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Henle Latin Vocabulary Challenge B Challenge B Semester 1 Week 1 Pages 7, 11, 14NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #terra, terrae1stfeminineearth, landpg 7porta, portae1stfemininegatepg 7Marīa, Marīae1stfeminineMarypg 7nauta, nautae1stmasculinesailorpg 7victōria, victōriae1stfemininevictory pg 7silva, silvae1stfeminineforestpg 7glōria, glōriae1stfemininefame, glory pg 7prōvincia, provinciae1stfeminineprovincepg 14Verbs/ AdverbsLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationLesson #/Pg #ōratVerbhe, she, it prayspg 11ōrantVerbthey praypg 11videtVerbhe, she, it seespg 11videntVerbthey seepg 11laudatVerbhe, she, it praisespg 14laudantVerbthey praisepg 14Latin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #nōnAdverbnot pg 11Related English words: The following phrases contain English words related to some of the Latin words in the vocabulary: a nautical dictionary; a sylvan scene; the portals of the palace; rough terrain. Can you tell which words are related?A nonstop flight. The priest then read the orations.A laudatory speech; a provincial dialectChallenge B Semester 1 Week 2Pages 17, 21, 23, 25, 31NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #servus, servī 2ndmasculineslave, servantpg 17fīlius, fīliī2ndmasculinesonpg 17Deus, Deī2ndmasculineGodpg 17amīcus, amīcī 2ndmasculinefriendpg 17Chrīstus, Chrīstī 2ndmasculineChristpg 17Chrīstiānus, Chrīstiānī2ndmasculineChristianpg 17bellum, bellī 2ndNeuterwarpg 21caelum, caelī 2ndNeutersky, heavenpg 21rēgnum, rēgnī 2ndNeuterkingdom, royal powerpg 21praemium, praemiī 2ndNeuterrewardpg 21perīculum, perīculī2ndNeuterdangerpg 21imperium, imperiī 2ndNeutercommand, power, empirepg 21gladius, ī 2ndMasculineswordpg 23oppidum, ī 2ndNeutertownpg 25Gallia, ae1stFeminineGaulpg 25Gallus, ī 2ndMasculinea Gaul pg 25Rōmānus, ī2ndMasculinea Romanpg 25Rōma, ae1stFeminineRomepg 25Note: : When Caelum is used to mean the Christian heaven the c will be capitalizedVerbs/ Adverbs/Conjunctions/PrepositionsLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #deditVerbhe, she, it gavepg 23dedēruntVerbthey gavepg 23sumVerbI am pg 28esVerbyou (singular) arepg 28estVerbhe, she, it ispg 28sumusVerbwe arepg 28estisVerbyou are (plural)pg 28suntVerbthey are pg 28incoluntVerbthey inhabitpg 31vidētisVerbyou (plural) seepg 31vīcēruntVerbthey conqueredpg 31.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 2Latin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #etConjunctionandpg 17quodConjunctionbecausepg 31itaqueConjunctiontherefore, and sopg 31sedConjunctionbutpg 23propterprep. w. acc.on account ofpg 25cumprep. w. ablwithpg 25postprep. w. acc. after, behindpg 25inprep. w. ablin, onpg 25Note: The abbreviations used are: prep., preposition, w., with, acc., accusative, abl., ablative In vocabulary study always learn WHAT CASE A PREPOSITION GOVERNSQuod and itaque NEVER change their spelling. Itaque is used at the beginning of a sentence as an introductory adverb.Related English Words:A servile spirit; amicable relations; with filial affection. A belligerent nation. An interregnum. A premium was offereed. His Imperial Majesty.The French are famous for their Gallic with. In the post-bellum yearsChallenge B Semester 1 Week 3Pages 36, 39, 42NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #lēx, lēgis3rdFemininelawpg 36rēx, rēgis3rdMasculinekingpg 36dux, ducis3rdMasculineleaderpg 36lūx, lūcis3rdFemininelightpg 36homō, hominis3rdMasculinemanpg 36imperātor, imperātōris3rdMasculinecommander in chief, generalpg 36vēritās, vēritātis 3rdFemininetruthpg 36Caesar, Caesaris3rdMasculineCaesarpg 39salūs, salūtis3rdFemininesafety, welfare, salvationpg 39vōx, vōcis3rdFemininevoice, crypg 39virtūs, virtūtis3rdFemininecourage, virtuepg 42mīles, mīlitis3rdMasculinesoliderpg 42pāx, pācis 3rdFemininepeacepg 42via, ae1stFeminineroad, way pg 42populus, ī 2ndMasculinepeople, nationpg 42Note: What is the gender of Caesar, vōx, and salūs? Why? Why is vōx like lēx?To what declensions do the nouns in the vocabulary belong? What gender are they? Why?VerbsLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #audīvitVerbhe, she, it heardpg 39mūnīvēruntVerbthey fortified, they constructed (w. viam or viās)pg 42Note: Mūnīvērunt means they constructed ONLY when it has viam or viās as its object. Otherwise it means they fortified.Related English Words:Salutary advice; vocal lessons; the Kaiser.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 4Pages 44, 47, 51, 53 NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #pars, partis3rd (istem)Femininepartpg 44collis, collis3rd (istem)Masculine*hillpg 44hostis, hostis3rd (istem)Feminineenemy (in war)pg 44gēns, gentis3rd (istem)Femininetribepg 44caedēs, caedis3rd (istem)Feminineslaughterpg 44frāter, frātris (frātrum)3rdMasculinebrotherpg 47pater, patris (patrum)3rdMasculinefatherpg 47māter, mātris (mātrum)3rdFemininemotherpg 47mōns, montis3rd (istem)Masculine*mountainpg 47clāmor, clāmōris3rdMasculineshouting, shoutpg 47prīnceps, prīncipis3rdMasculinechief, leading manpg 47flūmen, flūminis3rdNeuterriverpg 51iter, itineris3rdNeuterjourney, march, routepg 51corpus, corporis3rdNeuterbodypg 51vulnus, vulneris3rdNeuterwoundpg 51agmen, agminis3rdNeutercolumn (of soldiers), army (on the march)pg 51nōmen, nōminis3rdNeuternamepg 51mundus, mundī2ndMasculineworldpg 53Note: The plural of hostis is often used to tranlate the English singular enemy. Collis is an exception to the rules for gender; notice that is masculine.The genitive plura of pater, māter, frāter is put in parentheses to remind you that these words are exceptions to the rule for -ium words.Notice that mōns is an exception to the gender rules.Related English Words: The gentiles; hostile actions. Paternal care; the crown prince; maternal affection; clamorous demands; fraternal love. Corporal needs. An itinerant salesman. We nominated him for president. Mundane affairs. VerbsLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #occīdēruntVerbthey killedpg 47eratVerbhe, she, it waspg 53erantverbthey werepg 53Note: Erat and erant (like est and sunt) sometimes mean there was and there were.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 5Pages 56, 58NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #adventus, ūs4thMasculinearrival, comingpg 56equitātus, ūs4th Masculinecavalrypg 56exercitus, ūs4th Masculinearmypg 56impetus, ūs4thMasculineattackpg 56metus, ūs4thMasculinefearpg 56spīritus, ūs4thMasculinebreath, spiritpg 56portus, ūs4thMasculineharborpg 56senātus , ūs4thMasculinesenatepg 56Note:The ūs in the vocabulary stands of course for the full genitive form, e.g. Adventus, ūs = adventus, adventūs.Be sure to note the the difference between portus, ūs and porta, ae.The Roman Senate was an aristocratic governing body somewhat like a combination of the United State Senate and the British House of Lords. In the time of the Republic the Senate was very powerful and really directed Roman policies. Under the emperors it had very little real power.Related English Word: The port of New York. The season of Advent. He gave the movement a strong impetus.Prepositions/AdverbsLatin Word Part of SpeechEnglish TranslationPg #inprep w. ablativein, onpg 58inprep w. accusativein, into, against, upon, onpg 58nuncadverbnowpg 58autemconjunction, postpositivehoweverpg 58Note: Autem is postpositive. This means that it cannot stand first in a clause but must ALWAYS FOLLOW THE FIRST WORD OR PHRASE OF ITS CLAUSE. (See sentence 4, Exercise 65)VerbsLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #fēcēruntVerbthey madepg 58vēnitverbhe, she, it camepg 58vēnēruntverbthey camepg 58Challenge B Semester 1 Week 6Pages 62, 64NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #rēs, reī 5thFemininething, affairpg 62fidēs, fideī5thFemininefaith, reliability, faithfulnesspg 62aciēs, aciēī5thFemininebattle linepg 62spēs, speī5thFemininehopepg 62castra, castrōrum (plural)2ndNeutercamppg 64impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum (plural)2nd Neuterbaggage, baggage trainpg 64grātia, ae (singular)1stFemininefavor, influence, grace (in Christian Latin)pg 64grātiae, grātiārum (plural)1stFemininethankspg 64cōpia, ae (singular)1st Femininesupply, abundancepg 64cōpiae, cōpiarum (plural)1stFemininetroops, forces (military term)pg 64Note:Grātia is used in Christian Latin to mean grace, as in grātia Deī, the grace of God.Silva, ae, as you know, means a forest; but it is generally used in the PLURAL and with the SAME MEANING as in the singular, like the English word woods.Recall that the English singular enemy is often translated by the plural hostēs.Related English Words: This is the real state of affairs. Fidelity to duty. A copious flow of water; gratitude; a gracious manner; a comfortable position.Latin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #posuēruntverbthey put, they placedpg 62posuērunt w. castraverbthey pitchedpg 64agunt w. grātiāsverbthey givepg 64Note: When posuērunt is modified by an in-phrase, the in ALWAYS takes the ablative.Posuērunt means they pitched ONLY when it has castra for its object. Remember that when an in-phrase modifies posuērunt, the in always governs the ablative.Agunt means give ONLY when it has grātiās for its object.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 7Pages 73, 76, 78 1st & 2nd Declension AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #magnus, a, um1st & 2nd great, largepg 73altus, a, um1st & 2nd high, deeppg 73bonus, a, um1st & 2nd goodpg 73longus, a, um1st & 2nd longpg 73malus, a, um1st & 2nd badpf 73multus, a, um1st & 2nd much (pl. many)pg 73sānctus, a, um1st & 2nd holy, saintpg 73prīmus, a, um1st & 2nd firstpg 73angustus, a, um1st & 2nd narrowpg 76reliquus, a, um1st & 2nd remaining, the rest ofpg 76tūtus, a, um1st & 2nd safepg 76Rōmānus, a um1st & 2nd Romanpg 76Chrīstiānus, a, um1st & 2nd Christianpg 76RULE: Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case. Related English WordsThe welfare of the people should be the primary concern of statesmen. The magnitude of the task. Altitude. Relics of the Saints; a good tutor.Latin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #inopia, ae1stFemininescarcity, wantpg 78dominus, ī2ndMasculinemaster, Lord*pg 78mūrus, ī2nd Masculinewallpg 78frūmentum, ī2nd Neutergrain (pl. crops)pg 78legiō, legiōnis3rdFemininelegionpg 78*Note: In Christian Latin Dominus, Lord, is used when referring to God or Christ.Related English Words:Arguments pro and con; a dominating personality; mural