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Science 7Heat and TemperatureStudent Notes BookletName: ____________________Class: _________SAFETY IN THE SCIENCE CLASSROOMName _______________________________ Class ___________ Date ____________In science class, there will be times that experiments and investigations will occur. For the safety of all involved, it is very important to understand the basic safety rules that you will encounter in a science classroom. These rules are most important if any scientific research is done in the science labs or if you conduct your own science research. All these rules may not apply for your grade 7 school year, but it is important to know the facts for when you advance into other grades.Instructions: right300735AfterClearDispose of MaterialsFire ExtinguisherIconsOneSafety GlassesTiesApprovalClothingDryGentlyImmediatelyOpenScarvesTouchAwayCordDryGogglesInformPointedSocketsTripBroken or CrackedDangerousEquipmentGumInformPlugSpillsTubeCarefullyDisposeFaceHairInstructionsReadStoolsUnderstandCarefullyDrinkFire AlarmHandsLittleReportStudentsWaterCarefullyDirectlyFire BlanketHeat ProofLong NecklacesRespectTasteWHMIS & Safety00AfterClearDispose of MaterialsFire ExtinguisherIconsOneSafety GlassesTiesApprovalClothingDryGentlyImmediatelyOpenScarvesTouchAwayCordDryGogglesInformPointedSocketsTripBroken or CrackedDangerousEquipmentGumInformPlugSpillsTubeCarefullyDisposeFaceHairInstructionsReadStoolsUnderstandCarefullyDrinkFire AlarmHandsLittleReportStudentsWaterCarefullyDirectlyFire BlanketHeat ProofLong NecklacesRespectTasteWHMIS & SafetyFill in the blanks using the following words:Working With Your TeacherListen carefully to all _______________________________ given by your teacher.________________________ your teacher of any medical conditions you may have that may prevent you from doing the lab.Obtain your teacher’s ________________________________ before beginning any personal science experiment.Know the location and the proper use of the nearest _________________________, _____________________________, first aid kit and ________________________.Starting An Activity Or Investigation________________________ and _____________________________ the investigation before starting an activity.Carefully check the safety ______________________________ and understand all the safety precautions.Begin an activity or investigation only _____________________________ your teacher tells you to begin.Dressing For Success In ScienceWear protective ___________________________ and safety __________________ when using dangerous materials or when you are heating a substance.Tie back long ______________________________.Do not wear ___________________________, ____________________ or _____________________________.Acting ResponsiblyMake sure your work area is ________________________________.Handle equipment and materials ________________________________.Make sure that _________________________ and chairs are resting securely on the floor.Report any ___________________________ activity to your teacher.Handling Edible SubstancesDo not chew ________________________, eat or _____________________ in your science classroom.Do not __________________________ any substances or use your mouth to draw materials into a ________________________________.Working In A Science ClassroomFamiliarize yourself and understand all ___________________________ labels and symbols. (WHMIS)Carry only _______________________ object or container at a time.Make room for other _____________________________ who are carrying equipment to their lab station.Working With Sharp ObjectsAlways cut ________________________ from yourself and others when using a knife or sharp razor blade.Keep the _______________________________ end of the scissors facing away from yourself and others if you have to walk.________________________________ any sharp or jagged edges on any equipment to your teacher.___________________________ of broken glass in a designated area.Working With Electrical EquipmentMake sure that your hands are _______________________ when touching electrical cords, plugs or __________________________________.Pull the _______________________, not the ________________________ when unplugging electrical equipment.Place electrical cords where people will not _________________________ over them.Working With HeatWhen heating something, wear ____________________________________.Always use _______________________________ containers.Do not use ______________________________ or _________________________ containers.Point the ________________________ end of a container that is being heated away from yourself and others.Do not allow a container to boil ____________________________.Handle hot objects ____________________________.If you receive a burn, apply cold _______________________________ to the burned area immediately.Working With Various ChemicalsWash area _________________________________ if your body comes into contact with a substance.Do not ______________________________ your eyes, but wash immediately.__________________________ your teacher of any accidents.Never smell a substance _________________________________.Hold containers away from your _______________________________ when pouring a liquid.Working With Living ThingsOn a field trip, disturb the area as __________________________ as possible.Move and remove items _______________________________ and ___________________________.Treat all living things with _________________________________.Cleaning Up In The Science ClassroomClean up ______________________ according to your teacher’s instructions.Clean ______________________________ before putting it away.Wash your _________________________ thoroughly after doing an activity.Never __________________________ down a sink unless directed to do so.4732935231Heat and TemperatureHeat and Temperature2374900Boiling Hot, Freezing ColdBoiling Hot, Freezing ColdI want to see what you know about hot and cold temperatures. You can use your cell phones, ipods or a computer to help you with this task. MATCH the correct temperature (on the left) to the appropriate description found on the right. -273 C____ Boiling temperature of water (at sea level) -218 C____ Body temperature of a healthy human -138 C____ Hot chocolate or coffee -89 C____ Comfortable room temperature -5 C____ Soft ice cream 0 C____ Coldest temperature possible 1 C____ Melting point of aluminum 7 C____ Temperature of oven to bake cookies 20 C____ World record coldest air temperature 37 C____ World record hottest air temperature 40 C____ Air in a refrigerator 58 C____ Surface of the sun 80 C____ Lava from Hawaiian volcanoes 92 C____ Melting point of oxygen 100 C____ Ocean currents off Canada’s East coast 180 C____ Body temperature of a budgie bird 357 C____ Where the Space Shuttle flies in orbit 660 C____ Boiling point of mercury 1150 C____ Comfortable for heat-loving bacteria 5550 C____ A slush of pure water and iceTopic 1 – Using Energy from heatWhat is heat?_____________________________________ has been something scientists have been trying to figure out for years and years.4643755147955Up until the 1600’s, people thought heat was a combination of fire an air.Hmmmmm…… interesting. Finally! Scientists got it!