldly and stressed the importance of the individual.5) Summarize the important causes, events, and effects of the French Revolution including the rise of Napoleon6) Describe the causes and effects of 19th century Latin American and Caribbean Independence movements led by people including Simon Bolivar, de San Martin and L’OuvertureProtestant Reformation Quiz1.Who was Erasmus and what was he concerned with?2.What are the Renaissance Popes known for?3.What profession did Martin Luther hold? 4.What was he protesting within the Catholic Church? 5.What did he post on the doors of churches within Germany? 6.What invention helped to spread this? 7.Why was he excommunicated and outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire? 8.What 1950-60’s America Civil Rights activist is named after him?“Latin American Peoples Win Independence”Native Indians = 55.8%Europeans (Governing P & S Peninsulares & Am. Ancestry Creoles)22.9%Mulattos (European & African) 7.6%Mestizos (European & Indians) 7.3%Africans 6.4%By the late 1700’s colonies in Latin America were electrified by the Enlightenment ideas and encouraged to gain their own freedoms from their European masters. The struggle for independence began in the wake of Napoleons invasion of Spain & Portugal (1807) which weakened royal authority in the Iberian coloniesHaiti:In 1804, black slaves (led by Toussaint L’ouverture, revolted against France & declared Independence. Saint Dominique was one of the richest of all European colonies in the Caribbean (sugar coffee and cotton) accounted for 1/3 of France’s foreign tradeYellow fever ravaged Napoleon’s French army of 20,000 and by 1804 Haiti becomes 2nd Independent Republic in Western HemisphereSouth AmericaTwo leaders pushed for independence and combined their armies to win independence for all Spanish colonies. Simon Bolivar – fighter, writer and political thinker helped VenezuelaJose de San Martin - helped Argentina and ChileMexicoMiguel Hidalgo- led mestizos and Indians to revolt and lost, but Jose Maria Morelos took over and won. Hidalgo is became the symbol of Mexican Independence and the day he proclaimed his revolt Sept 16, 1810 is Mexico’s principal national holiday.2 years after the southern regions of the Mexican Empire declared their independence they formed a Central American Federation until 1838, then split into the independent states of : Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica Brazil 8,000 creoles signed a paper asking the son of Portugal’s king to rule an “independent” Brazil. He agreed! Quiz = The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment3. What was the Scientific Revolution? A period in the 17th century when men and women began to figure out truths about life, the world, and the heavens, without resorting to Christian teachings for answers.4. Explain the difference between heliocentric theory & geocentric theory. The geocentric theory was the earth-centered view of the universe and heliocentric is sun-centered List one fact about each of the 3 men below:Copernicus – Polish astronomer and cleric that studied planetary movements for 25 years and reasoned the planets revolve around the sunGalilei – supported Copernicus theory in book “Starry Messenger” Church summoned him to stand before court with threats of torture and he had to confess the ideas of Copernicus were false. He was never again a free man and lived under house arrest until he died (invented telescope) What two thinkers advance the use of the scientific method? Bacon & Descartes Explain Newton’s Law of Gravity- put the works of Copernicus, Kepler & Galileo together to explain planetary motion & published “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” stating that every object in the universe attracts every other object!What were the following three men known for: Fahrenheit – German physicist made the 1st thermometer to use mercury in glass and showed freezing at 32 degrees Celsius – created another scale for the mercury thermometer showing freezing at 0 Jenner – British physician introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox (cowpox). What was the Enlightenment? – a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems - a.k.a “Age of Reason”Explain philosophers Hobbes & Locke different viewpoints of the nature of man –explain Hobbes – all humans were naturally wicked and selfish and without strong government there would be war :The Social Contract”13. Locke – believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves. Everyone is born free and equal with 3 natural rights of life, liberty and property. 