decorations.Prepositions/AdverbsLatin Word Part of SpeechEnglish TranslationPg #prōprep w. ablativein front of (before)on behalf of (for)pg 78Challenge B Semester 1 Week 8Pages 82, 85, 87 3rd Declension AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionEnglish TranslationPg #gravis, e3rdheavy, severe, seriouspg 82brevis, e3rdshortpg 82commūnis, e3rdcommonpg 82difficilis, e3rddifficultpg 82facilis, e3rdeasypg 82fortis, e3rdbrave, strongpg 82nōbilis, e3rdnoble, renownedpg 82omnis, e3rdall, everypg 82Related English Words:Life is brief. The good of the community. Fortified positions. God is omnipresent. A grave matter.Note: Remember that ALL adjectives follow the rule for agreement given on page 73. RULE: Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case. Adjectives Governing Cases Latin WordDeclensionGoverned by Case: English TranslationPg #cupidus, a, um1st & 2ndGenitiveeager, desirouspg 85plēnus, a, um1st & 2ndGen or Ablfullpg 85fīnitimus, a, um1st & 2ndDativeneighboring, nextpg 85similis, e3rdGen or Dativelike, similarpg 85Note: These adjectives are sometimes used WITHOUT a modifying phrase as: gentēs fīnitimae, neighboring tribes.Related English Words:The cupidity of the miser; a plenary indulgenceS1W8 cont. Latin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #Jēsūs, ū4thMasculineJesuspg 87urbs, urbis3rdFemininecitypg 87pōns, pontis3rdMasculinebridgepg 87signum, ī2ndNeuterstandard, signal, signpg 87eques, equitis3rd Masculinehorseman (pl. calvary)pg 87Note:3. The plural of horseman is horsemen, which is the same as cavalry; hence the meaning for equitēs given in the vocabulary.4. Jēsūs is declined:Nom. JēsūsGen JēsūDat JēsūAcc JēsūmAbl JēsūOtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #et. . . etConjunctionboth.. andpg 87quidwhat? pg 87prīmā lūcePhraseat dawnpg 87Note: 1. Quid is used in asking questions: Quid est in urbe? What is in the city? Quid vidētis? What do you see?2. Lūce is the ablative of lūx; prīmā (from prīmus, a, um) agrees with it. Prīmā lūce literally means with or at the first light; hence, at dawn.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 9Pages 103VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitiveIntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #laudō1sttr. praisepg 103occupō1sttr. seizepg 103oppugnō1sttr. attack, assaultpg 103ōrō1sttr. beg, praypg 103parō1sttr. prepare, get readypg 103Note: Whenever the principal parts are not printed in full in the vocabulary, the verb forms its parts regularly like the model for its conjugation. Thus occupō is like laudō: occupō, OCCUP?RE, OCCUP?V?, OCCUP?TUS, 1. tr. IN ALL TESTS AND RECITATIONS GIVE THE FULL PRINCIPAL PART.The abbreviation tr. stands for TRANSITIVE and shows that the verb takes a direct OBJECT in the ACCUSATIVE case. Always learn from the vocabulary whether a verb is TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVERELATED ENGLISH WORDS:He lauded the President's program. American soldiers occupied many islands in the Pacific. Challenge B Semester 1 Week 10Pages 109, 112, 114, 117 VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #pugnō1stintr. fightpg 109superō1sttr. overcome, conquer, surpasspg 109portō1sttr. carrypg 109dō, dāre, dedī, dātus1sttr. givepg 112vocō1sttr.callpg 112Note: Dō forms its perfect stem differently from laudō. Therefore you must memorize the principal parrts. It is also peculiar in this, that the a which begins the endings is short throughout the indicative except in the second person singular present indicative active (dās).NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #numerus, ī2ndMasculinenumberpg 109centuriō, centuriōnis3rdMasculinea centurion*pg 109mors, mortis3rdFemininedeathpg 112hīberna, hībernōrum (plural)2nd (pl)Neuter winter quarterspg 112locus, īpl., loca, locōrum2ndMasculineplacepg 114ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis3rdFemininespeech, prayerpg 117* Note: A centurion was a Roman army officer in charge of 100 men. The rank was similar to that of our captainNote: Hīberna, like castra, is declined only in the plural. Locus becomes a neuter noun in the plural: loca. When locus is modified by an adjective the preposition in may be omitted with the ablative case. In an unfavorable place, locō aliēnō. ?rātiō means prayer only in Christian Latin.Related English Words:He gave a large tip to the porter. Some boys are pugnacious by nature. Every century has its saints. Roman numerals. Import and export taxes. A mortal wound. Some animals hibernate during the winter. A vocation to the priesthood. The priest reads the orations after the Kyrie Eleison.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 10Pages 109, 112, 114, 117 AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionEnglish TranslationPg #aliēnus, a, um1st & 2ndunfavorable, another's, foreignpg 114OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #interimadverbmeanwhilepg 112ubiadverbwhere? pg 114quispronounwho? pg 114quidpronounwhat? pg 114cūradverbwhy? pg 114semperadverbalwayspg 117sīcutconjunctionaspg 117in prīncipiōphrasein the beginningpg 117in saecula saeculōrumphraseworld without end, foreverpg 117-neparticle used in questionspg 117Related English WordsThe politician has alienated many of his friends. A local election. Some aliens are deported by the government,.