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Chapter 27: The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

I. The Scramble for Africa

• European nations wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production

• They competed for new markets for their goods

• Many nations saw Africa as a source of raw materials and also a market for their industrial goods

• During the 19th and 20th centuries colonial powers seized large areas of Africa which is imperialism, the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

• Stronger countries dominated the political, economic and social life of the weaker countries

A. Africa Before European Domination

– Who was the first country to begin claiming parts of Africa?

• In the mid 1800’s the African people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups that spoke over 1,000 different languages

• Some were large empires uniting many ethnic groups while others were independent villages

• Most continued to follow traditional beliefs or some converted to Christianity or Islam

• In 1450 Europeans established contact with sub-Saharan Africans but African armies kept the Europeans out of most of Africa for 400 years

• In 1880 Europeans controlled only 10 percent of the land mainly on the coast because it was hard for them travel on the interior of Africa and because of disease

• Europeans could not navigate African rivers because of their many rapids, cataracts and changing flows but the invention of the steam boat in early 1800’s helped

• Africans controlled their own trade networks which were very specialized and provided the trade items

1. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires

• The Europeans who did travel into Africa were explorers, missionaries or humanitarians who opposed the European and American slave trade

• Europeans and Americans learned about Africa by books and newspapers which hired reporters to search the globe for stories of adventure, mystery or excitement

2. The Congo Sparks Interest

• A Scottish missionary David Livingstone traveled with a group of Africans into central Africa to promote Christianity in the late 1860’s

• When many years passed without word from the group an American newspaper hired a reporter Henry Stanley to find him

• Livingstone was found in 1871 on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and Stanley’s greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” became famous around the world

• Stanley set out to explore Africa and the route of the Congo River

• He sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium who commissioned Stanley to help him get land in the Congo

• Between 1879 and 1882 Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley which gave King Leopold control of these lands later known as the Belgian Congo

• Leopold said that his main motive in establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity but really he licensed companies that exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants

• At least 10 million Congolese died due to the abuses inflicted during Leopold’s rule

• In 1908 the Belgian government took the control of the colony away from Leopold, which alarmed France, after humanitarians around the world demanded changes

• The Belgian Congo was 80 times larger than Belgium

• Earlier in 1882 the French approved a treaty that gave France the north bank of the Congo River and soon Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal were claiming parts of Africa also

A. Forces Driving Imperialism

– Why were the Europeans easily able to begin imperialism Africa?

• Economic, political and social forces similar to those driving colonization in Africa also accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe

• As European nations industrialized they looked for new markets and raw materials to improve their economies

1. Belief in European Superiority

• The race for colonies grew out of a strong national pride and as competition for colonies intensified each country was determined to claim as much of the world as possible

• Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness and many Europeans thought that they were better than other people, which is racism

• This reflected a social theory of the time Social Darwinism where Charles Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and evolution applied to humans like survival of the fittest

• The fittest for survival were wealthy and successful and considered superior to others

• The theory said that non-Europeans were on a lower scale of cultural and physical development because they had not made the technological and scientific progress the Europeans had

• Europeans thought they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries

• Missionaries who worked to convert the peoples of Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands to Christianity also pushed for expansion

• Many missionaries believed that European rule was best way to end evil practices such as slave trade and they wanted to ‘westernize’ the people of the foreign land

2. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa

• One factors the contributed to the Europeans’ conquest of Africa was the Europeans technological superiority

• In 1884 the world’s first automatic machine gun, the Maxim gun, was invented

• European countries quickly got the Maxim but resisting African countries had to rely on outdated weapons

• Another factor was that the Europeans had the ways to control their Empire with the steam-engine allowing Europeans to easily travel on rivers and establish bases of control deep within Africa

• Europeans were highly susceptible to malaria which was carried by mosquitoes in Africa but in 1829 the drug quinine protected Europeans from infection

• Another factor was that the Africans variety of languages and cultures and wars between ethnic groups over land, water and trade rights discouraged unity

B. The Division of Africa

– How did European nations prevent war amongst themselves and how as this unfair to the ethnic groups of Africa?