____________________ is a form of _______________________.The energy comes from the movement of tiny little ______________________________. Humans using Thermal EnergyWhat is thermal energy?The basic definition is __________________________________ Humans need heat in order to surviveThe four basic needs are:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Heat is wrapped up in this….. Without heat (ESPECIALLY in CANADA)…. We build shelter to keep heat or cold away from us. What is heat used for?Used for ______________________ and keeping _____________________________ right-1120594TechnologyThrough the advancement of _____________________________ we have been able to control the use of thermal energyChanges in needs and wantsThe changes of our _________________________ and ____________________________ have advanced the uses of different thermal sources.From clothes drying on a line to electric dryers From hair drying ___________________________ to using a ___________________________ _ Making sustainable choicesREMEMBER:_________________________________________ means that something that is being used is being replaced and the same rate.We need to use our resources wisely and do as little damage as possible to the environment when we use them Time lineTry to place the following items on the time line on the bottom of your note page:Central heating re-appears – using coalHumans create fireElectric Heaters Fireplaces with chimneys are built into the walls of buildingsCast iron stoves heat rooms evenlyRomans develop central heating – heat travels from one source to different areas of a buildingChimneys first appear in EuropeForced air heating47501-1545777000 B.C100 B.CA.D 12001300s1700sLate 1700s1800s19067000 B.C100 B.CA.D 12001300s1700sLate 1700s1800s1906Lab Thermometers Scientific Inquiry General Outcome 1: Students will Illustrate and explain how human needs have led to technologies for obtaining and controlling thermal energy and to increased use of energy resourcesSpecific Outcome 1c: Students will identify and explain uses of devices and systems to generate, transfer, control or remove thermal energyPerforming and Recording: Students will Conduct investigations into the relationships between and among observations, and gather and record qualitative and quantitative dataStudents will use instruments effectively and accurately for collecting data and informationProblem:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hypothesis:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Materials:Lab thermometerPaperProcedure:With a partner, examine the thermometer carefullyNotice where the glass is thick and thinDraw a full sized diagram of the thermometer in the center of your observations sectionPut these labels on your diagram:Liquid (colored ______________________________)Thick glassBulb (storage space)Thin glassThe scale (numbers)Freezing point of water (_______________)Boiling point of water (______________)Average room temperature (_______________)Average normal body temperature (____________)Place your hands around the middle of the thermometer, record your observationsPlace your hands around the bulb, record your observations.Observations:Draw your LABELLED thermometer here (labels come from #4 in the procedure)Place your hand around the middle of the thermometer Record your observations herePlace your hand around the bulb Record your observations hereAnalysis:The bulb is an important part of a liquid thermometer. Give reasons why.Which part of the thermometer has the thinnest glass? Why do you think it is made like this?How many Celsius degrees are there between the freezing point of water and the boiling point of water?Find out why mercury is no longer used in making thermometers for use in school.Conclusion:Errors and Changes:Measuring Temperature – Topic 2 Part 14829175635TemperatureIn general, what do you think temperature measures?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Do you know?What are the two most common ways to measure temperature?________________________________________________________________________________________Examples:Sight Glowing metalDoes red mean hot? What other colors mean hot?Touch A forehead with a fever QuestionAre your senses always reliable????____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thermometers4825588350767Look at the _____________ thermometer and the ______________________ thermometer….. What is missing from these thermometers that we now have today? The missing pieceThe main piece missing from the thermometers was a _________________________________.A scale is markings of _______________________ to indicate a precise temperature. Tell me…Do you know who ____________________________ was? What do you think he contributed to the ideas of temperature?Canada uses the _______________ scale. He used the ___________ as a unit of temperature.Anders Celsius assigned: ______________ to the temperature where ___________________ at sea level_______________to the temperature where ___________________ at sea levelQuestion 24514850468630What is meant by _________________________? What two fixed temperatures in Celsius are used for calibration? Calibration_____________________ means to set the starting pointSteps to Calibration______________________:Mark on the thermometer where 0oC is by putting the thermometer in an ice bath______________________:Mark on the thermometer where 100oC is by putting the thermometer in boiling water______________________: Divide the scale into 100 equal parts between 0oC and 100oC Not always accurateUsing Celsius’ scale is good, but not always _______________________________.Can you think of some reasons why???1. ____________________________________Because Alberta has high pressure (much higher than sea level), water boils below 100oC2. ________________________________________ Textbook timeRead page 194-195 ( in science focus 7) and answer these questions:After the creation of the Celsius scale, what new scale was developed? Why did we need this new temperature scale?3781425-123825Topic 2 Part 2 – Devices for measuring temperatureThe Kelvin ScaleAfter the creation of the Celsius scale, the ________________________ was created because new gases were being discovered. 4848225445770Scientists required a more accurate reading of high and low temperatures.Absolute Zero____________________________ is the coldest possible temperatureAbsolute zero on the Celsius scale is ____________________________________Absolute zero on the Kelvin scale is _____________________________ What is the difference between heat and temperature?_________________________________ is a measure of energy of the particles moving around_________________________________________ is HEAT!