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 11Pages 120, 125VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #moneō2ndtr.warn, advisepg 120timeō, timēre, timuī no 4th part2ndtr. fearpg 120terreō2ndtr. terrifypg 120habeō2ndtr. havepg 120videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus2ndtr.seepg 125Note: Timeō has no fourth principal part. Videō forms its principal parts differently from the model moneō. Memorize all the parts given here.Related English Words: A timorous soul; a timid person; Visual aids. The shepherds saw a vision of angels.NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #arma, armōrum (plural)2nd (pl)Neuterarmspg 120Note: Arma is a neuter plural of the second declension.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #ego, meī pronounIpg 125nōs, nostrīpronounwepg 125saepeadverboftenpg 125Related English Words: An inflated ego. Napoleon was egotistical. Challenge B Semester 1 Week 12Pages 128, 133, 137 VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus2ndtr. holdpg 128moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus2ndtr. movepg 128sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus2ndtr.sustain, withstandpg 133Related English Words:Napoleon possessed a tenacious and indomitable wall. Motion pictures.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #tū, tuīpronounyou (singular)pg 128vōs, vestrī pronounyou (plural)pg 128tamenadverbneverthelesspg 128nequeconjunctionnor, and.. notpg 128ia, ea, id pronounhe, she, itpg 133suīpronounhimself, herself, itself, themselvespg 137etiamadverbalsopg 137enimconjunctionpostpositiveforpg 137NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #fīnēs, fīnium3rd (pl)Masculineterritorypg 133Note: Fīnēs is a plural noun of the third declension.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 13Pages 140, 141, 143, 145VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus3rdtr.lead, guidepg 140gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus3rdtr. carry, carry on, wage (w. bellum)pg 140dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus3rdtr.defendpg 141īnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus3rdtr. draw up, equippg 141mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus3rdtr.sendpg 141vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus3rdtr. conquerpg 143petō, petere, petīvī, petītus3rdtr.seek, beg, requestpg 143pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus3rdtr. drive, repulse, routpg 143pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus3rdtr.put, place, set, pitch (w. castra)pg 145contendō, contendere, contendī, no 4th part3rdintr. strive, contend, hastenpg 145agō, agere, egī, āctus3rdtr.drive, do, act, treatpg 145Note:Pōnō means pitch only when it is used of a camp. When an in-phrase is used to modify pōnō, in always takes the ABLATIVE.Contendō has no fourth principal parts.Agō is not the helping verb do, as in “I did love” or “I do fight”; it is an independent verb, as in “I did it.”Related English Words: What is the difference between a missive and a missle? It is safer to build viaducts over railroad tracks. St. Francis Xavier was a great Catholic missionary. St. Francis Borgia was the Duke of Gandia before he became a Jesuit. A petition presented to Congress; a victorious generalChallenge B Semester 1 Week 13Pages 140, 141, 143, 145NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #litterae, litterārum (plural)1st (pl)Feminineletter (i.e. an epistle) , dispatchpg 143Note: Litterae is a plural noun of the first declension ( like cōpiae)OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #fortiteradverbbravely, stronglypg 141ibiadverbtherepg 145dēprep. w. ablconcerning, aboutpg 145Related English Words: What is the difference between a missive and a missle? It is safer to build viaducts over railroad tracks. St. Francis Xavier was a great Catholic missionary. St. Francis Borgia wa the Duke of Gandia before he became a Jesuit. A petition presented to Congress; a victorious generalChallenge B Semester 1 Week 14Pages 147, 151, 153 VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #audiō4thtr.hearpg 147mūniō4thtrfortify, construct (w. viam or viās)pg 147veniō, venīre, vēnī, epg 147conveniō, convenīre, convēnī, e together, assemblepg 147sum, esse, fuī, futūrusintr.ampg 151absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusab (ā) w. abl.intr. am away, am distantpg 153Note:Veniō (as is clear from its meaning) is intransitive; i.e. It can not take an object in the accusative case. The fourth principal part of INTRANSITIVE verbs is written -um, not -us (ventum). This will be explained later.Note: Sum has no PASSIVE; therefore is has no perfect participle passive. The future active participle is given as the fourth principal part. We shall study these participles later.Note: Absum is a compound of the preposition ab and the verb sum. Therefore, it is conjugated like SUM. The place away from which something is, is expressed by the preposition ab (ā before consonants), from, and the ablative. Thus: Caesar was away from the camp. Caesar a castrīs aberat.Related English Words: Munitions of war. The Senate convened to discuss the