14. What five concepts were at the core beliefs of the Philosophes: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, LibertyExplain what each of the following philosophes believed in:15. Voltaire –used satire against his opponents (church, nobility, monarchy) fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief and thought and speech 16. Montesquieu – He proposed that a separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of government17. Rousseau – committed to individual freedoms and believed a good government was one that was formed by the people and guided by society18. Beccaria – he argued that people should have the right to a speedy trial and torture should never be used and capital punishment should be abolished.19. Who was Mary Wollstonecraft? – the most persuasive woman of the time and argued in her essay “Vindication of the Rights of Women” that women should have same education as men and dominate in medicine and politicsSpreading Enlightenment20. What city was the capital of the Enlightenment? Paris21. What was a salon? A social gathering of intellectuals and artists usually held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other cities in Europe during the Enlightenment22. What did Diderot publish for scholars in 1751? - a large set of books called “Encyclopedia” in which leading scholars contributed articles and essays 23. What is an enlightened despot? - an absolute ruler of the 18th century monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjectsList changes that each of the three rulers made during their rule.24. Frederick the Great – King of Prussia who grated many reforms – religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education25. Catherine the Great – leader of Russia who formed a commission to review laws and recommended religious toleration, abolished torture and capital punishment26. Joseph II –Leader of Austria who allowed freedom of press and worshipAmerican Revolution27. What ideals did colonists use to declare their independence from England? Enlightenment ideals and same political rights as people in Britain.28. Who was the tyrant that colonists were attempting to break away from? King George III (King of England)29. What is the definition of a tyrant? An absolute ruler30. In July of 1776, The Declaration of Independence (DOI) was written &based on the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker? John Locke 31. The Constitution, set up a federal system- power was divided between which governments? The Federal (National) & State Governments Like Montesquieu, the colonial delegates distrusted this type of government and therefore created 3 separate branches? List the branches in order and what their main job is:32. Legislative – makes laws33. Executive – enforces laws34. Judicial – reviews (interprets) laws35. Congress added the first 10 amendments a.k.a. – The Bill of Rights36. These amendments protected which rights? Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, right to bear arms37. Many of these rights had been advocated by which 3 Enlightenment thinkers? Voltaire, Rousseau, and Locke 38-40 Use the preamble to the DO I to write all the words and phrases that came from Locke’s Enlightenment ideas…. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” The French Revolution (1789-1815)1. By the 1700’s France was the leading country of Europe. It was the center of Enlightenment. However, beneath the surface there were many problems…one of which was the political and social system called The Old Regime.2. The French were divided into three classes or Estates.List the first & second class and how they were made up (write % & jobs):3.Less than 1 % of Population made up of clergy of Catholic Church4. 2% of pop. And made up of rich nobles and held highest offices in governmentThe third included three types of people (list them below):5. 97% of pop. / included buorgeoisie, workers, teachers merchants ,lawyers6. urban lower class7. peasant farmers made of 80% of pop. 8. Members of the third Estate were angry because they had few rights and paid how much of their income in taxes while the rich paid none? 50% in taxes9. King Louis XVI was a weak leader and his wife Marie Antoinette was unpopular because of her extravagant spending. Her nickname was “Madame Deficit”10. By the 1780’s France was in huge debt partly due to the King loaning money to which other peoples during their own revolution? Americans11. In 1789, delegates voted to rename themselves the National Assembly. This was the beginning of a representative form of government for France.12. Rumors flew that foreign soldiers were going to attack France and on July 14th an angry crowd captured the Bastille (prison) to get gunpowder for their weapons for defense.13. A wave of Great Fear swept the country. Peasants broke into and burned nobles’ houses and women marched to the King’s palace and used violence to demand lower bread prices! French Revolution Brings Reform & Terror14. In August of 1789, the National Assembly took steps to change France and made a revolutionary statement called “The Declaration of The Rights of Man”.15. Olympe de Gouges a woman who refused the exclusion of women and political rights, echoed her own words and penned “The Declaration of the Rights of Women”!16. New laws gave the state power over the Catholic Church17. Peasants loyal to the church were angry and opposed the new Revolutions new reforms 18. The King and Queen tried to escape but were caught brought back to France19. Kings in other countries feared revolution would spread into their lands and therefore tried to use force to restore control of France back to King Louis XVI 20. Reacting to this, a radical group (Jacobins) convicted Louis for treason and beheaded him by a new machine called the Guillotine. 