Development Through the Lifespan
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 18
Emotional and Social
Development in
Late Adulthood
Erikson’s Theory:
Ego Integrity versus Despair
Ego Integrity
Feel whole, complete, satisfied with achievements
Serenity and contentment
Associated with psychosocial maturity
Despair
Feel many decisions were wrong, but now time is too short
Bitter and unaccepting of coming death
Expressed as anger and contempt for others
Peck: Three Tasks of
Ego Integrity
Ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation
Body transcendence versus body preoccupation
Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
Reminiscence and Life Review
Reminiscence
Telling stories about people, events, thoughts and feelings from past
Self-focused: can deepen despair
Other-focused: solidifies relationships
Knowledge-based: helps solve problems
Life Review
Considering the meaning of past experiences
A form of reminiscence
For greater self-understanding
Personality in
Late Adulthood
Secure, complex self-concept
Self-acceptance
Continuing from earlier life
Shifting characteristics:
More agreeable
Less sociable
Greater acceptance of change
Spirituality and Religion
in Late Adulthood
Over 3/4 in U.S. say religion “very important”
Over half attend services
Religious involvement fairly stable throughout adulthood; some increase in later years
Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development
Intuitive-projective
Mythic-literal
Synthetic-conventional
Individuative-reflective
Conjunctive
Factors in
Psychological Well-Being
Control versus Dependency
Health
Poor health, depression linked
Suicide risk
Negative Life Changes
Social Support
Social Interaction
Control and Dependency
in Late Adulthood
Dependency-support script
Attend immediately to dependent behaviors
Independence-ignore script
Ignore independent behaviors
Scripts work together
Both reinforce dependency
Make social contact less pleasant
Social Theories of Aging
Age-Related Changes in Number of Social Partners
Social Contexts of Aging
Communities
Most in suburbs
Minorities in cities
Neighborhoods
Fear of crime and victimization
Housing
Less like home life,
harder to adjust
Housing Arrangements
in Late Adulthood
Ordinary Homes
Own home – preferred and most control
With family
Residential Communities
Congregate housing
Life care communities
Nursing Homes
Intimate Partnerships
in Late Adulthood
Marriage
Satisfaction peaks in late adulthood
If dissatisfied, harder for women
Gay and Lesbian Partnerships
Most happy, highly fulfilling
Divorce and Widowhood
Divorce
Few divorces in late adulthood, but increasing
More likely to remarry
Widowhood
Widows 1/3 of elderly
Most live alone
Loneliness is a problem
Widowed men more likely to remarry
Changes in Aid Among Siblings
Friendships in
Late Adulthood
Friends provide:
Intimacy
Companionship
Acceptance
Link to community
Help with loss
Close to few, nearby friends
Choose friends similar to self
Sex differences continue
Relationships with Children, Grandchildren, Great-Grandchildren
Adult Children
Quality of relationship affects physical, mental health
More important with advanced age
Grandchildren & Great-Grandchildren
Half of grandchildren adults
Gradually reduced contact with grandchildren
Limited role with great-grandchildren
Elder Maltreatment
Physical Abuse
Physical Neglect
Psychological Abuse
Financial Abuse
Decision to Retire
Retire
Adequate retirement benefits
Compelling leisure interests
Low work commitment
Declining health
Spouse retiring
Routine, boring job
Keep Working
Limited or no retirement benefits
Few leisure interests
High work commitment
Good health
Spouse working
Flexible work schedule
Pleasant, stimulating work
Adjusting to Retirement
Most people adapt well
30% adjustment difficulties
Factors in adjustment
Financial worries
Workplace factors
Sense of personal control
Social support
Leisure Activities
Interests usually continue from earlier in life
Many volunteer
Frequency and variety drop with age
Involvement in rewarding leisure linked to better health, reduced mortality
Self-expression
New achievements
Helping others
Social interactions
Successful Aging
Minimizing losses and maximizing gains
Focus less on outcomes, more on processes and reaching personal goals
Some factors controllable, others not
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