Perception – Gain Control



Social Cognition – Emotional Expression Recognition

|Task Name |Description |Cognitive Construct Validity |Neural Construct Validity |Reliability |Psychometric |Animal Model |Stage of Research |

| | | | | |Characteristics | | |

|Penn Emotion |This is a test with 40 faces with neutral, sad, happy, |The stimuli used in this task have been |There is evidence that the faces used in this task elicit |Not Known |Not Known |Not Known |There is evidence that this |

|Recognition Test |angry and fearful expressions. Participants must |validated in relationship to known |activation in face relevant regions (e.g., FFA) and in | | | |specific task elicits deficits|

| |identify and discriminate the emotions. |characteristics of emotional expressions. |emotion processing relevant regions. | | | |in schizophrenia. |

| | | | | | | | |

| |(Kohler et al., 2003) |(Kohler et al., 2004) |(Loughead, Gur, Elliott, & Gur, 2008) | | | |(Kohler et al., 2003) |

| |(Kohler et al., 2005) | |(Gur et al., 2007) | | | | |

| | | |(Habel et al., 2007) | | | | |

| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | |We need to assess psychometric|

| | | | | | | |characteristics such as |

| |Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., | | | | | |test-retest reliability, |

| |Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., et al. | | | | | |practice effects, and |

| |(2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: | | | | | |ceiling/floor effects for this|

| |intensity effects and error pattern. Am J Psychiatry, | | | | | |task. |

| |160(10), 1768-1774. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |We need to study whether or |

| |Loughead, J., Gur, R. C., Elliott, M., & Gur, R. E. | | | | | |not performance on this task |

| |(2008). Neural circuitry for accurate identification of| | | | | |changes in response to |

| |facial emotions. Brain Res, 1194, 37-44. | | | | | |psychological or |

| | | | | | | |pharmacological intervention. |

| | | | | | | | |

|Perceiving Emotions |This task is a modification of the one described by |An accurate perception of intention or |A network of brain regions has been associated with |Not Known |Not Known |Not Known |This specific task needs to be|

|Using Point-Light |Heberlein et al (Heberlein, Adolphs, Tranel, & Damasio,|emotion using subtle visual cues (e.g., a |perception of biological motion, including the superior | | | |studied in individuals with |

|Walkers |2004). In this task, the stimulus set will consist of |clip of a few dots moving in a way |temporal sulcus/gyrus, posterior inferior temporal gyrus, | | | |schizophrenia. |

| |50 clips illustrating human movement via point-light |characteristic of human movement) involves |fusiform gyrus, amygdala, the inferior prefrontal cortex, and| | | | |

| |walkers. Each clip will represent one of five |relatively fast, bottom-up, and possibly |the premotor frontal regions (Bonda, Petrides, Ostry, & | | | |We need to assess psychometric|

| |emotional states (10 clips each of fear, anger, |automatic processes. Since their |Evans, 1996; E. Grossman et al., 2000; E. D. Grossman & | | | |characteristics such as |

| |happiness, sadness, or neutral). For each trial, clips|introduction by Johansson (Johansson, |Blake, 2002; Saygin, 2007; Saygin, Wilson, Hagler, Bates, & | | | |test-retest reliability, |

| |will be presented and participants will be asked to |1973), it has been shown that people can |Sereno, 2004). Which of these regions is critical for | | | |practice effects, and |

| |decide which of five emotional states best represents |extract from point-light clips |perceiving emotional as compared to social but non-emotional | | | |ceiling/floor effects for this|

| |the movement depicted. The five terms (fear, anger, |socially-relevant information such as |states (e.g. human movement in general) is currently under | | | |task. |

| |happiness, sadness, or neutral) will be presented on |gender (Kozlowski & Cutting, 1977), |investigation, with some data suggesting that the posterior | | | | |