• In 1880 the French began to expand from the West African coast toward western Sudan

• The discoveries of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 in South Africa increased European interest in colonizing the continent

1. Berlin Conference Divides Africa

• The European nations feared war within themselves after the competition for Africa became so fierce

• To prevent conflict 14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 to lay down rules for the division of Africa

• They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area

• Africa was divided with little thought to how the existing African ethnic groups were divided and no African ruler was invited to the meetings

• By 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free

2. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies

• When European countries began colonizing the thought that Africans would be buying European goods but few Africans did buy their goods

• European business still needed raw materials from Africa and the major source of wealth in Africa soon was the continents rich mineral resources

• The Belgian Congo had lots of copper and tin and in South Africa there were diamonds and gold

• Businesses eventually developed plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa and rubber which replaced the food crops grown by farmers to feed their families

C. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa

– How did the Dutch’s search for a trade route affect the colonization of Africa?

• The history of South Africa is of the Africans, Dutch and British clashing over land and resources

• The African lands seemed empty to Europeans but really various ethnic groups had competing claims over huge areas

• Local control of these lands especially in the east had been in dispute for about 100 years

1. Zulus Fight the British

• From the 1700’s to the 1800’s a series of local wars broke out in southern Africa

• About 1816 a Zulu chief, Shaka, used highly disciplined warrior and a good military organization to create a large centralized state

• Shakas’ successors were unable to keep the kingdom together against British invaders

• In 1879 British invaded the nation after the Zulu king Cetshwayo refused to dismiss his army and accept British rule

• They almost defeated the British army using just spears and shields

• In July 1879 the Zulu lost the Battle of Ulundi and their kingdom and the Zulu nation fell to British control in 1887

2. Boers and British Settle in the Cape

• The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa when they came to Cape of Good Hope in 1652 trying to establish a way for their ships to sail between the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands

• Dutch settlers known as Boers (farmers and also known as Afrikaners) slowly took the Africans land and established huge farms

• When the British permanently took over the Cape Colony in the early 1800’s they and the Boers clashed over British policy regarding land and slaves

• In the 1830’s several thousand Boers began to move north to escape the British, this is known as the Great Trek

• The Boers soon were fighting with the Zulu and other African groups whose land they were taking

3. The Boer War

• When the diamonds and gold were discovered in southern Africa adventurers from all parts of the world rushed in to make their money

• The Boers tried to keep the outsiders from gaining political rights

• A attempt to start a rebellion against the Boers failed and in 1899 the Boers took up arms with the British because the blamed them

• The Boer War (the South African War) between the Boers and the British was sort of the first total war with the Boers launching commando raids and using guerrilla tactics against the British

• The British burned Boer farms and imprisoned women and children in concentration camps

• Black South Africans were also part of the war by fighting or being scouts, guards, drivers and workers

• Many black South Africans were captured by the British and put in concentration camps were more than 14,000 died

• In 1910 the Boer republics were joined into a self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by the British and the British won the war

I. Imperialism

• European countries paid little or no attention to the old political divisions or the ethnic and language groups of Africa when they divided it up for themselves

• Mostly the Europeans just wanted to control the land, people and resources of Africa

A. A New Period of Imperialism

– How did the French and other European nations act as parents of African people?