________________________________________ is a measure of how hot or cold something is measured on a scale like a thermometer.How does a thermometer work?Explain in general how a thermometer works using the terms __________________________, _____________________________ and ______________________.Page 199__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5172075104775ThermocoupleDescription- wires of two different metals are twisted together (copper and iron)- when heated it produces an _____________________________________ Use- turn switch on or off it temperature changesReason for Development- measures high temperatures- cannot be used to measure _________________________________________Bimetallic Strip4238625163830Description- two metals fused together- expands at different rates- coils when heated - reverses when coolsUse- operates electrical switches- controls furnace (_______________________________), air conditioner, fridgeReason for Development- easy way to turn something on and off automaticallyRecording ThermometerDescription- a ________________________________________ joined to a lever with a penUse- records small movement of temperature change- weather recordsReason for Development- records temperature over a period of a weekInfrared ThermogramDescriptionelectronic sensor or device that photographs temperature change through _____________________________________ photographs _________________________________________________Usedetects air leaksenergy efficientcan be used to predict dangers of over heatingReason for Developmentdetects precise temperature change - not visible to the eyequick and accurateTo measure temperature1. Thermometer2. Thermocouple3. Bimetallic Strip4. Recording Thermometer5. Infrared Thermogram Thinking Time!Which tool for measuring and controlling temperature would be most affective?1. Controlling an electric frying pan?______________________________________________________________________________2. Making long term records at the weather office?______________________________________________________________________________3. Detecting small forest fires before they spread? ______________________________________________________________________________Topic 3 Part 1 – the Particle Model of Matter and States of MatterQuestion:What scientific explanation is given to explain why moving your hand through the air is easier than moving your hand through water, wood or steel? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4738255205443100States of MatterThere are three “states” matter can appear in.1. ___________________________________2. ___________________________________3. ___________________________________Question: Name the states(s) in which a materiala) has a fixed shape __________________________________b) takes the shape of its container ___________________________________c) always fills whatever container it is in _______________________________The Particle Model of MatterLiquids can turn into gases or solidsGases can turn into liquidsSolids can turn into liquidsHOW DO WE EXPLAIN THIS?!?!?!?!We use the __________________________________________________________1. All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles.2. The tiny particles of matter are always moving3. Adding heat to matter makes the particles move around faster4. The particles have spaces between them. How does the particle model of matter connect with state changes (solids, liquids and gases)?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Kinetic EnergyWhen particles or any object is moving, we say it has ____________________________.Kinetic energy is the energy of movement.Particles in a solid have a ________________ kinetic energy but particles in a gas have ________________________ kinetic energy.Particles in a Solid StateThe particles are so close together that a solid has a definite _______________________ and ____________________________________________________________________ is the amount of space that matter occupies.Particles in a liquid stateParticles in a liquid are loosely _________________________________ to each otherLiquids will take the shape of its _________________________________ and has a definite volumeParticles in a gas stateThe particles are ________________________________ connected to one another. Gas will _____________________________________ in a container but has NO set shape. What happens if we heat it up?Let’s do a little experiment and see if you can explain what is happening. We are going to use cold water and hot water. We will add food coloring to each of the temperatures of water and observe what happens. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________555307522860Frosty has DisappearedFrosty has DisappearedCSI: CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION57150563880Calgary, Alberta, a city who has a reputation for being quite beautiful and full of all sorts of unique attractions has brought an influx of visitors to the southern Alberta city. From the Calgary Flames, to the Calgary Zoo, Calgary has long been a place for visitors. BUT, these attractions have made the city a ripe target for criminals of all varieties, confident they will never be caught. Unfortunately for them, most are proven wrong by the Calgary Police Services’ night shift Crime Scene Investigations unit led by none other than our grade 7 science classes.18268951830705With almost obsessive dedication towards their quest for the facts, the team with their elite investigators works various cases using scientific skills and equipment that are capable of finding valuable clues from the most seemingly unlikely sources. In a city of empty dreams, as the Flames have yet to win a Stanley Cup in many years, the grade 7 science classes lead the quest for the one thing that can cut through the lies to the truth and justice, the evidence. DUN, DUN, DUN!!!!! Frosty has disappeared and the CSI team is needed to figure out his whereabouts. Read the facts below to try and crack the case.The FACTS:Frost was last seen by a group of children who were out having some winter fun in the snow. Frosty the snowman seemed in quite a hurry that one day, suspiciously looking to the sky. He seemed nervous. But he waved goodbye saying, Don’t you cry, I’ll be back again someday.”It appears as though there was some foul play involved. He has not been seen in quite some time. It appears as though he has disappeared for good. He was last seen December 20, 2015 at 7:23 am. The weather on December 20, 2015 at 7:23 was 3oC and the average temperature of the past week has been 4.3oC.Crime Scene Investigators, we NEED you! Look at the facts and try to provide an explanation to what may have happened to Frosty. Please be sure to look at the check list to be sure you have explained everything required when doing up your report. You may use pictures, paragraphs, explanations or combinations of all of these in order to crack the case.Death of Frosty Medical Examiner Report ChecklistGeneral Outcome 2: Students will Describe the nature of thermal energy and its effects on different forms of matter, using informal observations, experimental evidence and modelsSpecific outcome 2b: Students will describe the effect of heat on the motion of particles; and explain changes of state, using the particle model of matterSpecific Outcome 2c: Students will distinguish between heat and temperature; and explain temperature, using the concept of kinetic energy and the particle model of matterThree states of Matter referred to and explained:SolidLiquidGasEach state is defined in terms of:Spaces between particlesBonds between particlesMovement of particles (Kinetic Energy)Transitions between states of matter refers to:Heat EnergyMention of:Heat TemperatureComments by Medical Examiner:Have a friend go over your investigation as well as your teacher. Have both a friend