treaty. The 1944 Democratic convention nominated Roosevelt and Truman. The auditorium was packed.Many members of Congress were absent.Challenge B Semester 1 Week 14Pages 147, 151, 153 OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #perprep. w. accthroughpg 147undiqueadverbfrom all sides, on all sidespg 151longēadverbfar, by farpg 153NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #tēlum, ī2nd Neuterdartpg 151Challenge B Semester 1 Week 15Pages 156, 160VerbsLatin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #collocō, 1sttr place, stationpg 156maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus2ndintr. remainpg 156compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus2ndtr. w. ablfill (with)pg 156cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessūrus3rdintr. give way, yieldpg 156incitō1sttr incite, arousepg 160adjuvō, adjuvāre, adjūvī, adjūtus1sttr. help, aidpg 160servō1sttr. guard, keeppg 160perturbō1sttr. confuse, disturbpg 160incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus3rdtr. set fire to, burnpg 160Note: When compleō is modified by a with-phase is translated by the ablative without a preposition. Hence the notation w. Abl. He filled the camp with grain. Castra frūmentō complēvit. Related English Words: Incendiary bombs. The general's adjutant. He was very perturbed.Mexico ceded California to the United State. The destroyer has its full complement of men.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #atque (ac)conjunctionandpg 156tumadverbthen, at that timepg 160Challenge B Semester 2 Week 1Pages 163, 168NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #puer, puerī2ndmasc.boypg 163ager, agrī2ndmasc.fieldpg 163vir, virī2ndmasc.manpg 163Italia, Italiae 1stFemItalypg 163fortūna, fortūnae1stfem.fortunepg 163Note: Homō means a human being, a man as opposed to an animal; vir means a man as opposed to a woman or a child.Chrīstus propter nōs hominēs in mundum vēnit.Christ came into the world on account of us men.Men here means the human race; Christ came for both men and women, hence hominēs.Caesar erat vir fortis.Christ was a brave man.Vir is used because Caesar is not a woman and has manly, virile qualities.Hereafter, use homō only when a human being or man in general is meant.Related English Words:A puerile remark. A virile character. The agrarian party.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #itaadverbso thuspg 163trānsprep. w. accacrosspg 163Related English Words:. Lindbergh made the first solo transatlantic flight.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 1Pages 163, 168AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #miser, misera, miserum1st & 2nd wretchedpg 168līber, lībera, līberum1st & 2ndfreepg 168integer, integra, integrum1st & 2ndfresh, uninjured, wholepg 168Related English Words:Lincoln liberated the slaves. A miserable fellow. The number one is an integer.NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #proelium, ī2ndNeuterbattlepg 168cīvitās, cīvitātis3rd (Istem)femstatepg 168Note: The ablative of proelium is generally used without in in such expressions as: in many battles, multīs proeliīs. Challenge B Semester 2 Week 2Pages 173AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #meus, a, um1st/2nd Declmy, minepg 173noster, nostra, nostrum1st/2nd Declour, ourspg 173tuus, a, um1st/2nd Declyour, yours (when referring to ONE person)pg 173vester, vestra, vestrum1st/2nd Declyour, yours (when referring to MORE THAN ONE person)pg 173Challenge B Semester 2 Week 3Pages 182, 185, 186 (review)Latin Word ConjugationTransitive IntrasitiveEnglish TranslationPg #administrō1sttransmanage, attend topg 182appellō1sttransaddress, call (upon)pg 182cōnfirmō1sttransencourage, strengthenpg 182cōnservō1sttranspreserve, sparepg 185VerbsRelated English wordsThe sacrament of confirmation. The president of the United States should be a good administrator.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #namconjunctionfor (when for means because and introduces a REASON)pg 185ab (ā)prep w. ablby (expressing agency)from (w. absum)pg 185Review Vocabulary (pg 182)dō, dare, dedī, datus, 1. tr - giveadjuvō, adjuvāre, adjūvī, adjūtus, 1. tr. - help, aidcollocō, 1. tr. - place, stationoppugnō, 1. tr. - attack, assault, stormReview Vocabulary (pg 186)vocō, 1. tr. - calloccupō, 1. tr. - seizeChallenge B Semester 2 Week 4Pages 192, 197VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransMeaningPage #contineō, continēre, continuī, contentus2ndtransrestrain, hold inpg 192obtineō, obtinēre, obtinūi, obtentus2ndtranshold, occupypg 192trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus3rdtranshand overpg 197dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissus3rdtranssend away, dismisspg 197occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus3rdtranskillpg 197Related English WordsA container.Latin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #autconjunctionorpg 192aut . . . autconjunctioneither...orpg 192neque . . . nequeconjunctionneither . . . orpg 192posteaadverbafterwardspg 192sineprep w. ablwithoutpg 197ferēadverbalmostpg 197Related Latin WordsPost: ea.