| |the screen immediately after the clip and the subject |identity of friends (Kozlowski & Cutting, |superior temporal and supramarginal cortices (Heberlein et | | | |We need to study whether or |

| |will say their choice aloud, which will be entered by |1977), personality traits (Gunns, Johnston,|al., 2004; Heberlein & Saxe, 2005) are critical. | | | |not performance on this task |

| |the tester. Accuracy and voice-activated reaction time|& Hudson, 2002), and the emotional states | | | | |changes in response to |

| |will be collected for each clip, and accuracy will be |of the walker (Dittrich, Troscianko, Lea, &| | | | |psychological or |

| |the primary dependent variable. The stimulus parameters|Morgan, 1996; Pollick, Paterson, Bruderlin,| | | | |pharmacological intervention. |

| |established during the pilot procedure will be employed|& Sanford, 2001). | | | | | |

| |for the timing of trials. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |(Heberlein et al., 2004) | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Heberlein, A. S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, | | | | | | |

| |H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions | | | | | | |

| |and personality traits from point-light walkers. | | | | | | |

| |Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1143-1158. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E., & Morgan, | | | | | | |

| |D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic | | | | | | |

| |point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, | | | | | | |

| |25, 727-738. | | | | | | |

|Reading the Mind in |The “reading the mind in the eyes” task measures the |Understanding others’ mind based on |Studies with functional brain imaging showed increased |Not Known |Not Known |Not Known |This specific task needs to be|

|the Eyes Task |ability to perceive others’ thinking or feeling based |interpreting eye-gaze is critical for |activations in medial prefrontal cortex, inferior prefrontal | | | |studied in individuals with |

| |on examining only the eyes of another person presented |social interaction. An ability to perceive|cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and amygdala during this | | | |schizophrenia. |

| |in a still photograph. Unlike facial affect |others’ thoughts or feelings based on |task, which are a part of larger neural network associated | | | | |

| |recognition, it does not rely on interpreting a |limited visual cues (e.g., direction of |with ‘theory of mind’. | | | |We need to assess psychometric|

| |configuration of features across different regions of |gaze) occurs at a rapid and automatic | | | | |characteristics such as |

| |the face. In this task, participants are asked to |level, whereas other ‘theory of mind’ tasks|(Baron-Cohen et al., 1999) | | | |test-retest reliability, |

| |choose which words best describe what the person in the|measure a higher level of mental state |(Calder et al., 2002) | | | |practice effects, and |

| |photograph thinks or feels based on the photograph of |attribution: inferring the content of | | | | |ceiling/floor effects for this|

| |the eyes. To perform this task correctly, participants|mental state based on complex visual | | | | |task. |

| |need to perceive the other persons’ mental state based |stimuli. This task has been used | | | | | |

| |on the fragments of facial expression (i.e., just the |extensively to measure an ability to | | | | |We need to study whether or |

| |part of the face around eyes) and to decide which word |perceive others’ thoughts or feelings in | | | | |not performance on this task |

| |best represents the thoughts or feelings expressed by |healthy adults and persons with clinical | | | | |changes in response to |

| |the photograph. |disorders. | | | | |psychological or |

| | | | | | | |pharmacological intervention. |

| |At the beginning of each trial, a blank screen with a | | | | | | |

| |fixation point will appear for 500 msec. Photographs of| | | | | | |

| |eyes will be presented at the center of the screen, | | | | | | |

| |along with adjectives at the bottom of the screen. | | | | | | |

| |Participants will be asked to choose one of four | | | | | | |

| |adjectives that best describe what this person | | | | | | |

| |(represented by eyes) thinks or feels. Accuracy and | | | | | | |

| |voice-activated reaction time will be measured for each| | | | | | |

| |trial and the primary dependent measure will be | | | | | | |

| |accuracy. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |(Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore, & Robertson, 1997) | | | | | | |

| |(Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001) | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. | | | | | | |

| |K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., et al. (2002). | | | | | | |

