AgriScience - Pearson Education

AgriScience

Sixth Edition

Teacher's Manual

JASPER S. LEE

Agricultural Educator Clarkesville, Georgia

DIANA L. TURNER

Science Educator Starkville, Mississippi

Front cover: background, courtesy of Anne Kitzman; watermelons, courtesy of Apostolos Mastoris; lab, courtesy of Danil Vitalevich; vet, courtesy of Eugene Chemetsov.

Back cover: conveyer belt with olives, courtesy of Pi-Lens; chipmunk, courtesy of Tom Reichner; scientific researcher, courtesy of Stuart Jenner.

Taken from:

AgriScience, Fifth Edition Teacher's Manual by Jasper S. Lee Copyright ? 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Copyright ? 2015 by Pearson Learning Solutions All rights reserved.

This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Learning Solutions for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted.

All trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, and registered service marks are the property of their respective owners and are used herein for identification purposes only.

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ISBN 10: 1-269-54316-4 ISBN 13: 978-1-269-54316-3

CONTENTS

To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Overview of Student Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

PART ONE--THE WORLD OF AGRISCIENCE

1 Science and Technology in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2 The Agricultural Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3 Success and Safety in Careers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

PART TWO--SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

4 Science Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5 Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6 Classifying and Naming Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 7 Genetics Applications in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 8 Biotechnology in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

PART THREE--PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE

9 Plant Structure and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 10 Reproducing Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 11 Plant Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 12 Plant Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 13 Soil and Land Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 14 Plant Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

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PART FOUR--ANIMAL SCIENCE

15 Animal Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 16 Animal Nutrition and Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 17 Animal Breeds and Breeding Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 18 Promoting Animal Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 19 Animal Care and Well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 20 Veterinary Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

PART FIVE--NATURAL RESOURCES AND EARTH SCIENCE

21 Natural Resources and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 22 Earth Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

PART SIX--PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

23 Chemistry in AgriScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 24 Physics in AgriScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 25 Mechanics in AgriScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

PART SEVEN--CONSUMERS AND PRODUCTS

26 Agricultural Economics: Management and Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 27 Processing Agricultural Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

PART EIGHT--AGRISCIENCE EDUCATION AND YOU

28 Education and Experience in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 29 Student Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 30 Leadership Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

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TO THE TEACHER

AgriScience is often considered to be the nation's leading teaching and learning approach for science-based agricultural education. The first five editions have filled prominent roles throughout the nation in grades 9 and 10. Now, the Sixth Edition will increasingly serve a major role in those classes with high expectations for student mastery. The new edition offers expanded and updated content based on local school courses of study, state education agency curriculum guides and standards, and the national standards. It will serve to develop a strong foundation for student success in more-advanced high school agriculture classes and postsecondary agriculture classes.

The Sixth Edition of AgriScience integrates and promotes achievement of the National Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources (AFNR) Career Cluster Content Standards, released in complete form in 2009 by the National Council for Agricultural Education (councilindex.cfm). The authors carefully considered the standards and structured content to promote correlation with the standards. No doubt, the use of AgriScience, Sixth Edition, will assure extensive student development of the standards, particularly those in Level I.

The AFNR Career Cluster Content Standards are organized around the eight career pathways within the AFNR cluster. The pathways are (1) Agribusiness Systems, (2) Animal Systems, (3) Biotechnology Systems, (4) Environmental Service Systems, (5) Food Products and Processing Systems, (6) Natural Resource Systems, (7) Plant Systems, and (8) Power, Structural, and Technical Systems. These pathways are briefly listed and described in the textbook. The terminology has been changed to simplify concepts and make it easier to understand the pathways.

What changes make this edition better? Many content changes have been made in AgriScience, Sixth Edition. Several areas of existing content have been reorganized to better serve needs in teaching and learning. New chapters have been added to better cover the essential content. New chapters focus on veterinary science, plant production, and biotechnology. The book now has 30 chapters. Overall, the changes focus on the following:

? New approaches in biotechnology are included. These focus on genetically modified organisms, including stacking of genetic traits.