and your teacher make comments on your investigation providing at least one area for improvement and one area of excellence.Friends comments:Teachers comments:Particle Model of Matter and States of Matter ReviewWrite the four steps of the particle model of matter Using a chart, describe and explain the three states of matter (Solid, Liquid and Gas) and what happens between each of these states (Freezing, Melting, etc.)Explain how an ice cube that is taken out of a freezer changes as it turns into a gas. You may use diagrams or descriptions or both.Explain what each of the following LOOKS like in terms of their particles and the spaces between themSolidLiquidGasCreate a cartoon strip with captions that illustrates the changes in particles from a solid state to a ic 4 – Expansion and ContractionHeatin’ Up457200057785If materials are warmed up, the particle model of matter says:1. particles ___________________________________2. particles ___________________________________THE MATERIAL EXPANDS_______________________ is an increase in volume. The particles move faster and spread apart. 5391150210820ExamplesHow does a bimetallic strip bend? Remember it is made of TWO different types of metal. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ball and ringHow can we make it so the ball DOES not fit through the ring?Make the particles move faster and farther apart so they expand in the ball457263522225TrainsTrains make the “Clickety-Clack” sound.What are these “teeth” meant to do?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Power lines sag in the summer time. Why don’t we tighten them up?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Contraction__________________________ is when a substance decreases volume as they cool down.What happens to the particles in a substance as they contract?The particles slow down and move closer together. Expansion and contraction in gases___________________ can expand and contract much more than __________________….Find out Activity – Page 211Carefully read all of the information on the Find Out Activity on Page 2111. Examine Table 1 and use it to answer the following questions.A) What similarity do you see in how all the materials react as they warm? B) In what ways do the materials react differently as they warm?C) which material expands the most as it warms? D) Which material expands the least as it warms?2. Copy the list of materials in Table 1, but arrange them in order, starting with the material that expands the most and end with the one that expands the least. Important InformationOnly the _______________________ of the objects are affected when a substance is expanding and contracting, _______________________________________2007870308610The size of the particles does not change; only the amount of space between themTopic 5 – Particle Model and Changes of StateThe beach….. Ahhhh….On a hot summer day does the sand on the beach warm slowly or quickly?____________________________________________Does a LARGE body of water warm slowly or quickly?_____________________________________________The water and the sand have different ____________________________________.What do you think this means? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Heat Capacity__________________________ is the amount of thermal energy that warms or cools an object by one degree Celsius._____________________________ is the amount of thermal energy that warms or cools _____________________________ of a material by one degree Celsius. High and low heat capacityDoes sand have a HIGH or LOW heat capacity?_____________________________________________________________________________________Does water have a HIGH or LOW heat capacity?_____________________________________________________________________________________Your Turn Explain if each item has a high or low heat capacityMaterialWarms Quickly or Slowly?Heat Capacity Low or High?The bottom of a cooking potA cold pack for treating athletic injuriesSolid glue in a glue gunChanges of StateUsing a ruler and a pencil carefully draw and label Figure 3.18 - Changes of State found on page 220 (Science focus 7).Changes of StateChangeReleases or Requires Energy?Melting (Fusion)Freezing (Solidification)EvaporationCondensationSublimationExamples Read each statement. Then write a description of each statement using a “science-y” wordWet Clothes dry in the sunshineDescription: Evaporation of liquid waterMelted wax in a candle hardens when the candle is blown out______________________________________________________A warm wind makes snow on the ground disappear, but no puddles of water form.______________________________________________________In the winter, invisible moisture in the air sometimes forms frost on car windshields.______________________________________________________Assignment Carefully read page 221 – “What Happens when a Liquid Evaporates?”In your own words, explain the phenomenon called ______________________________Question of the dayAnyone who falls into a lake fully clothed may develop hypothermia after being rescued. No matter whether the water and the weather are warm or cold, first-aid experts say that the victim’s wet clothing should be removed immediately. Use your knowledge of energy and change of state to explain why. 4505325219075Topic 6 – Transferring EnergyLet’s see what you remember…Describe what happens to the volume of solids, liquids and gases as they warm and cool.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Use the particle model of matter to describe, in detail, what happens to water in a fishbowl that is located in a sunny window. (Keep volume and evaporative cooling in mind).__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________541972598425Vocabulary for Topic 6_____________________________________________the transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves_____________________________________________energy that is transferred in the form of electromagnetic waves_____________________________________________the direct transfer of thermal energy from one particle or object to another through contact and collision_____________________________________________materials that slow the transfer of conduction of thermal energy from one object to another5695950244475_____________________________________________materials that increase the efficiency of heat conduction or the transfer of thermal energy form one object to another_____________________________________________materials (liquids or gases) that lack a definite shape and can flow from one place to another_____________________________________________a process by which a warm fluid moves from place to place carrying thermal energy______________________________________________continuous circulation of a fluid (either a liquid or gas), in which thermal energy is transferred from hotter, less dense fluid to colder, more dense fluid390703261900-744855127000Unit Three: Heat and TemperatureTopic 6: Transferring EnergyReading Assignment (pages 226 – 236)General Outcome 2: Describe the nature of thermal energy and its effects on different forms of matter, using informal observations, experimental evidence and modelscompare heat transmission in different materials (SO A)General Outcome 3: Apply an understanding of