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 4Pages 192, 197Review Vocabulary (pg 192)terreō, 2. tr. - terrifyteneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus, 2. tr. - holdvideō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus, 2. tr. - seeReview Vocabulary (pg 197)dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus, 3, tr – defenddūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus, 3, tr – lead, guidepellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus, 3. tr - drive, repulse, routvincō, vincere, vīcī, victus, 3, tr – conqueragō, agere, ēgī, āctus, 3, tr - drive, do, act, treat, give (w. grātiās)Note: The phrase grātiās agō means I give thanks or I thank and takes an indirect object.Tībi grātiās agimus. We thank you. (We give thanks to you).Challenge B Semester 2 Week 5Pages 202, 209Review Vocabulary (p 202)audiō, 4, tr. - hearmūniō, 4. tr. - fortify, construct (w. viam or viās)veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum, 4. intr. - comeconveniō, convenīre, convēnī, conventum, 4, intr. - come together, assembleVerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #premō, premere, pressī, pressus3rdtranspress, press hardpg 209retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentus2ndtranshold back, keeppg 209comparō1sttransget, preparepg 209explōrō1sttransreconnoiter, find outpg 209Latin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #vehementeradverbgreatly, violentlypg 209Challenge B Semester 2 Week 6Pages 227, 230 NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #vīta, ae1stfemlifepg 227vallum, ī 2nd neuterwall, rampartpg 227amīcitia, ae 1stfemfriendshippg 227fossa, ae 1stfemditchpg 227Related English Words (pg 227)Vital; amicable; vitamin; celerity Related Latin Word (pg 227) : AmīcusOtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #celeriteradverbswiftlypg 227diūadverba long time, longpg 230ācriteradverbbitterly, eagerlypg 230Related English Words (pg 230) - The acrid smell of burning sulfur..VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #exspectō1sttranswait for, waitpg 230expugnō1sttransstorm, take by stormpg 230Related English Words (pg 230)Great expectations. I am expecting a friend Related Latin words (p 230) Diū pugnāvimus. Oppidum oppugnāvit.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 6Pages 227, 230 AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #novus, a, um 1st/2ndnewpg 230Related English Words (pg 230)Not so many years ago the radio was a novelty.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 7Pages 235NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #tribūnus, ī 2ndmasctribunepg 235cōnsilium, ī 2ndneuterplan, counselpg 235concilium, ī 2ndneutercouncilpg 235lēgātus, ī 2ndmascenvoy, lieutenantpg 235 Note: Tribūnus is often used with the genitive mīlitum. Tribūnus mīlitum (literally, a tribune of soldiers) is to be translated a military tribune. The military tribune was an officer a rank above the centurion.Related English Words (pg 235 - 236)The American Legation. . The papal legate. AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #lātus, a, um1st/2ndwidepg 235Related English Words (pg 235 - 236)The latitude and the longitude of the earth. OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #facileadverbeasilypg 235Related Latin Word (p 236): Iter per prōvinciam facile erat.Related English Words (pg 235 - 236) His manner was facile. Control of the air facilitates military victories. Practice can produce remarkable facility.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 8Pages 241, 248 NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #labor, labōris 3rdmasceffort, toilpg 241ōrdō, ōrdinis3rdmascrank (of soldiers)pg 241obses, obsidis3rdcommonhostagepg 241auxilium, ī 2ndneuterhelp, aidpg 248auxilia, auxiliōrum2ndneuterreinforcementpg 248memoria, ae 1stfemmemorypg 248Note: Obses is marked c (=common gender); that is, it may be either masculine or feminine, as hostages were men and women. However, use it as masculine unless it clearly refers to women.Related English Words (pg 241)Line the men up in order. Hard labor. Interstate commerce.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #interprep. w. accbetween, amongpg 241statimadverbat once, immediatelypg 241quī, quae, quod pronounwho (whose, whom); which; thatpg 248Related English Words (pg 241)Interstate commerce.VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #memoriā teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentus2ndtranskeep in memory, rememberpg 248Review Vocabulary (pg 241)sum, esse, afuī, afutūrus, intr., ab (ā) w. abl - am away, am distantab (ā), prep w. abl – from (w. absum); by (agency)Challenge B Semester 2 Week 9Pages 254, 259, 263 NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #nox, noctis3rdfemnightpg 254nuntius, ī 2ndmascmessenger, messagepg 259nātūra, ae1stfemnaturepg 259injūria, ae1stfeminjustice, wrongpg 259custōs, custōdis3rdmascguardpg 263Note: Guards are usually soldiers. Therefore what gender is custōs?Related English Words (pg 254)The bat is a nocturnal animal. The injured party brought suit. A papal nuncio. . The police took the criminal into custody. . I am the custodian of this property.VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum4thintransin or ad w. accarrivepg 254pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī2ndintrans ad w. Accpertain to, stretch topg 254dēdūcō, dēdūcere, dēdūxī, dēductus3rdtranslead, lead awaypg 259cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus3rdtranslearn, find outpg 259appropinquō1stintr.; w. ad or datdraw near to, approachpg 263vastō1sttranslay waste, ravagepg 263Note: Appropinquō is intransitive. The English object of approach or draw near to is expressed by AD with the accusative or by the DATIVE. This is the meaning of the notation: "intr.; w. ad or dat. " in the vocabulary.Hostēs ad hīberna (hībernīs) appropinquant.The enemy draws near to the winter quarters. (or) The enemy approaches the winter quarters.