• In earlier times imperial powers did not go far into the conquered areas of Asia and Africa and did not always have a influence on the people of the area

• In this new period of imperialism Europeans wanted more influence over the economic, political and social lives of the people

• They wanted to shape the economies of the lands to benefit European societies and also wanted people to adopt European customs

1. Forms of Control

• To establish control of an area Europeans used different techniques and each European nation had certain policies and goals for establishing colonies

• Eventually four forms of colonial control (imperialism) emerged: colony, protectorate, sphere of influence and economic imperialism

• Colony- a country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power like Somaliland in East Africa was French colony

• Protectorate- a country or a territory governed with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power like Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta

• Sphere of influence- an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges like Liberia was under sphere influence of the U.S

• Economic imperialism- an independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments like the Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

2. Methods of Management

• European rulers developed methods of day-to-day management of the colony

• Britain and other nations (like U.S in its Pacific Island colonies) preferred indirect control

• France and most other European nations like direct control more

• Later when the colonies gained independence the type to management method had an influence on the type of government chosen in the new nation

3. Indirect Control

• Indirect control relied on existing rulers and in some areas the British asked a local ruler to accept British authority to rule

• The local officials handled much of the daily management of the colony

• Each colony had a legislative council with colonial officials, local merchants and professionals nominated by the colonial governor

• It was assumed that the councils would train local leaders in the British method of government and eventually the population would rule itself

4. Direct Control

• The French and other European powers viewed the Africans as unable to handle to complex business of running a country

• They developed paternalism which is where the Europeans governed people in a parental way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights

• They did this by bringing in their bureaucrats and did not train local people in the European ways of governing

• The French also used assimilation which was the idea that the local people would adopt French culture and become like the French eventually

• All local schools, courts and businesses were made after French institutions to aid in the transition

• In time the French abandoned assimilation in all but a few places a then used association which was similar to indirect control

• The recognized African institutions but saw them as inferior to French culture

B. A British Colony

– Why might have the Hausa-Fulani accepted the British rule better than the Yoruba or Igbo?

• Britain’s rule of Nigeria shows the forms of imperialism used by European powers to gain control of an area and the management methods used to control the economic and political life of the area

1. Gaining Control

• Britain gained control of Nigeria through diplomatic and military ways

• Some local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection with Britain and accepted British residents but others opposed the foreign intervention and rebelled it, which Britain put out with force

• The British conquest of northern Nigeria was accomplished by the Royal Niger Company which gained control of the palm-oil trade along the Niger River after the Berlin Conference gave Britain a protectorate over the Niger River delta

• In 1914 the British claimed the entire area of Nigeria as a colony

2. Managing the Colony

• Nigeria was one of the most culturally diverse areas in Africa with about 250 different ethnic groups living there

• The three largest groups were the Hausa-Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the southwest and the Igbo in the southeast

• The Hausa-Fulani were Muslim and used a strong central government while the Yoruba and the Igbo followed traditional religions and relied on local chiefs for control

• Britain did not have enough troops to govern such a complicated area and soon turned to indirect control of the area

• This worked well with the Hausa-Fulani but not with the Yoruba or Igbo who resented the limited power given by the British

C. African Resistance

– Why was the Ethiopian resistance a success while others failed?

• Africans across the continent Nigeria resisted European attempts to colonize their lands but the contest was never equal because of the Europeans superior military

• The Africans resisted however they could but all of the resistance eventually failed except for Ethiopia

1. Unsuccessful Movements

• The resistance attempts were both military resistance and through religious movements

• Algeria’s almost 50 year resistance to French rule was a good example of this resistance

• The West Africa against the French resistance led by Samori Toure is another example and after modernizing his army Toure fought the French for 16 years

• In German East Africa Africans used a spiritual defense and they resisted planting cotton for cash and rather planting their own food crops

• In 1905 the idea that a magic water (maji-maji) sprinkled on their bodies would turn the Germans’ bullets into water, which became known as the Maji Maji rebellion

• Over 20 ethnic groups united to fight for their freedom and they believed that their war had been ordained by God and that their ancestors would return to life and resist their struggle

• When resistance fighter with spears and the magic water attacked a German machine gun post they were killed by the thousands and 75,000 were officially recorded dead

• In the famine that followed more than twice that died

• The Germans were shaken by the rebellion and the outcome and made some government reforms trying to make colonialism more acceptable to the Africans

2. Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance

• Ethiopia was the only African nation that successfully resisted the Europeans

• In 1889 Menelik II became emperor of Ethiopia

• He played the Italians, British and French against each other and built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia

• He thought was giving up a tiny portion of Ethiopia but after discovering a difference in the Italian and Ethiopian wording of the treaty he signed with Italy but really Italy was claiming all of Ethiopia as a protectorate

• The Italian forces were advancing into northern Ethiopia and Menelik declared war in 1896

• In the Battle of Adowa the Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians and kept their nation independent

• Menelik continued to store weapons in case of another invasion

D. The Legacy of Colonial Rule

– Why were the benefits of colonial rule really not about the Africans?

• Europeans brought benefits and negative effects to the lives of Africans

1. Negative Effects

• Africans lost control of their land and their independence

• Many died of disease like smallpox and they lost thousands of their people in resisting the Europeans

• Famines resulted from agriculture crops being replaced by cash crops

• Traditional cultures were broken down with traditional authority figures replaced and homes and property transferred

• Men were forced to leave villages to find ways to support themselves and their families

• Dislike of the European culture and life undermined stable societies and caused identity problems

• Long-tem rival chiefdoms were sometimes united and allied groups were split

• The new boundaries continued to create problems for the nations that evolved from the former colonies

2. Positive Effects

• Colonialism reduced local warfare and humanitarian efforts in some colonies improved sanitation and provided hospitals and schools

• Lifespan and literacy rates increased

• Economic expansion and African products became valued on the international market

• Railroads, dams and telephone and telegraph lines were built to aid expansion in African colonies

• Mostly these only improved the Europeans business interests

III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• The European powers that divided Africa also looked for other lands to control

• The Muslim lands on the Mediterranean had mostly been claimed because of to the Arab and Ottoman conquests

• During the Ottoman Empires last 300 years it had steadily declined in power and Europeans competed with each other to gain control of this area

A. Ottoman Empire Loses Power

– How did the Ottomans end up hurting themselves?

• The Ottoman Empire had problems trying to fit into the modern world but they made attempts to change before they finally fell to the European imperialist powers

1. Reforms Fail

• In 1566 Suleyman I died and was followed by a line of weak sultans and the palace government broke up into fighting and often corruption sections

• Corruptions and theft caused financial problems and coinage devalued causing inflation

• The Ottoman Empire fell further and further behind Europe

• In 1789 Selim III came into power and attempted to modernize the army but the old janissary corps resisted his efforts and Selim III was overthrown

• Nationalist feelings began to rise among the Ottomans subject peoples

• In 1830 Greece gained its independence and Serbia gained self-rule

• The European powers began to notice the Ottomans’ weaknesses and they began looking for ways to take land

B. Europeans Grab Territory

– What were some geopolitical struggles that the countries became involved with?

• An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products called geopolitics played an important role in the fate of the Ottoman Empire

• World powers were attracted to its location and the Ottomans controlled access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic sea trade

• Merchants beyond the Black Sea had to go through Ottoman lands like Russia

• Russia tried to win Ottoman favor, formed alliances with the Ottoman enemies and eventually went to war with the Ottomans

• The discovery of oil in Persia around 1900 and in Arabian Peninsula after World War I brought even more attention to the area

1. Russia and the Crimean War

• The Russians wanted a warm weather port so each generation of Russian czars launched a war on the Ottomans in an attempt to win land

• In 1853 war broke out between the Russians and the Ottomans called the Crimean War which was a peninsula in the Black Seas where much of the fighting was

• Britain and France wanted to stop Russia from gaining control of more Ottoman lands so they joined with the Ottomans and together defeated Russia

• The Crimean war had the first women army nurses and newspaper correspondents

• It revealed the Ottomans military weaknesses and even with the help of Britain and France they continued to lose lands

• The Russians aided the Slavic people in the Balkans who rebelled against the Ottomans

• The Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina and what became Bulgaria and they also lost land in Africa

