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Imperialism and the Congo Test Honors Study Guide Questions will include:-Matching (IDs and Terms)- 30 points -Multiple Choice- 20 points -Open Ended- 50 points Test total: 100 points Terms:Imperialism The domination of one country (usually weaker) by another country (usually stronger).Scramble for Africa The race by European powers to colonize the African continent in the late 19th and early 20th centuriesBerlin Conference Conference held in 1884-1885 in Berlin. Germany where 14 European countries set guidelines for the colonization of Africa. This was done to prevent conflict between the European nations. The rules set at the conference were: Each country had to notify the others countries of their plans to colonize in part of the continent In order to be granted the colony, the country had to proof that they could effectively control the colony (communication, transportation, and keeping order) Social Darwinism Charles Darwin’s theory of “survival of the fittest” applied to civilization. Social Darwinists believed themselves to be most civilized because of the scientific and technological progress they made. Social Darwinists believed that it was their duty to civilize countries who had not advanced like them. Example: Paul Leroy Beaulieu’s On the Desirability of Imperialism (1891) excerpt found in the Imperialism Powerpoint MissionariesHumanitarians who traveled to Africa to promote education, build churches/schools, and spread the Christian faith. Key witnesses to the brutality seen in the Belgian Free State. Raw Materials Materials used in Industrialization. Examples of raw materials might be: rubber, gold, copper, and other minerals and natural resources. Nationalism Feeling of pride towards one’s country. In the Age of Imperialism, acquiring colonial territory was seen as a direct sign of the country’s wealth and power on the world stage. Protectorate A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Protectorates are usually run by a ‘puppet’ leader, or someone who will act in the interest of the imperial powerSphere of Influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive (sole) investment or trading privileges. Colony A territory or piece of land directly owned by a foreign power. The foreign power may install officials or military members to the colony to exercise their direct control. Economic Imperialism An independent, but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments Assimilation The language, and cultural customs of one group are changed to fit the culture and customs of another group. During colonization, assimilation happened often. Natives were taught the imperial power’s language, urged to convert to their religion, and wore clothes, and hairstyles similar to those seen in the imperial power’s country. People:E.D Morel Wrote The Black Man’s Burden in response to Rudyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden. Morel was largely responsible for unveiling the brutality seen in the Congo Free State through his publication of first-hand accounts from the Congo. He also helped form the Congo Reform Association, which worked to draw world attention to the atrocities seen in the Congo under King Leopold. Rudyard Kipling Wrote The White Man’s Burden around the time the US was involved in the Philippines. His poem takes the Social Darwinist stance on Imperialism because it talks about the duty “civilized” nations have to modernize less developed countries. Joseph ConradWrote the fiction novella, Heart of Darkness, which was inspired by King Leopold’s Congo Free State. His writing helped bring attention to the brutality of the Congo Free State Cecil Rhodes British scholar and Imperialist, who colonized his own part of Africa called Rhodesia. His views on Imperialism could fall under Social Darwinist or Economic. (See primary source document in notes or video clip about Cecil Rhodes found in the Imperialism Powerpoint).King Leopold II Belgian ruler who owned his own private colony in Africa called the Congo Free State. Under King Leopold’s rule, horrible acts of mutilation and killing occurred in the Congo. He made himself and Belgium rich from with his monopoly over the rubber trade in the Congo. Henry Morton Stanley British-American explorer who explored the Congo for King Leopold. He secured treaties and agreements with the local leaders, and set up outposts throughout the territory. What were the three factors that promoted Imperialism in Africa? 1. European Technological Advancements (vaccines to combat disease and travel further inland and transportation like railways and steamboats) 2. Means to Control their Empires (Maxim Gun invented in 1884, and faster communication with the home country) Lack of Unity amongst the African ethnic groups (less powerful when not unified, Europeans pit rival groups against one another) What were the four main motives driving Imperialism in Africa? You should be able to list these and explain what they are1. Social Darwinism- Idea that Europeans were top civilization in the world, and therefore had the right and duty to civilize other parts of the world 2.Humanitarianism- missionaries, and explorers wanted to help the people of Africa in the form of humanitarian aid (preventing slavery, education, medical aid, ect.) 3.Nationalism- colonies seen as sign of nation’s wealth and power 4.Economic- demand for raw materials and new markets for trade What happened at the Berlin Conference? Who was not invited to negotiate at the Conference? At the Berlin Conference, Africa was divided up by the European powers (see definition). The African countries were not invited, and did not take part in the negotiating of territory claims, even though they already lived in the land that was being divided up. Why did the Europeans often see their efforts to Imperialize Africa as their “duty”? They viewed Imperialism as a “duty” because they believed that all parts of the world would benefit from modernization, and that it was their job to assume power and carry out that modernization. The problem was, all too often, the Imperial powers were more interested in gaining raw materials and economic benefits from their holdings. Modernization for the benefit of the native people was a secondary thought. This led to the exploitation of the native population, that has had lasting effects in African countries to this day. What is the difference between direct and indirect Imperialism? (should know at least two differences) See chart in Notes Part III for differencesWhat did King Leopold II believe a colony would do for him and his country?King Leopold believed that a colony for Belgium would elevate the country’s place on the world stage. He saw a colony as more power for Belgium and more respect from the other world leaders. How did King Leopold II gain the Congo Free State? What were his true intentions for the Congo? King Leopold gained the Congo Free State by telling other world leaders that he wished to civilize the country and do humanitarian work there. He also told them that the Congo would be Free to trade for all of the European powers, which was not true. King Leopold had a monopoly on the trade there. What was Henry Morton Stanley’s role in the colonization of the Congo? See definition of Henry Morton StanleyHow did European colonizers, like King Leopold and Cecil Rhodes acquire land from African rulers? (Reference notes Part II) Primary Source docs. Colonizers often presented African leaders with treaties or contracts to sign. They would give them these treaties after gaining their trust and respect. The treaties were often misleading or included agreements not made by the African leaders. Describe the conditions the Congolese people had to endure in the Congo Free State? Conditions in the Congo Free State were horrible. The Congolese were forced to serve in the Force Publique (military) or collect rubber. The Congolese soldiers were often tasked with killing their own neighbors and relatives or chopping off the hands of men, women, and children. If rubber quotas were not met, the Congolese would be punished (families killed, hands cut off, or killed). What happened if the Congolese failed to meet their rubber quotas? See answer above What happened to King Leopold when Europeans found out about what he had been doing in the Congo? King Leopold was forced to give up his private Congo Free State and hand it over to the Belgian government. What were some positive consequences of Imperialism in Africa?Modernization on the continent- transportation, communication, and medicine (in some areas) Humanitarian aid helped those and continues to help those in need in war torn parts of the continent, or in areas plagued by illness, famine, and terrorismHow did the Industrial Revolution play a role in the Imperialism of Africa? (two possible ways)The Industrial Revolution created the demand for raw materials, and natural resources, and cheap labor Caused demand for new markets to sell goods African countries managed to keep Europeans mostly out of the continent for how many years? What were some other factors that prevented Europeans from traveling further inland in Africa? Roughly 400 years. Until the Age of Imperialism began, less than 10% of Africa was owned by outside powers. By 1913, almost the entire continent was carved up and divided amongst the world powers. Risk of disease, lack of efficient transportation (to explore and travel to and from the imperial power to the colony), were the main reasons why many countries had not explored Africa earlier. African countries were also far too powerful for the Europeans to conquer. The invention of automatic weapons like the Maxim Gun, allowed the Europeans to dominate the continent and defeat most African rulers (with the exception of Ethiopia, like we saw in the Scramble simulation). ................
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