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 9Pages 254, 259, 263 Related English Words (pg 254)A pertinent remark.. Sherlock Holmes solved crimes by deduction. Modern war brings terrible devastation. Related Latin words (pg 254)Veniō; teneō; parō.AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #parātus, a, um; w. ad1st/2ndprepared (for)pg 254ūtilis, e; w. ad3rduseful (for)pg 254Related English Words (pg 254)No one doubts the utility of water power. China has never been able to utilize all its resources. The bat is a nocturnal animal. Usque is a Latin adverb.OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #adprep w. accto, until, at, for (with adjectives)pg 254usqueadverball the waypg 254-queconjunctionandpg 259diūtiuscomparative adverblongerpg 263faciliuscomparative adverbmore easilypg 263Note: The conjugation -que is always added to the first word that follows the and.Marīa sānctīque Deī. Mary and the Saints of God.Senātus Populusque Rōmānus. The Roman Senate and People.Challenge B Semester 2 Week 9Pages 254, 259, 263 If et were used these would be:Marīa et sānctī Deī.; Senātus et Populus Rōmānus.You have now learned three words for and:et, which is the ordinatry conjugation in Latin;atque, which is more emphatic and emphasizes the second part of the combination.-que, which joins things that are more closely associated.Related English Words (pg 254)Usque is a Latin adverb.Related Latin Words (pg 264): Facilis; facile.Review Vocabulary (pg 254)in, prep. w. abl – in, onin, prep. w. acc. – in, into, against, upong, onto, onportō, 1, tr. - carrymoveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus, 2. tr. - movecontendō, contendere, contendī, 3, tr. - strive, contend, hastenChallenge B Semester 2 Week 10Pages 267, 269, 272, 275 VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus2ndIntransam strong, am well, am influentialpg 269cernō, cernere3rdtransdistinguish, seepg 269ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentus3rdtransshowpg 272trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus3rd transtwo accs. or acc. and trāns w. acclead acrosspg 272Note: With trādūcō the thing OVER WHICH the direct object is led, is put either (1) in the accusative or (2) with trāns in the accusative. Exercitum flūmen trādūxit. Exercitum trāns flūmen trādūxit. He led the army across the river. Related English words (p 270)A valid argument; a valiant warrior. NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #socius, ī2ndmascallypg 272Related English word (p 272)A society of nations. AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #certus, a, um1st/2ndcertain, surepg 269barbarus, a, um1st/2ndbarbarianpg 269Note: Barbarus can, of course, be used as a noun to mean barbarian: Barbarī pulsī sunt. The barbarians were routed. Challenge B Semester 2 Week 10Pages 267, 269, 272, 275 OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #ubiadverbwhere?pg 267cūradverbwhy?pg 267undeadverbwhence? from what place? where. . . from?pg 267quōadverbwhither? where . . . (to)? to what place?pg 267apudprep w. accamong, in the presence ofpg 269plūrimumadverbvery much, verypg 269quis, quidpronounwho? what?pg 272clamadverbsecretlypg 272quī, quae, quodInterrogative adjectivewhich? what?pg 275Note (pg 268)Ubi and quō can translate the English where. Ubi can be used only when the where refers to place IN WHICH and implies REST; quō can be used only when where refers to place TO WHICH and implies MOTION or direction. Unde can be used only of place FROM WHICH and implies MOTION or direction. Ubi es? Where are you? Quō cōntendis? Where are you hastening? Unde venīs? Where do you come from? Review Vocabulary (pg 275) vocō, 1, tr.; two accs. - callappellō, 1, tr.; two accs. - call, call upon, addressostendō, ostendere, odstendī, ostentus, 3, tr – shownōmen, nōminis – name Challenge B Semester 2 Week 11Pages 280, 283, 287NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #mūnītiō, mūnītiōnis3rdfemfortificationpg 283genus, generis3rdneuterkind, racepg 283aqua, ae1stfemwaterpg 283Related English Words (pg 283)Modern wars require a great quantity of munitions. What is the genus of this tree? The Romans built many long aqueducts. Aquatic sports are much in favor at the Florida beaches. Rogation days. Related Latin Word (p 283) - MūniōVerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #incolō, incolere, incoluī3rdtransinhabit, dwell inpg 280cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī3rdintranshalt, take a positionpg 280rogō1sttransaskpg 283quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus3rdtransseek, askpg 283cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus3rdtranscollect, forcepg 287inquithe says, he saidpg 287Note: Inquit is always used with DIRECT quotations; that is, with quotations enclosed in QUOTATION MARKS: Chrīstus, “Vos,” inquit, “frātrēs estis.” Christ said, “You are brothers.” This is a direct quotation because it contains the EXACT words used by Christ and is therefore enclosed in quotation marks. Notice that inquit does NOT stand before the quotation but is ALWAYS put after one or several words of the quotation. Related English Words (pg 283)The prisoner of war was interrogated. He was asked many questions. Rogation days. A cogent argument. Related Latin Words (p 287): agōChallenge B Semester 2 Week 11Pages 280, 283, 287AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #quantus, a, umInterrogative Adj – 1st/2ndhow large? How great?pg 283vērus, a, um1st/2ndtruepg 287Related English Words (pg 283)Modern wars require a great quantity of munitions. The eternal verities. A veracious witness. We cannot question the veracity of St. John.Related Latin Words (p 287): Vēritās, agōChallenge B Semester 2 Week 12Pages 293, 296NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #mora, ae 1stfemdelaypg 293peccātum, i2ndneutermistake, sin (in Christian Latin)pg 293mēns, mentis3rdfemmindpg 296dolor, dolōris3rdmascpain, sorrowpg 296Related English Words: Education produces mental habits. DolorousVerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus,2ndtransteach, informpg 293tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus3rdtransraise (up), take awaypg 293regō, regere, rēxī, rēctus,3rdtransdirect, rulepg 296adōrō1sttransadorepg 296Note: Doceō takes two accusatives when it means teach someone something. Christus nōs viam salūtis docet. Christ teaches us the way of salvation. However, doceō can also be used with other constructions: Custōs Caesarem docuit ubi hostēs essent. (Indirect question.) The guard informed Caesar where the enemy was. Lēgātus eum dē omnibus rēbus docuit. (Dē w. abl) - The lieutenant informed him about all the things (the whole matter). Related English Words: Congress regulates interstate commerce. A regent was appointed to govern for the boy king. Education produces mental habits. DolorousRelated Latin Words: Miser; ōrō; rēxChallenge B Semester 2 Week 12Pages 293, 296OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #avē!Interjectionhailpg 293miserere nōbishave mercy on uspg 296atconjunctionbutpg 296Related Latin Words: Miser; ōrō; rēxChallenge B Semester 2 Week 13Pages 306, 309NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #fuga, ae1stfemflightpg 306rēs publica, reī publicae1stfemstate, republicpg 306praesidium, ī2ndneutergarrison, protectionpg 309Related English Words: A fugitive from justice. We shall always defend our republic.VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus3rdtransgive up, surrenderpg 306dīligō, dīligere, dīlēxi, dīlēctus3rdtranslovepg 306Note: Where we say simply surrender in English, dēdō must always be used an ACCUSATIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. The Gauls surrendered to the Romans. Gallī Romanīs sē dēdiderunt. We surrendered to the Gauls. Gallīs nōs dēdidimus. (Nōs is accusative.)Of course, dēdō have have other objects. We surrendered the arms to the enemy. Arma hostibus dēdidimus. Related Latin Words: DōAdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #suus, a, um1st/ 2ndhis (own), her (own), its (own), their (own)pg 306Challenge B Semester 2 Week 13Pages 306, 309OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #anteprep. w. accbeforepg 309vērōpostpositivein truth, butpg 309(Vērō is a postpostive; i.e. it never stands first in a clause)Related English Words: Verily. Caesar’s war antedate the birth of Christ. Idiom Study1. Dō with in fugam means put to flight. Caesar hostēs in fugam dedit. Caesar put the enemy to flight. 2. With proper names the ablative nōmine, by name, is frequently used. Translate named.Servus, nomine Titus, in hībernīs erat. A slave named (by name) Titus was in the winter quarters. Challenge B Semester 2 Week 14Pages 314, 317NounsLatin Word DeclensionGenderEnglish TranslationPg #mōs, mōris3rdmasccustom, habitpg 314manus, ūs4thfema band of men, handpg 314causa, ae1stfemcausepg 314Note: The ablative of mōs (mōre) may be translated according to custom.Related English Words: Manual labor; manufactured goods. VerbsLatin WordConjugationTrans/IntransEnglish TranslationPg #sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus4thtransknowpg 317pācō1sttranspacifypg 317probō1sttransapprove, provepg 317relinquō, relinquere, relīqui, relictus3rdtransleave, leave behindpg 317Related English Words: Science. He is out on probation. He will not relinquish his rights. The story is not probable. AdjectivesLatin WordDeclensionsEnglish TranslationPg #parvus, a, um1st/2ndsmall, little314OtherLatin Word Part of Speech English TranslationPg #causā, preceded by gen.prepfor the sake ofpg 314subitōadverbsuddenlypg 317Note: The ablative of causa is used as a preposition. It governs the GENITIVE and always stands AFTER the word it governs. aquae causā - for the sake of water pācis causā – for the sake of peace ................
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