| |Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, | | | | | | |

| |40(8), 1129-1138. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., | | | | | | |

| |Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. | | | | | | |

| |(1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic | | | | | | |

| |brain: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci, 11(6), 1891-1898.| | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Facial affect |In this paradigm one examines two kinds of face |The ability to recognize the emotion |By and large, recognition of facial expressions of emotion |Not Known |Not Known |Not Known |This specific task needs to be|

|recognition and the |recognition, both in isolation (i.e. face presented |expressed in the human face is perhaps the |have been shown to depend upon cortical and subcortical | | | |studied in individuals with |

|effects of situational|alone) and contextually-constrained (i.e. face |most studied ability in social and |systems important for affective learning, including the | | | |schizophrenia. |

|context |presented with a cognitive frame) fear recognition |affective neuroscience. Although studies |amygdala, striatum, insula, and medial prefrontal cortex | | | | |

| |using the well-established methods of Adolphs et al |typically examine recognition of facial |(mPFC). Among these, the amygdala’s functions are best | | | |We need to assess psychometric|

| |(Adolphs, Russell, & Tranel, 1999) (Adolphs et al., |expressions presented in isolation, it is |understood. Although it is known to respond to arousing | | | |characteristics such as |

| |2001) and Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2004). |clear that social situations provide |stimuli with both positive and negative value (Hamann, Ely, | | | |test-retest reliability, |

| | |powerful constraints on our perception of |Hoffman, & Kilts, 2002), both imaging and lesion work have | | | |practice effects, and |

| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: |their meaning (Gilbert, Pelham, & Krull, |shown that it plays a special role in quickly recognizing | | | |ceiling/floor effects for this|

| | |1988). Thus, it is important to examine |social stimuli that signal the presence of potential threats,| | | |task. |

| |Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., |both kinds of facial emotion recognition |such as fearful facial expressions (Anderson, Christoff, | | | | |

| |Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). |(with and without context). |Panitz, De Rosa, & Gabrieli, 2003; Pessoa, Padmala, & | | | |We need to study whether or |

| |Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to | |Morland, 2005; P.J. Whalen et al., 1998) as well as neutral | | | |not performance on this task |

| |Surprised Faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, | |faces that appear untrustworthy (R. Adolphs, Tranel, & | | | |changes in response to |

| |16(10), 1730-1745. | |Damasio, 1998; Engell, Haxby, & Todorov, 2007; Winston, | | | |psychological or |

| | | |Strange, O'Doherty, & Dolan, 2002). This response is | | | |pharmacological intervention. |

| |Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2001). Emotion | |influenced by individual differences in levels of anxiety or | | | | |

| |recognition from faces and prosody following temporal | |depression (Bishop, Jenkins, & Lawrence, 2007; Sheline, | | | | |

| |lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 396-404. | |Barch, Ollinger, & Mintun, 2001) and the presence of genes | | | | |

| | | |related to anxiety and mood disorders (Hariri & Holmes, | | | | |

| | | |2006).Importantly, the amygdala’s response is modulated by | | | | |

| | | |perceptual cues that determine the social meaning of a facial| | | | |

| | | |expression, including the direction of eye gaze (Adams, | | | | |

| | | |Gordon, Baird, Ambady, & Kleck, 2003) and the size of the | | | | |

| | | |eye whites (R. Adolphs et al., 2005; P. J. Whalen et al., | | | | |

| | | |2004)and may be important for recognizing the subtle social | | | | |

| | | |meanings conveyed by eye stimuli (e.g. flirtation, boredom, | | | | |

| | | |interest) when presented alone (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999). | | | | |