heat and temperature in interpreting natural phenomena and technological devicescompare and evaluate materials and designs that maximize or minimize heat energy transfer (SO C)describe and interpret the function of household devices and systems for generating, transferring, controlling or removing thermal energy (SO E)Three ways that energy can be transferred are:RadiationConductionConvectionRadiationtransfer of energy without any movement of matter (radiant energy or electromagnetic radiation – EMR)radiant energy travels like a wave (ripple action)can travel through empty space, air, glass and other materialsexamples include radio waves, microwaves, visible light, x-rays and the sun’s energy (heat radiation)Common Characteristics of Radiant Energybehave like wavescan be absorbed or reflectedtravel across space at a very high speed (300 000 km/s)Thermal energy is transferred from the heat source in the form of a wave. The wave can travel through materials, and even through empty space. The radiant energy is absorbed or reflected by objects in the path of the wave.181864046355666750-76200Check Your Understanding of Radiation00Check Your Understanding of RadiationWhen you sit in front of a fire, you feel warmed by radiant energy. When someone stands between you and the fire, you feel cold again. Explain why this happens. Draw and label a diagram to illustrate your explanation.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why are white or light-coloured clothes recommended for hot, sunny locations? 656250314162________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why did the Apollo astronauts wear shiny suits on the moon?-627941178376________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain how insulation between the outer and inner walls of a home helps to reduce thermal energy transfer.5198110-1905________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ right164465Explain how a reflective film on windows helps to keep a home cool in the summer but warm in the winter.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conductionthe transferring of thermal energy from one particle to another (collision/colliding of particles)conduction occurs in solidsparticles in liquids and gases are too far apart for conduction to take placesome solids are excellent conductors (gold, copper) because they allow the transfer of energysome solids are poor conductors (glass, wood) because they prevent the transfer of energy – these are called insulatorsR-Value is a measurement used on insulators to know the degree to which it is an effective insulator – the higher the value the better the insulatorParticles near the heat source absorb energy from it. They begin to vibrate more rapidly.The fast-moving particles bump into neighbouring particles, increasing their energy and motion.Neighbouring particles bump into their neighbours, and so on. In this way, thermal energy is transferred throughout the material.1295400-104775Check Your Understanding of Conduction00Check Your Understanding of ConductionOn a cold winter day, why would an iron post in a park feel much colder to the touch than a wooden bench?5076825195580Potatoes cook from the outside in.(a)Why does a small potato cook faster than a large potato?(b)Why does sticking a metal skewer through the middle of a potato make it cook faster?A metal spoon is used to stir a pot of hot soup. Draw three diagrams to show the behaviour of the particles in the spoon. Write captions to help explain what each diagram illustrates.3962400104775Convectiona continuous cycle of warm fluid or particles rising from a heat source, cooling and sinking back down toward the heat source ( the process repeats)examples of the use of this process is seen in a furnace, boiler, stove and dryerParticles near the heat source absorb energy and become warmed. The less dense, warmed column of particles pushes up through the fluid. The surrounding cooler particles sink and move in to replace the rising column of warm particles1571625-19050Check Your Understanding of Convection00Check Your Understanding of ConvectionSea and land breezes are convection currents that occur in nature. Warmer air rises and cooler air moves in to take its place.(a)During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea. The warmer air above the ________rises. This allows the __________ sea air to move in, causing a sea breeze. In the space below, draw and label a diagram of the air currents during a hot, sunny day by the sea.During the night, the land cools faster than the sea. The warmer air above the __________ rises. The cooler air over the __________ moves in to take its place, creating a land breeze. In the space below, draw and label a diagram of the air currents during a night by the sea.Under what conditions would no breezes occur?Insulators and ConductorsLearning Outcomes:compare heat transmissions in different materials (GO 2A)explain how heat is transmitted by conduction, convection and radiation in solids, liquids and gases (GO 2B)520596650962compare and evaluate materials and designs that maximize or minimize heat energy transfer (GO 3C)Key Notes: Conductorsmaterials that allow easy transfer of heat energymost metals are good conductors of thermal energy such as copper, iron and goldInsulatorsmaterials that do not allow for easy transfer of heat energyexamples include plastic, cork and woodInsulators are often used in construction to keep homes warm in the winter and cool in the summer.*************************************************************************R-ValuesSome materials do a better job at insulating than others. Materials are given an R-value or RSI value. The R-values tell the consumer how well the material will insulate or rather keep heat from transferring to another material. The higher the R-value, the better the product is at providing insulation.RSI (Relative Strength Index) of Various MaterialsMaterialRSI per cm of ThicknessBlue Plastic Foam Panels0.35White Plastic Foam Panels0.29Fiberglass0.24Vermiculite0.16Plywood0.087Glass0.017Brick0.014Aluminum0.000 05Still Air0.15Newsprint0.28Heat Insulators WorksheetInsulators are important for energy efficiency – it stops heat from leaking out of your home and into the environment. Insulators help to keep down the cost of both natural gas and electrical use in your home.Calculation Example:Extra thickness increases the RSI value because it is based upon 1 cm of material.Example:3 cm of fiberglass3 X 0.24 = Calculate the RSI value of a 12 cm thick brick wall.Calculate the RSI value of a wall made of 2.5 cm of plywood and 1 cm of still air.Calculate the RSI value of a wall made of 5 cm of aluminum, 10 cm of brick and 20 cm of fiberglass.Calculate the RSI value of a wall made of 1.3 cm blue plastic foam panels, 0.6 cm of aluminum and 5 cm of brick.Calculate the RSI at the bottom of a tent lined with 3 cm of newsprint.Rank the materials in order of best insulating ability to worst insulating ability. Compare (quantitatively) the RSI value of a triple-glazed window (3 panes of glass each 0.3 cm thick and two air spaces each 1.0 cm thick) with a double glazed window (the same particulars).Radiation – How Can We Use It?The Difference between Passive and Active Solar EnergyLearning Outcomes:compare heat transmissions