Appendix C Textbook: Environmental Science Answer Key for Guided ...

Appendix C Textbook: Environmental Science Answer Key for Guided Reading Workbook:

Chapter 1 Section 1

Living Things and the Environment Guided Reading and Study

1. Use Target Reading Skills

One way students might map the information is:

Main Idea: An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs from its environment.

Detail: Each organism must live in a specific type of environment, called its habitat.

Detail: Organisms live in different habitats because they have different requirements for survival.

Detail: One area may contain many habitats.

anism

7.abiotic factors

2.habitat

8.water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil

3.Needs include food, water, and shelter.

9.a, c

4.false

10. photosynthesis

5.a, b, d

11. b, d

6.biotic factors

12. A species is a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other to produce

offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

13.a, b, c

16.d

14.false

17.true

munity

18.An ecosystem also includes abiotic factors.

Chapter 1 Section 2

Studying Populations Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Possible student questions and answers are these:

How do you determine population size? (Some methods of determining population size are direct observation,

indirect observation, sampling, and mark-and-recapture studies.) What causes populations to change in size?

(Some factors include birth, death, immigration, and emigration.)

What are limiting factors? (These are factors that can limit population growth if they are unfavorable for the

organisms in the population. Food and water, space, and weather conditions can be limiting factors.)

1. b

3. d

2. a

4. c

5. Populations can change in size when new members enter the population or when members leave the population.

6. The major way new individuals are added is through the birth of offspring.

7.birth rate

11. b

8.The major way individuals leave is by dying.

12. a

9.death rate

13. true

10. false

14. limiting factor

15. Some limiting factors are food and water, space, and weather conditions.

16. carrying capacity

17. true

18. Frost can kill organisms, and floods and hurricanes can wash away nests and burrows.

Chapter 1 Section 3

Interactions Among Living Things Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers: What You Know

1. Organisms interact in different ways. What You Learned

1. Organisms are adapted to their environments.

2. Organisms have niches, which are their roles.

3. Organisms compete for resources. Some organisms eat others, and this affects the size of populations.

4. Some organisms live together in symbiotic relationships, of which there is mutualism (both benefit),

commensalism (one benefits, the other is not helped or harmed), and parasitism (one benefits, the other is

harmed).

1. c

2. a

3. b 4. false 5. true 6. predation, predator, prey

7. true 8. Column 1: Commensalism, Parasitism; Column 2: Both species benefit. 9. parasite, host

Chapter 1 Section 4 Changes in Communities Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers: Primary Succession--volcanic eruption, no soil or organisms exist, no Secondary Succession--fire, soil and organisms exist but have been disturbed, yes 1. Succession is the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. 2. Primary succession is the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist. 3. a, b 4. pioneer species 5. lichens, mosses 6. As they grow on bare rocks with little or no soil, they help break up the rocks. When they die, they provide nutrients that enrich the thin layer of soil that is forming on the rocks. 7. secondary succession 8. Natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, and tornadoes. 9. Human activities include farming, logging, and mining. 10. false 11. climate

Chapter 2 Section 1

Energy Flow in Ecosystems Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

Possible sentences:

In a food chain, a consumer could be an herbivore, an omnivore, or a carnivore, including a scavenger.

An energy pyramid shows how much energy moves from one level to another in a food web, beginning with the

producers.

Decomposers are nature's recyclers.

1. c

5. false

2. b

6. true

3. a

7. bacteria, fungi

4. Producers include plants, algae, and some

bacteria.

8. Column 1: Herbivore, Omnivore, Scavenger; Column 2: Only animals

9. true

10. food chain

11. Grass is Producer. Mouse is First-level consumer. Kestrel is Second-level consumer.

12. food web

13. c, d

14. It shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web.

15. a, d

16. There are usually few organisms at the top because there is a limited amount of energy available at that level

of a food web.

Chapter 2 Section 2 Cycles of Matter Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills 1. Water evaporates. 2. Clouds form. 3. Precipitation falls. 4. Precipitation runs off or becomes groundwater. 1.atoms, molecules 2.a, b 3.true

4.water cycle 5.a 6.c 7.b 8.true 9.Condensation results in the formation of clouds. 10. rain, snow, sleet, hail 11. false 12. c, d

13. 14.false 15.nitrogen fixation 16.false

Chapter 2 Section 3 Biogeography Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Three causes of dispersal: Wind, water, and living things, including humans 1. biogeography 2. It is the very slow movement of the continents on a layer of solid rock called plates. 3. true 4. false 5. dispersal 6. Wind, Water, Living things 7. Wind disperses the seeds of plants, the spores of fungi, tiny spiders, and many other small, light organisms. 8. A bird may eat seeds and deposit them in its waste in another location. A duck may carry algae or fish eggs on its feet from pond to pond. A dog may carry sticky plant seeds on its fur. 9. false 10. exotic species 11. physical barriers, competition, climate 12. Examples include water, mountains, and deserts. 13. If species already in the area are thriving, they may outcompete a new species and act as a barrier to its dispersal. 14. climate 15. true

Chapter 2 Section 4

Biomes

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

Temperate rain forest: cool winters, warm summers; rather wet all year; mule deer. Tropical rain forest: warm all

year; wet all year; orangutan. Desert: usually hot with great daily extremes; dry all year; Gambel's quail.