• By WWI the Ottoman Empire was reduced in size and in deep decline

2. The Great Game

• For most of the 19th century Great Britain and Russia were involved in another geopolitical struggle over Muslim lands in Central Asia

• The war was known as the ‘Great Game’ and was fought over India one of Britain’s most profitable colonies

• Russia wanted to extend its empire and gain access to India’s riches but Britain defended its colony and attempted to spread its empire beyond India’s borders

• The center of their struggle became Afghanistan which was a independent Muslim kingdom in the 1800’s

• The dry terrain and determined people frustrated the imperial powers and after decades of fighting Great Britain withdrew in 1881

• In 1921 Britain agreed that its empire would not extend beyond Khyber Pass which borders eastern Afghanistan

• The newly formed Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Afghanistan which was honored until 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan

C. Egypt Initiates Reform

– In what way did Isma’il set his country up for the British invasion?

• Some Muslim leaders decided that their countries would have to adjust to the modern world or get eaten by it after watch the decline of the Ottoman Empire

• Egypt started political and social reforms partly to block European domination of its land

1. Military and Economic Reforms

• Modernization came to Egypt as a result of the interest in the area created by the French occupation

• Egypt’s location at the head of the Red Sea seemed valuable to France and Britain

• After Napoleon failed to win Egypt the Ottomans sent a new leader Muhammad Ali as part of an expeditionary force to govern Egypt but he soon broke from Ottoman control

• Starting 1831 he fought a series of battles in which he gained control of Syria and Arabia

• Through combined efforts of European powers Muhammad Ali and his heirs were recognized as hereditary rulers of Egypt

• He began a series of military and economic reforms and he personally directed a shift of Egyptian agriculture to a plantation cash crop, cotton

• This brought Egypt into the international marketplace but at a cost to the peasants by losing the use of lands they traditionally farmed on and having to grow cash crops

2. The Suez Canal

• Muhammad Ali’s grandson Isma’il continued to modernize Egypt by supporting the construction of the Suez Canal that cut through the Isthmus Suez and connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean

• Using Egyptian labor it was built mainly with French money and opened in 1869

• The modernization efforts were very expensive and Egypt soon could not even pay the interest on its $450 million debt to European bankers

• The British insisted on overseeing financial control of the canal and in 1882 the British occupied Egypt

D. Persia Pressured to Change

– How did Persia’s plan to gain money using concessions lead to unrest in the country?

• Russia and Britain continued to exploit Persia commercially and bring it under their own spheres of influence

• Russia especially wanted access to the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean and in 1813 and 1828 Persia gave up territories to Russia after military defeats

• Britain wanted to use Afghanistan as a buffer between India and Russia and in 1857 Persia resisted Britain’s demands but was forced to give up all claims to Afghanistan

• Britain discovered oil there in 1908 and their interest increased

• Since Persia lacked enough money to develop its own resources the Persian ruler began granting concessions to Western businesses to raise money and gain economic prestige

• These concessions allowed businesses to buy the right to operate in a certain area or develop a certain product i.e.: the Anglo Persian Oil Company, a British corporation, began to develop Persia’s oil fields in the early 1900’s

1. Battle Over Tobacco

• Tensions arose between corrupt leaders who wanted to sell concessions to Europeans and the people, who were often backed by religious leaders who feared change or dislike Western influences in their nation

• In 1890 Persian ruler Nasir al-Din sold a concession to a British company to export Persian tobacco, outraging Jamal al-Din al-Afghani who supported the modernization of Persia

• He helped set up a tobacco boycott by the heavy smoking Persians and the boycott worked

• Riots broke out and the ruler had to cancel the succession

• Unrest continued in Persia and the government could not handle the situation

• In 1906 a group of revolutionaries forced the ruler to establish a constitution and in 1907 Russia and Britain took over the country and divided it into spheres of influence

• In Muslim lands many European imperialists gained control by using economic imperialism and creating spheres of influence

• Some governments tried to modernize but it was often too little and too late

III. British Imperialism in India

• In the 1600’s the British became economically interested in India when the British East India Company set up posts at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta

• The Mughal Dynasty of India kept European trades under control at first but by 1707 the Mughal Empire was collapsing

• In 1757 Robert Clive led East India Company troops in a strong victory over Indian forces allied with the French at the Battle of Plassey

• From then until 1858 the East India Company was the leading power in India

A. British Expand Control over India

– How was British colonization in India similar to British colonization in Africa?