in different materials (GO 2A)explain how heat is transmitted by conduction, convection and radiation in solids, liquids and gases (GO 2B)describe ways in which thermal energy is produced naturally (GO 3A)describe examples of passive and active solar heating and explain the principles that underlie them (GO 3B)compare and evaluate materials and designs that maximize or minimize heat energy transfer (GO 3C)Passive Solar EnergyKey Ideas:A passive system is heated directly by the sun’s rays. It is designed to heat a building without fans or pumps to carry heat to different parts of the building.The basic approach for passive solar heating is simple – reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun.How to Use Passive Solar Energy in Your Home:Insulate the building as much as possible – especially in the places with the greatest heat loss – windows, doors, walls, floor, ceiling and roof.Place large windows on the south side of the building.Place small windows on the north side of the building.Plant deciduous trees on south side of the building and coniferous trees on the north side of the building.Build a large overhang over the window to keep out the summer sun and let the in the winter sun.Have a stone or brick wall in the direct path of the sunlight so that it will give off heat when the sun goes down at night. Using the outline of the house and the information from above show your understanding of how passive solar heating can be used to heat this structure.right28276516867913175NActive Solar EnergyKey Ideas:Heating that requires a mechanical device to carry heat to other parts of the building.Radiation brings energy to the home, but convection makes the heat energy move throughout the house with the use of a device.Active Solar Heating Systems Have 3 Main Parts:Energy Storage CollectorStorage UnitDistribution System to Spread the Heat Using the outline of the house and the information from above show your understanding of how active solar heating can be used to heat this structure. (Label the Diagram)Refer to Page 226 in Science in Action.1009815227454When using a passive solar heating system in Alberta, there must be a back-up system to provide the structure with heat in case there is not enough sun received – especially in the winter!4441372220667Where Does the Most Heat Loss Occur In a Home?(Refer to Page 234 SIA)Topic 7 – Sources of Thermal EnergyKey Vocabulary_______________________________________________an object or material that can transfer energy to other objects_______________________________________________solid, liquid or gas hydrocarbons formed from parts of plants and animals over millions of years_______________________________________________resources that take millions of years to formnot renewableonce they are gone, they are gone_______________________________________________energy resources that can be recycled or replaced by natural processes in less than 100 years________________________________________________a warming of the environment that results from human activities, such as burning of fossil fuelsTypes of Thermal Energy_______________________________________________the energy stored in food and fuelsheat is released from food and fuels through a chemical process of burningFood is digested releasing energyfuels, such as wood, coal and other fossil fuels burn to release energy_______________________________________________energy stored in moving water can be used to generate electricity (hydroelectricity)produced at generating stations that burns fuels to produce electricityelectricity is sent to homes and industries through a system of wiresthis type of energy production has caused negative effects on the environmentWays Electricity is Created____________________________________________________________Using the power of falling water to produce electricity ____________________________________________________________Burning coal and natural gas for energy Mechanical Forces_______________________________________thermal energy produced by the force of friction (the rubbing of two objects)mechanical forces that push and pull objects release thermal energy (car brakes, bicycle brakes, skidding tires)Geothermal Energy________________________________________energy that is harnessed from the Earth’s interiorexamples include erupting volcanoes, geysers and hot springsgood, clean and reliable energy sourceSolar Power_________________________________________energy from the Sunclean and a resource that will always be available, however inventions are continually being created to harness this great powerWind Power__________________________________________energy of moving aircreated by convection currentswindmill invention has been used to capture the power of the wind to generate electricityNuclear Power_____________________________________________a process that uses small amounts of radioactive uranium to produce vast amounts of heatnon-renewable nuclear power plants produce large quantities of electricityrequires special handlingmajor problem is the long term storage of nuclear wasteTopic 7: Energy ConsumptionGive it a Try:Make a list of your everyday activities that require energy.How could we reduce our energy consumption? :Reduce energy consumption by…Energy Efficient LightingDevices that control power consumption of appliances Low flow shower heads :Approximately 50% of the oil used in Canada is used by cars and trucksWhich uses a lot of energy and causes pollution :Walking, biking, public transportation, car poolCombine outings into one efficient tripDrive fuel efficient vehicles :Is the biggest energy userThey have offices and factories that need to be litMultiple computers, photocopies, and other office machinesFactories use energy to produce products to reduce energy consumptionIdentify energy inefficiencies and ways to become more efficient :a method of energy conservation by which waste heat or energy from one industry is used by another industryUnit 3 ReviewHeat and TemperatureTopic 1: Using Energy from HeatWhat is Thermal Energy?the basic definition is heatused for cooking and keeping warmthrough the advancement of technology we have been able to control the use of thermal energychanges in needs and wants have advanced the uses of different thermal sourcesExamples: clothesline drying to drying machineTopic 2: Measuring TemperatureTemperaturedefined as how hot or cold something is (this is the basic definitions BUT you must also know the scientific definition)may be estimated by touch and sightThermometersfirst thermometer invented by Galileohe invented the air thermometer on the basis that air expands when heatedliquid use was then developed on the same premisemercury was used – did not stick to glass tubing and had appropriate freezing and boiling pointsalcohol thermometer most commonly usedSteps in Calibrating Thermometersin order for a thermometer to be accurate it must be calibrated3 Steps:1) freezing temperature (ice water)2) boiling temperature3) equal divisions marked between 2 pointsTemperature ScalesTypes:1) Celsius Scale2) Kelvin Scale3) Fahrenheit Scale** Review fixed temperatures and well known temperatures on all three scales – boiling point, freezing point, body temperature, room temperature, absolute zero.Thermometersdifferent