21. The creator of this new killing machine defended it by saying it was “efficient, humane and democratic” 22. Trying to put the enemies of the revolution to death this man (Robespierre) killed thousands including the Queen which became known as the “Reign of Terror”Napoleon Forges an Empire23. Napoleon Bonaparte was sent to military school at the age of nine24. He graduated at the age of sixteen and became a military artillery officer25. After being considered a military hero, people of France voted him emperor 26. He made several changes to the government including a new set of laws called the Napoleonic Code which gave citizens the same rights but took away individual rights27. Napoleon hoped to make his empire larger and set his sights on dominating all of Europe and parts of the New World. 28. In 1801, however slaves in the French colony of Haiti revolted and his troops could not win and had to give up his plans for the New World.29. Therefore, In 1803, he had to sell The Louisiana Purchase for $15 million 30. Napoleons only loss in Europe at the time was to the British navy at The Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon’s Empire Collapses30. Napoleons own personality posed a threat to his empire. His love of power pushed him to expand his empire and ultimately led to his empire’s collapse .31 – 33. Napoleon made 3 costly mistakes and his first came in his desire to crush Britain economically; during this campaign he tried to blockade ports but failed due to smuggling efforts and Britain’s strong navy. Napoleon called this policy The Continental System.34-35. In the Peninsular War in Spain they used guerilla warfare tactics to out-maneuver Napoleon’s Army and he lost 300,000 troops.36-37. In 1812, Napoleon tried to conquer Russia, and entered with 420,000 troops.38. Russians used the scorched earth policy to defeat Napoleon explain this……Russians pulled back their troops and on retreat burned and slashed grain fields and slaughtered livestock’ 39-40. Leaders from surrounding countries took advantage of his weaknesses and joined together to attack him. He lost the Battle of Liepzig and was forced to give up his throne and exiled to a tiny island ( Elba ) off the coast of Italy.41-44. Louis XVIII quickly took the throne but was unpopular. Napoleon heard of this and with help he escaped and became emperor once again. Surrounding countries join together again and defeat him at his last battle @ Waterloo . Napoleon is sent to another island St. Helena far down in the Atlantic where he died. Latin American Peoples Win Independence45. By the late 1700’s colonies in Latin America were electrified by the “Enlightenment” ideas and encouraged to gain their own freedoms from their European rulers.46-47. Haiti was the first country in the Western Hemisphere in which African Slaves revolted against France and won their independence.48-49. The 2 leaders that combined their armies and fought for independence in all of the Spanish colonies in South America were Simon Bolivar & Jose de san Martin : 50. Two priests in Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos led mestizos and Indians to revolt 51-53. In Brazil, 8,000 creoles signed a paper asking the son of Portugal’s King to rule Independent Brazil. He agreed! Connections Past To Presentpage 135From Saint Nicholas to Santa ClausSaint Nicholas was a bishop in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) who lived during the 300’s. He was known as a generous man who was fond of children. He brought them simple gifts of fruit, nuts and candies on his feast day, which was December 6. Saint Nicholas was portrayed as being dressed in a red-and-white bishops robe and sporting a flowing white beard.The Dutch brought the tradition of Saint Nicholas with them to their colonies in the Americas. In America, however, changes occurred in the practices associated with Saint Nicholas. For example, in Holland children placed wooden shoes next to the fireplace to be filled with gifts from Saint Nicholas. In America, stockings were hung by the chimney.The Dutch words for Saint Nicholas were Sint Nikolass. In America, they became Sinte Klaas. After the English took control of the Dutch colonies, Sinte Klaas became Santa Claus. Later in the 19th century, the physical appearance of Santa Clause also changed. Saint Nicholas had been portrayed as a tall thin man. By the 1800s, Santa Claus had become the jolly fat man that we still know today! ................
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