Grassland: temperatures vary throughout year; mostly dry with a wet season; grasses. Deciduous forest: warm in

summer, cold in winter; moderate rainfall; red fox. Boreal forest: warm to cool in summer, cold in winter;

abundant rain and snow; lynx. Tundra: cold all year; dry all year; mosses.

1. biome

3. b

2. true

4. canopy

5. Temperate rain forests are farther from the equator and cooler than tropical rain forests.

6. Some are located along the northwestern coast of the United States.

7.b, d

8.b, d

9.savannas

13. a, b, d

10. deciduous trees

14. tundra

11. a

15. a, b, c

12. Coniferous trees are found in a boreal forest.

16. true

17. Organisms adapted to life on the ice include penguins, polar bears, and seals.

Chapter 2 Section 5 Aquatic Ecosystems Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills I. Freshwater ecosystems

A. Streams and rivers B. Ponds and lakes II. Marine ecosystems A. Intertidal zone B. Neritic zone C. Open ocean 1. b, c 2. true 3. Standing water; Running water 4. Some insects and other small animals have hooks or suckers that help them cling to rocks. Trout have streamlined bodies that allow them to swim despite the rushing water. 5. Intertidal zone, Neritic zone, Surface zone, Deep zone 6. false 7. It is difficult because of the pounding of the waves, sudden changes in temperature, and being both covered with water and then exposed to the air. 8. b, c, d 9. true 10. a, c

Chapter 3 Section 1

Environmental Issues Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills Three types of environmental issues are resource use, population growth, and

pollution.

1. Resource use; Population growth; Pollution

4. a

2. c

5. c

3. b

6. The population grew so rapidly because of a decrease in the death rate, which occurred due to improvements in

medicine, agriculture, and sanitation.

7. pollution

8. Human activities resulting in pollution include burning gasoline for energy and using pesticides to kill insects

on crops.

9. environmental science

10. false

11. a, b, d

Chapter 3 Section 2 Forests and Fisheries Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers: What You Know 1. Forests provide people with lumber and paper. 2. Commercial fishing boats harvest large amounts of fish. What You Learned 1. Forests can be renewable resources.

2. Setting fishing limits, changing fishing methods, and developing aquaculture techniques are ways to manage

fisheries for sustainable yields. Examples include maple syrup, rubber, nuts, lumber for construction and furniture,

and pulp for paper.

3. b, c, d

6. Left: All the trees are cut. Right: Only some trees

4. true

are cut.

5. false

7. Logging Method: Clear-cutting; Selective cutting

8. sustainable yield

9. Forests can provide a sustainable yield if new trees are planted to replace the trees that are cut down.

10. Certified wood is wood that has been certified to come from a forest that is managed in a sustainable way.

11. fishery

14.a

12.false

15.d

13.c

16.b

Chapter 3 Section 3

Biodiversity

Guided Reading and Study

Use Target Reading Skills

As students read each passage that contains a Key Term, remind them to write a sentence in their own words.

Encourage students to write one or two descriptive phrases to help them remember the Key Term. Invite students

to share their sentences and phrases.

1. biodiversity

4. true

2. false

5. Area; Climate; Diversity of niches

3. keystone species

6. a, c, d

7. Niche diversity is the number of different niches an ecosystem provides for organisms.

8. genes

11. a, b, d

9. gene pool

12. true

10. a, c

13. Category of Species: Extinct; Endangered; Threatened

14. An earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide or flood might cause extinction.

15. false

17. a

16. c

18. b

19. Pollutants can kill or weaken organisms or cause birth defects.

20.captive breeding

21.true

22.false

Chapter 3 Section 4 The Search for New Medicines Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible questions and answers are these: Why is biodiversity important to medicine? (Biodiversity is important because there may be undiscovered medicines that exist in nature.) What is the story of taxol? (Taxol is a cancer treatment drug that comes from the bark of the Pacific yew trees. As demand for the drug grew, scientists became concerned about the supply of Pacific yew trees.) How can we increase the supply of taxol? (Today taxol can be reproduced in the lab.) 1. a, c 2. The ability of a plant to fight disease results from adaptations to its environment. 3. true 4. Taxol is a chemical produced by the bark of the Pacific yew tree. It protects the tree from diseases and insects. 5. a, c 6. true 7. In the mid-1990s, chemists reproduced taxol's complex chemical structure in the laboratory. Now the bark of the Pacific yew is no longer needed to make taxol.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Conserving Land and Soil Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Possible answers include the following: Detail: Agriculture--new farmland is created

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