types of thermometers for different purposeseach thermometer contains a sensor, signal and a responderTypes of ThermometersThermocoupleBimetallic StripRecording ThermometerInfrared Thermogram** Refer to your notes and review over their uses and ic 3: The Particle Model, Temperature and Thermal EnergyThe Particle Model (How Particles Behave in a Substance)4 main pointsall substances are made up of tiny particles too small to be seenconstant motionspaces between particlesmotion of particles increases/decreases when the temperature increases/decreases** Really understand the last point to the particle model of matter as you need to relate this point to the scientific definition of temperature and thermal energyThree States of Mattersolid, liquid and gasbehaviour of particles act differently in each state (movement, shape and volume)refer to your reading assignment about how these particles behave in each of their statesThermal Energy (Heat)energy that flows to or from a substancetransferred from hot to coldtotal kinetic energythe faster the particle motion the higher the thermal energymeasured in JoulesTemperatureparticle motion and temperature are directly relatedincrease in temperature increases particle motion and vice versathe average speed (average kinetic energy) of particles in motionmeasured in degrees Celsius** Look back and review over the tea cup and pail example – Eureka video – the difference between thermal energy and temperature… why is there a difference…Energysomething’s ability to do work or to cause change (example: charged battery)energy is transferred or transformed from one energy type to another (electricity to light)does not have masscannot be created or destroyedit is a state, quality or a conditionenergy transfers in one direction (high to low OR hot to cold)Law of Conservation of EnergyTopic 4: Expansion and ContractionExpansionas thermal energy is added the particles move faster and spread apart, causing an increase in volumeContractionas thermal energy is removed the particles slow down and move closer together, causing a decrease in volumeExpansion and Contraction of Solidsall solids expand and contract at different rates when heated and cooledeach solid has a unique characteristic (eg. copper, steel and concrete)solids expand very slowly as compared to liquids and gases due to the strong bonds between the particlesthe small change adds up in relation to large structures therefore expansion and contraction rates of materials must be considered in constructionrefer to lab examples – bimetallic strip and ball and ringExpansion and Contraction of Gasesparticles in gases are farther apart than those in solids and the forces of attraction are much weakerany increase in temperature will causes the gas particles to move rapidly away from each other, so gases expand more than solids given the same temperature changerefer to lab examples – balloon and flaskExpansion and Contraction of Liquidsall liquids expand and contract at different rate (eg. mercury, alcohol, oil, water, vinegar)refer to lab example – heart meter**Think of everyday examples of expansion and contraction – railroads, bridges, buildings, expansion joints, sidewalks, bowl of soup, hot air balloons, telephone wires… ic 5: The Particle Model and Changes of StateHeat Capacitythe amount of thermal energy that warms or cools an object by one degree CelsiusTypes:Low Heat Capacity – objects that warm and cool quickly (sand example)High Heat Capacity – objects that warm and cool slowly (water example)Changes of StateThe six changes of state include:solidification – liquid to solidfusion – solid to liquidcondensation – gas to liquidevaporation – liquid to gassublimation – solid to gassublimation – gas to solidany pure substance can exist in all three states of matterduring a phase change the temperature stays constant (hidden or latent heat)particles become less organized as their energy increases (solid-liquid-gas)particles become more organized as their energy decreases (gas-liquid-solid)** Refer to diagram/graph in notes to explain what happens to the organization of particles as their energy increases/decreases.Evaporative Coolingthe phenomenon that as particles evaporate they become coolerfast moving particles (warm) escape leaving behind slow moving particles (cool)any surface it comes in contact with cools as well (example: perspiring)Topic 6: Transferring EnergyThree ways that energy can be transferred are:RadiationConductionConvectionRadiationtransfer of energy without any movement of matter (radiant energy or electromagnetic radiation – EMR)radiant energy travels like a wave (ripple action)can travel through empty space, air, glass and other materialsexamples include radio waves, microwaves, visible light, x-rays and the sun’s energy (heat radiation)Common Characteristics of Radiant Energybehave like wavescan be absorbed or reflectedtravel across space at a very high speed (300 000 km/s)Conductionthe transferring of thermal energy from one particle to another (collision/colliding of particles)conduction occurs in solidsparticles in liquids and gases are too far apart for conduction to take placesome solids are excellent conductors (gold, copper) because they allow the transfer of energysome solids are poor conductors (glass, wood) because they prevent the transfer of energy – these are called insulatorsR-Value is a measurement used on insulators to know the degree to which it is an effective insulator – the higher the value the better the insulatorConvectiona continuous cycle of warm fluid or particles rising from a heat source, cooling and sinking back down toward the heat source ( the process repeats)examples of the use of this process is seen in a furnace, boiler, stove and dryerFeatures of Energy Transfer SystemsEnergy SourceDirection of Energy TransferTransformationsWaster HeatControl Systems** Refer to your reading assignment for an explanation of each of the following features of energy transfer systems. There are also examples in your reading assignment.Types of Thermal EnergyChemical Energythe energy stored in food and fuelsheat is released from food and fuels through a chemical process of burningfood is digested releasing energyfuels, such as wood, coal and other fossil fuels burn to release energyElectrical Energyenergy stored in moving water can be used to generate electricity (hydroelectricity)produced at generating stations that burns fuels to produce electricityelectricity is sent to homes and industries through a system of wiresthis type of energy production has caused negative effects on the environmentMechanical Forcesthermal energy produced by the force of friction (the rubbing of two objects)mechanical forces that push and pull objects release thermal energy (car brakes, bicycle brakes, skidding tires)Geothermal Energyenergy that is harnessed from the Earth’s interiorexamples include erupting volcanoes, geysers and hot springsgood, clean and reliable energy sourceSolar Energyenergy from the Sunclean and a resource that will always be available, however inventions are continually being created to harness this great powerWind Energyenergy of moving aircreated by convection currentswindmill invention has been used to capture the power of the wind to generate