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PHYSIOLOGY 1: ?The Heart ????????IB topic(s): ?6.2, D.1 and D.4Essential Idea(s): ?Internal and external factors influence heart function.LessonTopicDaysStatement(s) and Objective(s)SKILLS/ Activities ?1Structure16.2.S2: ?Recognition of the chambers and valves of the heart and the blood vessels connected to it in dissected hearts or in diagrams of heart structure (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 295).Label a diagram of the heart with the following structure names: ?superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary semilunar valve, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, aortic semilunar valve, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, septum, right ventricle, left atrium, right atrium and right atrioventricular valve.6.2.U7: ?There is a separate circulation for the lungs (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 295).Draw a diagram to illustrate the double circulation system in pare the circulation of blood in fish to that of mammals.Explain the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations.Explain why the mammalian heart must function as a double pump.TOK: ?symbols are used as a form of non-verbal communication. ?Why is the heart used as a symbol for love? ?What is the importance of symbols in different areas of knowledge. Utilization: ?understanding of the structure of the cardiovascular system has allowed for the development of heart surgery. Aim 6: ?a heart dissection is suggested as a means of studying heart structure2Cardiac Cycle26.2.U6: ?Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 294).Outline the structure and function of a pocket valve.D.4.U6: ?Normal heart sounds are caused by the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves closing causing changes in blood flow (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 688).State the cause of each of the two sounds of the heartbeat.D.4.NOS: ?Developments in scientific research followed improvements in apparatus or instrumentation—the invention of the stethoscope led to improved knowledge of the workings of the heart (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 687).List variables that lead to the development of the stethoscope.State the function of the stethoscope.6.2.A3: ?Pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 300).Explain the pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle.Explain the relationship between atrial and ventricular pressure and the opening and closing of heart valves.Explain the atrial, ventricular and arterial pressure changes as illustrated on a graph of pressure changes during the cardiac cycle.Identify the time of opening and closing of heart valves on a graph o f pressure changes during the cardiac cycle.3Heart Beat26.2.U8: ?The heartbeat is initiated by a group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 298).Define myogenic contraction.Outline the role of cells in the sinoatrial node.6.2.U9: ?The sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker(Oxford Biology Course Companion page 299).State the reason why the sinoatrial node is often called the pacemaker.6.2.U10: ?The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal that stimulates contraction as it is propagated through the walls of the atria and then the walls of the ventricles (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 299).Describe the propagation of the electrical signal from the sinoatrial node through the atria and ventricles.D.4.U2: ?Signals from the sinoatrial node that cause contraction cannot pass directly from atria to ventricles (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 685).Explain the events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole and the movement of the signal to contract through the heart.Outline the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac cycle.D.4.U3: ?There is a delay between the arrival and passing on of a stimulus at the atrioventricular node (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 686).Outline the causes of the delayed initiation of contraction of ventricles. D.4.U4: ?This delay allows time for atrial systole before the atrioventricular valves close (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 687).State the function of a delayed contraction of the ventricle.D.4.U5: ?Conducting fibres ensure coordinated contraction of the entire ventricle wall (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 687).Describe the motion of the signal to contract from the AV node through the ventricles.List features of Purkinje fibers that facilitate rapid conduction of the contraction signal through the ventricle.State that the contraction of the ventricle begins at the heart apex.D.4.S3: ?Mapping of the cardiac cycle to a normal ECG trace (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 689).State the function of an electrocardiogram.Label the P, Q, R, S and T waves on an ECG trace.State the cause of the P wave, the QRS wave and the T wave.State an application of the use of ECG technology.D.4.A1: ?Use of artificial pacemakers to regulate the heart rate (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 689).State the purpose of an artificial pacemaker device.D.4.A2: ?Use of defibrillation to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 690).State the cause and effect of ventricular fibrillation.State the purpose of a defibrillator.????D.4.U1: ?Structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart wall. ?(Oxford Biology Course Companion page 685).Compare cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue.Contrast cardiac muscle tissue to skeletal muscle tissue.Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract. 4Heart Rate26.2.U11: ?The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 301).Outline the structures and functions of nervous tissue that can regulate heart rate.Describe factors that will increase heart rate.Describe factors that will decrease heart rate.6.2.U12: ??Epinephrine increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity(Oxford Biology Course Companion page 302).Outline conditions that will lead to epinephrine secretion.Explain the effect of epinephrine on heart rate. D.4.S1: ?Measurement and interpretation of the heart rate under different conditions (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 688).List variables that can influence heart rate.Outline methods for detecting heart rate.TOK: ?our current understanding is that emotions are the product of activity in the brain rather than the heart. ?Is knowledge based on the science more valid than knowledge based on intuition?5Disease1Aim 8: ?the social implications of coronary heart disease could be discussed.UNIT 2: ?The Circulatory System ????????????IB topic(s): ?6.2, 6.3, D.1 and D.4Essential Idea(s): ?The blood system continuously transports substances to cells and simultaneously collects waste products.LessonTopicDaysStatement(s) and Objective(s)Skills/ Activities ?1Double circulation6.2.A1: ?William Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood with the heart acting as the pump (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 290).Outline William Harvey’s role in discovery of blood circulation.6.2.NOS: ?Theories are regarded as uncertain- William Harvey overturned theories developed by the ancient Greek philosophy Galen on movement of blood in the body (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 290).Outline Galen’s description of blood flow in the body.Describe how Harvey was able to disprove Galen’s theory.2Arteries6.2.U1: ?Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 291).State the function of arteries.Outline the role of elastic and muscle tissue in arteries.State the reason for toughness of artery walls.6.2.U2: ?Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibres in their walls (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 291).Describe the structure and function of the three layers of artery wall tissue.6.2.U3: ?The muscle and elastic fibres assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 292).Describe the mechanism used to maintain blood flow in arteries between heartbeats.Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.6.2.S1: ?Identification of the blood vessels as arteries, capillaries or veins from the structure of their walls (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 294).Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen diameter, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibres and presence of valves in arteries, capillaries and veins.Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery, capillary or vein.3Blood pressureD.4.S2: ?Interpretation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 691).State the cause of systolic and diastolic pressure.Describe how sound is used to measure blood pressure.4Capillaries6.2.U4: ?Blood flows through tissues in capillaries. Capillaries have permeable walls that allow exchange of materials between cells in the tissue and the blood in the capillary (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 293).Describe the structure and function of capillaries.Describe the cause and effect of diffusion of blood plasma into and out of a capillary network.6.2.S1: ?Identification of the blood vessels as arteries, capillaries or veins from the structure of their walls (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 294).Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen diameter, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibres and presence of valves in arteries, capillaries and veins.Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery, capillary or vein.5Veins6.2.U5: ?Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 293).State the function of veins.Outline the roles of gravity and skeletal muscle pressure in maintaining flow of blood through a vein.6.2.U6: ?Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 294).Outline the structure and function of a pocket valve.6.2.S1: ?Identification of the blood vessels as arteries, capillaries or veins from the structure of their walls (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 294).Compare the diameter, relative wall thickness, lumen diameter, number of wall layers, abundance of muscle and elastic fibres and presence of valves in arteries, capillaries and veins.Given a micrograph, identify a blood vessel as an artery, capillary or vein.6Circulatory diseases6.2.A2: ?Causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 297).Describe the cause and consequence of atherosclerosis.Outline the effect of a coronary occlusion on heart function.6.3.A1: ?Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 304).State the function of the coronary arteries. Define coronary thrombosis.List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis.List factors that are correlated with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis and heart attack.D.1.A5: ?Cholesterol in blood as an indicator of the risk of coronary heart disease (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 669).Outline factors that indicate that dietary cholesterol may not be the exclusive cause of the correlation between blood plasma cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease. D.4.A3: ?Causes and consequences of hypertension and thrombosis (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 690).Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and thrombosis.Describe the relationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension.List consequences of hypertension.Outline factors that are correlated with a greater incidence of thrombosis and hypertension.D.1.U8: ?Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 664).Define hypertension.Outline the reasons for the relationship between weight gain and hypertension.D.4.S4: ?Analysis of epidemiological data relating to the incidence of coronary heart disease(Oxford Biology Course Companion page 692).Define epidemiology.List epidemiological factors that can predispose ethnic groups to coronary heart disease.?? ................
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