• Eventually the area the East India Company controlled grew to directly or indirectly govern an area that included modern Bangladesh, most of southern India and almost all the territory along the Ganges River in the north

1. East India Company Dominates

• The British government officially regulated the East India Company’s efforts both in London and in India

• The company ruled India with little interference from the British government until the beginning of the 19th century

• It even had its own army led by British officers and staffed by sepoys or Indian soldiers

2. Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”

• India was a major supplier of raw materials for Britain and at first the British valued India more for its potential than actual profit

• Its 300 million people were also a large market for Britain’s goods

• The British considered India its “jewel in the crown” because it was the most valuable of all the British colonies

• The British set up restrictions to prevent the Indian economy from operating on its own

• These policies called for India to produce raw materials for Britain manufacturing and buy British goods also Indian competition with British goods was prohibited

3. British Transport Trade Goods

• After the British established a railroad network in India, India became increasingly valuable to Britain

• Railroads transported the raw materials to ports and the finished goods back again

• Most of the raw materials were plantation crops like tea, indigo, coffee, cotton and jute

• The British also shipped opium to China and exchanged it for tea then sold it in England

• The Crimean War cut off the supply of Russian jute to Scottish jute mills which boosted the export of raw jute from Bengal

4. Impact of Colonization

• There were positive and negative effects from the British colonization for India

• The British held much of the political and economic power and restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles

• The stress of cash crops resulted in a loss of self sufficiency for many villagers and the conversion to cash crops resulted in famine in the late 1800’s

• The British officially adopted a hands off policy concerning Indian religious and social customs but the more missionaries and the racist attitude of the British threatened traditional Indian life

• The British laid the world’s third largest railroad in India so India could develop a modern economy and unified the connecting regions

• Sanitation and public health improved and schools and colleges were founded

• Literacy increases and British troops cleared India of bandits and ended local warfare

• A modern road network, dams, bridges, telephone and telegraph lines and irrigation canals helped India modernize

B. The Sepoy Mutiny

– How did the attitude of the British change toward the Indians after the Sepoy Mutiny?

• By 1850 the British controlled most of the Indian subcontinent but there were still many places of discontent

• Many Indians believed that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity as well as take their land and resent the constant racism the British expressed towards them

1. Indians Rebel

• The Indians feelings of resentment and nationalism increased as economic problems also rose

• In 1857 the sepoys heard that the ends of their rifles that they had to bite off to use were greased with beef and pork fat

• The Hindus who considered cows sacred and the Muslims who don’t eat pork were outraged

• The British had the sepoys jailed when 85 of the 90 refused to use their guns

• The next day, May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi where they were joined by Indian soldiers stationed there and captured the city of Delhi

• The rebellion spread into northern and central India and fierce fighting took place with British and sepoys trying to slaughter each other’s armies

• The East India Company took more than a year to regain control of the country and the British sent troops to help them

• The Indians could not unite against the British because of weak leadership and splits between Hindus and Muslims

• Hindus did not want the Muslim Mughal Empire restored and many preferred British rule to Muslim rule

• Most of the princes and maharajahs who had made alliances with the East India Company did not participate in the rebellion

• The Sikhs, who had been hostile to the Mughal, also stayed with the British and many became part of Britain’s army in India

2. Turning Point

• In 1858 the British government took direct command of India as a result of the mutiny

• Raj is the British rule after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

• A cabinet minister directed policy and a British governor-general in India carried out the governments orders

• After 1877 this official held the title of victory

• The British promised to respect all treaties that the East India Company had made to the princes as a reward for staying loyal to Britain and that the Indian states that were free would stay independent

• The British continued to gain control of the states though

• The Sepoy Mutiny increased the racism of the British toward the Indians and created distrust between the British and Indians

C. Nationalism Surfaces in India

– How did the British increase the Indians’ nationalistic feelings even more?