electricityDefine:energy resourcefossil fuelsnon-renewable resourcesrenewable resourcesthermal pollutioncogenerationTopic 8: Conserving Our Fossil Fuel Resourcesfossil fuels are important part of our economy, but the burning of them has created so many disadvantageswe believed that this resource was readily available and that the environmental effects were minimalthis idea has changed as scientists have done more researchDanger: Thermal Energyharmful effects obvious (forest fires, pollution)industries responsible for containing and storing dangerous chemicals and productsBy-Products of Thermal Energy Use1) Carbon Dioxideburning of fossil fuels (cause of global warming)2) Sulfur Dioxideirritant to eyes, nose and throatcompanies and industries put a lot of money into research to reduce these emissions3) Carbon Monoxidelethal gas – poisons brain – inability to reason and functionKnowledge of the dangers of thermal energy will help you make proper environmental choices.Questions:What is the basic definition of thermal energy?What are the two main uses of thermal energy?What are the two ways that temperature may be estimated?Who invented the first thermometer?What was the name of Galileo’s first thermometer?What are the two most common liquids used in laboratory thermometers?How may the accuracy of the Celsius scale be affected?What are the three steps in calibrating a thermometer?Name three temperature scales.What scale is used for scientific measurements?What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius scale?What is the boiling point of water on the Celsius scale?What is absolute zero?What is absolute zero in degrees Celsius? Kelvin?What are the three main parts of every thermometer?What thermometer produces an electrical current?This measuring device is used to turn on and off an electrical switch.Used to measure temperature over a long period of time.This thermometer uses infrared radiation and color to indicate temperature.What is body temperature in the Fahrenheit scale?What are the four main points of the particle model of matter?Thermal energy is measured in this standard unit.What direction does energy flow?What is the scientific definition of temperature?What is energy?What is expansion?What is contraction?What are the key characteristics of an object with low heat capacity?What are the key characteristics of an object with high heat capacity?What is solidification?What is fusion?What is condensation?Name the change of state from liquid to gas.Name the change of state that bypasses the liquid state.What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change?What is the name of the phenomenon in which particle cool as they evaporate?What is latent heat or hidden heat?What does EMR stand for? What are the three ways that energy may be transferred?What are the three characteristics that all types of radiant energy share?Name two examples of radiant energy.Of what state of matter does conduction occur?What is the special name given to those materials that are not good conductors?What solid types are the best conductors?What is convection?Where or how are convection currents used?List 5 features that all energy transfers have in common.What is chemical energy?What type of electricity is produced by moving water?What is an example of mechanical forces?What is geothermal energy?What is solar energy?What is nuclear energy?What is active solar energy?What is passive solar energy?How can wind energy be harnessed?What is a non-renewable resource?What is a renewable resource?What are greenhouse gases?What is cogeneration?What is thermal pollution?What are three negative by-products of thermal energy?What is matter?Does energy have mass?What state of matter fills the container in which is was placed?What state of matter has a definite size, but no fixed shape?What is a pure substance?ANSWERSAnswer: heatAnswer: cooking and heatingAnswer: touch and sightAnswer: GalileoAnswer: air thermometerAnswer: alcohol and mercuryAnswer: pressure, sea level and impurities of waterAnswer: set freezing points and boiling points and divide into equal divisionsAnswer: Celsius, Kelvin, FahrenheitAnswer: KelvinAnswer: 0CAnswer: 100CAnswer: coldest possible temperatureAnswer: Celsius is –273.15C and Kelvin is 0 K.Answer: sensor, signal, responderAnswer: thermocoupleAnswer: bimetallic stripAnswer: recording thermometerAnswer: infrared thermogramAnswer: 96F Answer: all substances are made of particles, constant motion, spaces, motion of particles is related to temperatureAnswer: JouleAnswer: high energy to low energy or hot to coldAnswer: the average speed of particles in motionAnswer: something’s ability to do workAnswer: increase in volumeAnswer: decrease in volumeAnswer: warms and cools quicklyAnswer: warms and cools slowlyAnswer: liquid to solidAnswer: solid to liquidAnswer: gas to liquidAnswer: evaporationAnswer: sublimationAnswer: stays constantAnswer: evaporative coolingAnswer: at the point where a substance changes from one state to another, heat cannot be detected, on a graph it is represented by a plateau (the particles are going through a rearrangement from a sold to a liquid to a gas OR a gas to a liquid to a solid)37. Answer: electromagnetic radiationAnswer: radiation, convection, conductionAnswer: behave like waves, can be absorbed or reflected, travel at high speedsAnswer: microwaves, x-rays, visible light, radio waves, sunlightAnswer: solidAnswer: insulatorsAnswer: metalsAnswer: the continuous cycle of warm air rising, cooling and returning to the energy sourceAnswer: furnace, stove, dryer, winds and breezesAnswer: energy source, direction, transformation, waste heat and control systemAnswer: energy stored in food and fuelsAnswer: hydroelectricityAnswer: car brakes, tires skidding, nail pounding – anything related to frictionAnswer: energy that is harnessed from the Earth’s surfaceAnswer: energy from the sunAnswer: through nuclear fission small amounts of radioactive uranium is used to produce vast amounts of heatAnswer: active solar heating uses mechanical devices like fans to distribute stored thermal energy – heating that requires a mechanical device to carry heat to other parts of the buildingAnswer: passive solar heating uses the materials in the structure to absorb, store and release solar energy – direct heating by the sun’s rays, without fans, pumps or pumps to carry the heat to other parts of the building Answer: windmillsAnswer: resources that once gone are gone forever (takes a long period of time to replace)Answer: resources that can be recycled or replacedAnswer: gases, such as carbon dioxide, that result from the burning of fossil fuels or wood; greenhouse gases prevent heat from leaving the atmosphere, increasing the temperature of the atmosphereAnswer: a method of energy conservation by which waste heat or energy from one industry is used by anotherAnswer: a warming of the environment as a result of human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels Answer: carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxideAnswer: anything that takes up space, has mass and is made up of particlesAnswer: NOAnswer: gasAnswer: liquidAnswer: a material that is composed of only one type of particle ................
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