| | | |Recently, it has been shown that individuals with poor fear | | | | |

| | | |recognition ability show less activation of the amygdala to | | | | |

| | | |fear faces (Corden, Critchley, Skuse, & Dolan, 2006), which | | | | |

| | | |further validates this task as an appropriate measure for | | | | |

| | | |this proposal. Importantly, behavioral studies have shown | | | | |

| | | |that contextual information can influence judgments of traits| | | | |

| | | |(Gilbert et al., 1988) and facially expressed emotion | | | | |

| | | |(Carroll & Russell, 1996). In a fear recognition paradigm, | | | | |

| | | |this modulation has now been linked to activity in vmPFC when| | | | |

| | | |a pre-stimulus sentence frames the meaning of the fear face | | | | |

| | | |as the non-threat-related expression of surprise (Kim, | | | | |

| | | |Somerville, Johnstone, Alexander, & Whalen, 2003; Kim et al.,| | | | |

| | | |2004). This may be important to measure because | | | | |

| | | |context-processing deficits are commonly observed in | | | | |

| | | |schizophrenia.(Kim et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004) | | | | |

|Multimorph Paradigm |Description taken from (Coupland et al., 2004) |This task has been shown to elicit |Diazepam impairs performance on this task. |Not Known |Not Known |Not Known |This specific task needs to be|

| | |affective impairments in a range of |(Coupland, Singh, Sustrik, Ting, & Blair, 2003) | | | |studied in individuals with |

| |“This paradigm uses images from the Pictures of Facial |populations. |(Zangara, Blair, & Curran, 2002) | | | |schizophrenia. |

| |Affect series in which the intensity of emotion has | | | | | | |

| |been morphed to produce continua between neutral and |(Blair, Colledge, Murray, & Mitchell, 2001;|Tryptophan depletion impairs facial emotion recognition in | | | |We need to assess psychometric|

| |the full expression of six emotions (happy, surprised, |Lynch et al., 2006) |5-HTTLPR S-polymorphism carriers. | | | |characteristics such as |

| |fearful, sad, disgusted, and angry). The rationale for | |(Marsh et al., 2006) | | | |test-retest reliability, |

| |using this approach was twofold. First, rather than |In normal range mood, low positive affect | | | | |practice effects, and |

| |simply assigning correct/ incorrect responses, it |predicts thresholds for happy expressions. | | | | |ceiling/floor effects for this|

| |allows parametric designs that include intensity as a |Negative affect predicts threshold for | | | | |task. |

| |variable. Second, the base images in the series were |disgust expressions. | | | | | |

| |originally selected to give high rates |(Coupland et al., 2004) | | | | |We need to study whether or |

| |of correct responding in healthy subjects. This may | | | | | |not performance on this task |

| |give rise to ceiling effects for the base images that | | | | | |changes in response to |

| |would prevent the detection of enhanced recognition of | | | | | |psychological or |

| |facial emotions. Nine models each showed the six | | | | | |pharmacological intervention. |