• Some Indians began demanding more modernization and a greater part in governing themselves in the early 1800’s

• Ram Mohun Roy a free thinking Indian began a campaign to move India from traditional practices and ideas

• He thought that arranged child marriages and rigid caste separation were parts of society that needed to be changed

• The believed that if the practices were not changed the India would continue to be controlled by outsiders

• Roy’s writings inspired other Indian reformers to call for adoption of Western ways and he founded a social reform movement that worked for change in India

• Nationalist feelings started to arise in India

• Indians hated the system that made them second class citizens in their own country and they were banned from top posts in the Indian Civil Service

• The people who did manage to get middle-level jobs got paid less than the Europeans

1. Nationalist Groups Form

• The growing nationalism led to the founding of two nationalist groups: the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906

• At firsts the concentrated on specific concerns for Indians but by the 1900’s they wanted self government

• In the 1905 partition of Bengal the British divided Bengal into a Hindu section and a Muslim section, increasing nationalistic feelings even more

• Keeping the two religious groups apart made it hard for them to unite in calling for independence so in 1911 the British called back the order and divided Bengal differently

• The conflict between the British and the Indians continued to developed over the years

V. Imperialism in Southeast Asia

• European powers also wanted to divide the lands of Southeast Asia, part of the lands that form the Pacific Rim, the countries that border the Pacific Ocean

• The Pacific Rim was good for the Western countries because of its location on the route to China

• Westerners also saw the value of the sources of tropical agriculture, minerals and oil in the Pacific

• The European powers challenged each other for land as they began to realize the value of it

A. European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim

– How is the cultural impact of the people immigrating to Southeast Asia like in the history of the U.S?

• The Dutch East India Company established control over most of the 3,000 mile long chain of Indonesian islands early in the 18th century

• The British made a major trading port at Singapore

• The French conquered the Indochina on the Southeast Asia mainland

• The Germans claimed the Marshall Islands and parts of New Guinea and the Solomon islands

• The lands of Southeast Asia grew mostly sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, bananas, coconuts and pineapple

• European powers raced each other to claim lands as these things became more important in the international marker

1. Dutch Expand Control

• The Dutch East India Company looked for lands in Southeast Asia and seized Malacca from the Portuguese and fought the British and Javanese for control of Java

• The discovery of tin and oil on the islands along with the Dutch’s desire for more rubber plantations prompted the Dutch to gradually expand their control over Sumatra, part of Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas and Bali

• They eventually ruled the whole island chain of Indonesia and called them the Dutch East Indies

• The Dutch thought of Indonesia as their home unlike the British who lived temporarily in India

• The Dutch created a strict social class in Indonesia with the Dutch on top, wealthy and educated Indonesians next then plantation workers at the bottom

• The Dutch forced their farmers to grow specific export crops on one fifth of their land

2. British Take the Malayan Peninsula

• The British looked for a trading base that would serve as a stop for their ships that traveled the India-China sea routes to compete with the Dutch

• They found a harbor on Singapore

• The opening of the Suez Canal and the increased demand for tin and rubber made Singapore one of the world’s busiest ports

• Britain also got colonies in Burma and Malaysia

• Malaysia had large tin deposits and became the world’s leading rubber exporter

• Britain encouraged Chinese to immigrate to Malaysia to be workers for mining tin and tapping rubber trees

• The Malays soon became outnumbered by the Chinese immigrants and had conflicts

3. French Control Indochina

• The French had been active in Southeast Asia since the 17th century

• In the 1840’s seven French missionaries were killed during the rule of an anti-Christian Vietnamese emperor