? A chapter has been added on veterinary science. The goal is to better acquaint students with the high interest area of animal care. Practices in veterinary medicine from the standpoint of a veterinary assistant are introduced.

? Increased emphasis has been given to the role of research and development in AFNR.

? The content on consumers and agricultural economics has been expanded.

? Information on genetics has been expanded to incorporate molecular approaches.

? Increased emphasis has been included on the role of computer technology in AFNR.

? New sections have been added on forestry and wildlife management.

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? New sections on water systems and internal combustion engine maintenance have been added to the chapter on agricultural mechanics.

? Additional content has been included on practices in field crop production.

? The content on plant growth structures, particularly greenhouses, has been expanded.

? Many new illustrations have been added. The emphasis is on illustrations that have high appeal to students. Further, these illustrations are intended to promote the expanding diversity of human population in the United States.

? Emphasis on safety and safe practices continues, including the operation of motor vehicles that transport plant and animal products.

Emphasis on science principles in agricultural education has markedly changed the curriculum. Standards developed in many states to guide local programs speak to this science emphasis. The instruction focuses on the principles of science that provide a foundation in plant and animal production. Further, this applies to horticulture, forestry, natural resources, wildlife, environmental science, agricultural supplies and services, and products and processing. Instruction in agriculture entails using a science-based approach. The approach not only results in quality agricultural education but also motivates students.

AgriScience, Sixth Edition, is a textbook that stresses the fundamentals of science. The book is intended to be a teacher- and student-friendly text. It is supplemented with a Teacher's Manual, an Activity Manual, an Instructor's Guide to the Activity Manual, and other materials, such as a computer-based test bank and PowerPoint presentations to facilitate teaching and learning.

Beginning with the First Edition, this textbook has involved getting student and teacher input, using research findings and industry information, and field-testing procedures. Observations were made in agriculture classrooms throughout the United States. Standardized testing in agriculture was used to associate high student test score results with characteristics of the learning environment. Students in classes where textbooks were used scored 12 to 13 percent higher than students in classes where textbooks were not used.

Both content and procedures advocated in AgriScience have been tested in agriculture and science instructional programs. Further, the content contains many of the science concepts that are required so that agriscience classes can be used as laboratory science classes in the high school curriculum. No agriscience book can better fulfill this need than AgriScience, Sixth Edition.

PURPOSE

This Teacher's Manual for AgriScience, Sixth Edition, is designed to help the teacher provide instruction in the science and technology of agriculture. National and state standards have been integrated, as appropriate, in preparing this edition. Emphasis is on using a systematic approach to science-based instruction in agriculture. The manual includes an overview of the contents of the book, as well as suggestions for teachers in providing the instruction. Suggested teaching strategies include the use of motivational approaches and the application of the content in supervised experience programs.

Professional preparation of agriculture teachers has increasingly focused on the strategies and learning theories suggested in the Teacher's Manual. The newly released book Foundations of Agricultural Education (Pearson Education, Inc., 2014) is a professional preparation book for teachers. The book stresses approaches used in this teachers manual and in AgriScience. A wide range of resources can be

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used to enhance instruction. Local community resources, as well as those in the school facilities, are suggested. Collaboration with science teachers may be practical, depending on the situation. The agriscience teacher may choose to use the facilities in the science department of the school. Or, in other situations, the agriscience teacher may collaborate the science teacher to provide some of the instruction. Regardless, the approach used is intended to be easy for teachers to follow in providing quality instruction.

FORMAT OF THE TEACHER'S MANUAL

This Teacher's Manual uses a format that is common in agricultural education. The format is easy to follow in planning and delivering quality, systematic instruction. The Teacher's Manual is divided into various sections that will help the teacher in gaining student interest, providing the instruction, reviewing and re-teaching the concepts, evaluating achievement, and incorporating hands-on experiences into science-based agriculture.