| |emotions, giving 54 stimuli. For each stimulus, the | | | | | | |

| |expression was morphed from neutral to 100% in 40 | | | | | | |

| |increments of 2.5%. The stimuli were presented as | | | | | | |

| |continuous sequences in which the emotion transformed | | | | | | |

| |over 20 s from 2.5 to 100% at a rate of 5%_ sec_1. The | | | | | | |

| |full 20-s progression was always presented. Subjects | | | | | | |

| |responded by clicking on-screen labels. The stimulus | | | | | | |

| |order and label positions were both randomized. | | | | | | |

| |Subjects were instructed to respond | | | | | | |

| |as soon as they thought they could identify the emotion| | | | | | |

| |and not to wait until they were completely certain, | | | | | | |

| |because they could change their response at any time | | | | | | |

| |later by clicking on a different label. The lowest | | | | | | |

| |intensity was recorded at which each stimulus was | | | | | | |

| |recognized correctly before the end of the stimulus run| | | | | | |

| |and without subsequent alteration. Subjects had to make| | | | | | |

| |a final choice at full intensity, if they had not | | | | | | |

| |previously responded, or to confirm their choice. An | | | | | | |

| |incorrect final choice was assigned 102.5% intensity. | | | | | | |

| |For example, if a subject responded incorrectly with | | | | | | |

| |‘‘surprise’’ to a fear stimulus at 50% intensity but | | | | | | |

| |then changed correctly at 80% intensity to ‘‘fear’’ | | | | | | |

| |without subsequent changes, the threshold was 80%. If | | | | | | |

| |they had responded correctly with ‘‘surprise’’ to a | | | | | | |

| |surprise stimulus at 50% and then changed to ‘‘fear’’ | | | | | | |

| |at 80% without subsequent changes, the threshold was | | | | | | |

| |102.5%. Mean identification thresholds were computed | | | | | | |

| |for each emotion from the nine models.” | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |MANUSCRIPTS ON THE WEBSITE: | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Coupland, N. J., Sustrik, R. A., Ting, P., Li, D., | | | | | | |

| |Hartfeil, M., Singh, A. J., et al. (2004). Positive and| | | | | | |

| |negative affect differentially influence identification| | | | | | |

| |of facial emotions. Depress Anxiety, 19(1), 31-34. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| |Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Buzas, B., Soliman, N., | | | | | | |

| |Richell, R. A., Vythilingham, M., et al. (2006). | | | | | | |

| |Impaired recognition of fear facial expressions in | | | | | | |

| |5-httlpr s-polymorphism carriers following tryptophan | | | | | | |

| |depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 189(3), 387-394. | | | | | | |

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Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68-72.

Adolphs, R., Russell, J. A., & Tranel, D. (1999). A role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional arousal from unpleasant stimuli. Psychological Science, Vol 10(2), 167-171.

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Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2001). Emotion recognition from faces and prosody following temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 15(3), 396-404.

Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Panitz, D., De Rosa, E., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2003). Neural correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signals. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(13), 5627-5633.

Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 38(7), 813-822.

Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fmri study. Eur J Neurosci, 11(6), 1891-1898.

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The "Reading the mind in the eyes" Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 42(2), 241-251.

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Blair, R. J., Colledge, E., Murray, L., & Mitchell, D. G. (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 29(6), 491-498.

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Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., et al. (2002). Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 1129-1138.

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Coupland, N. J., Singh, A. J., Sustrik, R. A., Ting, P., & Blair, R. (2003). Effects of diazepam on facial emotion recognition. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 28(6), 452-463.

Coupland, N. J., Sustrik, R. A., Ting, P., Li, D., Hartfeil, M., Singh, A. J., et al. (2004). Positive and negative affect differentially influence identification of facial emotions. Depress Anxiety, 19(1), 31-34.

Dittrich, W. H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S. E., & Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25, 727-738.

Engell, A. D., Haxby, J. V., & Todorov, A. (2007). Implicit trustworthiness decisions: Automatic coding of face properties in the human amygdala. J Cogn Neurosci, 19(9), 1508-1519.

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Heberlein, A. S., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damasio, H. (2004). Cortical regions for judgments of emotions and personality traits from point-light walkers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1143-1158.

Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005). Dissociation between emotion and personality judgments: Convergent evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuroimage, 28, 770-777.

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Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Alexander, A. L., & Whalen, P. J. (2003). Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport, 14(18), 2317-2322.

Kim, H., Somerville, L. H., Johnstone, T., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., Shin, L. M., et al. (2004). Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1730-1745.

Kohler, C. G., Anselmo-Gallagher, G., Bilker, W., Karlawish, J., Gur, R. E., & Clark, C. M. (2005). Emotion-discrimination deficits in mild alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 13(11), 926-933.

Kohler, C. G., Turner, T., Stolar, N. M., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Gur, R. E., et al. (2004). Differences in facial expressions of four universal emotions. Psychiatry Res, 128(3), 235-244.

Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., et al. (2003). Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: Intensity effects and error pattern. Am J Psychiatry, 160(10), 1768-1774.

Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-580.

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