• Church leaders and capitalists who wanted a larger share of the overseas market demanded military action

• Emperor Napoleon III ordered the French army to invade southern Vietnam

• The French added Laos, Cambodia and northern Vietnam to their territory and called them the French Indochina later on

• The French used direct colonial management to put themselves in all the important positions in the government bureaucracy

• They did not encourage local industry and four times as much land was for rice production

• The peasants rice amount decreased because a lot of the rice was exported this caused anger and set up for Vietnamese resistance against the French

4. Colonial Impact

• Colonization brought good and bad results in Southeast Asia

• Economies grew on cash crops

• Roads, harbors and rail systems improved but mostly benefited the European businesses

• Health, education and sanitation improved

• Millions of people migrated from Asia and other parts of the world to work on plantations and in the mines of Southeast Asia

• This created a melting pot which sometimes caused racial and religious conflicts

B. Siam Remains Independent

– How was the modernization of Siam different from that of India?

• Siam lay between British controlled Burma and French Indochina

• The British and French tried to prevent each other from gaining Siam

• The Kings of Siam made Siam a neutral zone between the two powers and maintained its independence

• Siam modernized itself under King Mongkut and his son Chulalongkorn

• Siam started schools, reformed the legal system and reorganized the government

• The government ended slavery and built its own railroads and telegraph systems

• The Siamese people avoided the turmoil that happens in countries controlled by foreigners because they were being changed by their own government

C. U.S Imperialism in the Pacific Islands

– Why was Queen Liliuokalani detrimental to the American businessmen?

• The U.S was divided into two groups on their view of Imperialism

• One group thought that the U.S should fulfill its destiny as a world power and colonize like the Europeans

• Another group welcomed the opening of new markets and trade possibilities

1. The Philippines Change Hands

• The U.S got the Philippine islands, Guam and Puerto Rico from the Spanish-American war in 1898

• The U.S was undecided on the colonization of the Philippines but President McKinley wanted to educate and Christianize the Filipinos and many followed him

• Filipinos were not happy to go from one colonizer (Spanish) to another

• Emilio Aguinaldo leader of the Filipino nationalists said the U.S had promised immediate independence after the Spanish- American war

• The nationalist declared independence and formed the Philippine Republic

• In 1899 the U.S began the struggle with the Filipinos and defeated them in 1902

• The U.S promised the Filipinos that they would prepare them for self rule

• The U.S set up roads, railroads, schools and hospitals to do this

• Businessmen wanted cash crops still though which led to food shortages for the Filipinos

2. Hawaii Becomes a Republic

• In the 1790’s the U.S began gaining interest Hawaii when it was a port on the way to China and East India

• Beginning in the 1820’s Americans established sugar-cane plantations and were highly successful, changing the Hawaiian economy

• By the mid 19th century American sugar plantations were about 75 percent of Hawaii’s money and American sugar planters were gaining political power in Hawaii

• The McKinley Tariff Act passed by the U.S in 1890 caused crisis in the islands by eliminating the tariff on all sugar entering the United States

• Now the Hawaii sugar was no longer the cheapest and cut into the profits of the sugar producers

• Some U.S business leaders wanted to add Hawaii to the U.S so that the sugar could be sold for greater profits because American producers got a extra two cents per pound from the U.S government

• Around this time Queen Liliuokalani took the throne of Hawaii

• In 1893 she called for a new constitution that would increase her power and restore the political power of Hawaiians from the wealthy planters

• A group of American businessmen made a plan to remove her from power and prevent this from happening and in 1893 she was removed from power

• In 1894 Sanford B. Dole a wealthy plantation owner and politician became president of the new Republic of Hawaii

• He asked the U.S to annex it and at first President Cleveland refused but in1898 the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the U.S

• As the 19th century closed all the land of the world was claimed and now the European powers faced each other in claims

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