The Teacher's Manual is divided into 30 chapters corresponding to the chapters in AgriScience, Sixth Edition. Each chapter is further divided into several sections:

1. Chapter Summary--This section contains a short summary of the chapter in the book. Additional information helpful to the teacher may be included.

2. Instructional Objectives--The objectives for each chapter are stated in measurable and observable terms from the perspective of the teacher. These objectives are the behaviors that learners should have upon completion of the instruction.

3. Interest Approach--This section presents a possible motivational interest approach based on the introduction to each chapter. Teachers are encouraged to relate the information to situations in the local area. Personalizing the interest approach will make it more effective with the learners.

4. Instructional Strategies and Teaching Plans--This section presents possible teaching strategies to achieve the objectives. The suggestions include strategies that can be used both with the book and with the Activity Manual. Pointers that may help in achieving equity in diverse student populations are also given. In addition, approaches for the integration of mathematics and communication skills are suggested. Strategies for higher-order thinking and problem-solving skills are often recommended. Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor strategies are included.

5. Review and Evaluation--Procedures for reviewing and evaluating the achievement of the objectives are given for each chapter. Re-teaching suggestions are also included, if re-teaching is needed.

6. Safety--Some activities could present special concerns about student safety. These concerns are mentioned, as appropriate, and reinforced in the Activity Manual. Safety concerns may also focus on the environment and with animals.

7. Additional Resources--This section contains references and other materials that the teacher may find useful in providing the instruction.

8. Answers to Questions--The answers to the review questions and the "Evaluating" section at the end of each chapter in the book are presented here.

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OVERVIEW OF STUDENT EDITION

AgriScience, Sixth Edition, presents the fundamental content for science-based instruction in agriculture. It explains the broad nature of science in agriculture and relates agricultural practices to various areas of science, including biological science, earth science, and physical science. The agricultural mechanics chapter has been expanded to include sections on water systems (both supply and wastewater) and on maintenance of small internal combustion engines. Mathematics, as the science of computation, is integrated throughout the book. Several appendixes presenting formulas and applications in agriculture are at the back of the book. New content on veterinary science has been included. Greater emphasis has been placed on the useful and important role of technology, with a "Technology Connection" in each chapter.

A companion publication to AgriScience is the Activity Manual. This student-centered manual is designed to reinforce the major concepts in the book as well as provide valuable hands-on learning of science principles. Maximum learning will result when the teacher uses both the book and the Activity Manual. The Activity Manual is divided into 30 chapters that are parallel with those of the student edition.

In both publications, to the extent possible, the reading level has been kept at or below ninth grade, making the text most appropriate for use in upper junior high/middle school or high school grades. Hundreds of photographs and line-art illustrations have been used to enhance the content. Many focus on youthful models and subjects of interest to students. Spacious layout and design enhance student and teacher use of the materials.

Emphasis is on practical, real-world experiences in agriscience and technology. Students are encouraged to carry what they learn beyond the classroom and laboratory into supervised experience activities and FFA participation through career development events, proficiency awards, or other areas.

AgriScience is divided into eight parts, or units. The 30 chapters are clustered into these eight parts. This structure is convenient for students and teachers in systematic instruction and learning. Teachers may sequence the instructional areas to best meet the needs of their students. In curriculum or instructional planning, the parts may be treated as instructional areas. The parts and chapters are:

Part One: The World of AgriScience

Part One introduces students to the meaning and importance of the Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources Career Cluster. It lists and explains the eight commonly accepted career pathways. It also introduces important concepts of horticulture, forestry, and the modern agricultural industry. Emphasis is on a sustainable approach in using all natural resources. Part One has been revised to contain a chapter on Success and Safety in Careers. This part has three chapters:

Chapter 1--Science and Technology in Agriculture Chapter 2--The Agricultural Industry Chapter 3--Success and Safety in Careers

Part Two: Science in Agriculture

Part Two provides fundamental information on the meaning and importance of science in agriculture. It includes information on Earth's living things and how these

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