I
Elements of Population Geography – focuses on spatial aspects of demography
1 Demography – study of population
2 Population Distribution
3 Population
4 Arithmetic Population Density.
5 Physiological Density
World Population Concentrations
People are unevenly distributed over the land and there are contrasts all over the world. New York City is heavily populated, but Piedmont, South Dakota is not. So, in NYC, the 79 people per square mile is not accurate…at all! But then again, it is not accurate of r Piedmont either. NYC is 301 square miles with a population of a little over 8 million. This would translate into several thousand per square mile!!!
1 East Asia consists of East China, Japan, S. Korea and Taiwan
2 South Asia is India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
3 Europe – extends from Ireland into Russia.
4 North America which consists of America and Canada.
1 megalopolis.
Population Trends – Growth
1 Stationary Population Levels – ex. Western Europe
2 Linear Growth – Arithmetic Growth
3 Exponential Growth – Geometric Growth
4 Doubling Time
5 Negative Growth
Population Theories.
1 Malthus – Population Explosion – 1798
Paul Ehrlich. “The Population Bomb”
3 Garrett James Hardin – more concerned with management of society’s resources.
4 Edward.S. Deevey He wrote, "the population curve has moved upward stepwise in response to the three major revolutions that have marked the evolution of culture . . . But the evolution of the population size also indicates the approach to equilibrium in the two interrevolutionary periods of the past."
|[pic] |
|Figure 1. Deevey’s graph of the rise of global population first appeared in a 1960 article in Scientific American. According to his |
|analysis, human numbers rose notably at three times in the past, corresponding to the advent of toolmaking, of agriculture and of |
|industry, but this appearance is an artifact of the graph. Other authors have since repeated Deevey’s misleading presentation (above) and |
|have drawn even more incorrect inferences from it. |
| |
Why revisit this 41 year old graph? Deevey identified three surges in world population during human history and prehistory.
[pic]
Conclusion. The fact that Malthus was wrong should not be interpreted to suggest that a large human population is desirable, or that growing human populations do not sometimes contribute to environmental degradation. On the contrary, increases in human population are often accompanied by environmental problems. However, it is time to put Malthus' morbid specter of mass starvation and unremitting poverty due to unrestrained population growth to rest.
5 Neo-Malthusians
6 Push and Pull Factor
Populations Structures
1 Age-Sex pyramids, or population pyramids show the percentage of age groups going up, and gender across
2 Demographic cycles
1 Natural increase – excess births over deaths – omitting migration numbers. This is the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths over time.
2 Crude Birth Rates – number of births in one year divided by a country’s population, then multiply it by 1000
3 Crude Death Rates – number of deaths in one year divided by a country’s population then multiplied by 1000
4 Total Fertility Rate – number of births a 15 year old can expect to have by age 45
5 Infant Mortality Rate – number of children who die before their first birthday divided by the number of live births multiplied by 1000
6 Child Mortality Rate – number of children who die between the ages of 1 and 5. This is very sad and unfortunately very real for people in less fortunate countries than our own.
Demographic Transitional Model
1. Low growth stage which is a high birth rate and high death rate lead to a population that varies over time with little long-term population growth
2. High Growth Stage is again the high birth rate, but a declining death rate which thus leads to a sustained and significant population increase – more people are living and begin born than are dying.
3. Moderate Growth Stage is a declining birth rate with a pretty low death rate which leads to a steady population increase.
4. Low Growth or Stationary Stage is when you have a low birth rate and a low death rate so the populations stays steady but does not increase much over time.
1 Reasons for Population Changes, rates of birth and death as well as climate and weather conditions, famine and pestilence and other things that would affect the food and water quality and supply.
Stage One
- High death rate - poor medical knowledge, diet, water supply and
sanitation
- High birth rate - children used on farms, no reliable contraception
Stage Two
- Decreasing death rate - medical knowledge and diet improves
- High birth rate - still children used on farms, no reliable contraception
Stage Three
- Decreasing death rate - more medical advances, clean water, greatly decreased infant mortality
- Decreasing birth rate - children needed less on farms, people have smaller families when infant mortality decreases
Stage Four
- Low death rate - advanced medical services, good living conditions, increased health education
- Low birth rate - children cost money, contraception widely available, women gain higher status and control
2 How would all of this translate into population pyramids? Stage 1. Because of the high birth rates the bottom age group of the graph is full with a large percentage of living people there while higher up it tapers off. This is due to the high mortality rate from birth upwards and also due to the short life expectancy in these countries. Stage 2: The simplest way to describe is calling it a pyramid. The reason for the shape is that there is still a high birth rate, however the death rate is going down such that more people are reaching old age or al least that life expectancy has slightly increased. Stage 3: The graph begins to bulge at the middle age groups because the birth rates have gone down and more people are surviving to the middle age group and the death rate is fairly low. Stage 4: Stage four would be a convex graph shape because there are about as many deaths as births and more people are reaching middle age as mentioned in stage 3 but here the population is stable. Now, what about a possible 5th stage? Many geographers and demographers believe that this graph which is going into a negative growth rate would be represented by a graph which has more people in old age than young therefore giving a small base and a large bulge near the old age groups.
3 The Rate of Natural Increase is the excess of births over deaths – omitting migration numbers
4 The Growth Rate of an area is the Natural Increase + Net Migration
5 In the Early Expanding Stage you would see a high number of births and declining mortality rates
6 Late Expanding Stage – declining number of births and declining mortality, but continuing significant growth
7 High Stationary Stage – high number of births and high number of deaths
8 Low Stationary Stage – low number of births and low number of deaths – very low rate of growth – examples are Canada, US, Australia and Japan
9 Negative Growth – Death rate outweighs the birth rate – examples are Germany, Italy and Russia
Limiting Population Growth – something Malthus, Hardin and Ehrlich would agree with.
1 Past or Natural checks on population – famines, disease and wars. These things affect the population in any area. The text focuses on AIDS. But another way to monitor population rates and thus limit increasing population is for the government to take action. Historical Checks on Population Growth: Epidemics and plagues (bubonic plague 1348-1350), statistics: 1/4 population killed, 50% attrition in some towns and England lost 4M. Famines, Irish Potato Faminie, Wars and Natural decrease.
2 Government policies have been in place over periods of time in various regions for various reasons. Some countries encourage growth and even provide health benefits, vacation or leave of absence from work and even tax breaks, and then, on the opposite end of the spectrum, we have other government trying to limit the birth rates with strict and harsh laws and penalties. During the 1950s and 60s, the communist government of Soviet Union and China were encouraged to produce large families. Other countries like Japan and Nazi Germany encouraged eugenic, which means relating or adapting to the production of good or improved offspring population policies so they can keep the population pure and wholly homogenous. There was also restrictive policies similar to China’s one child only policy. There have been forced abortions and sterilization policies in some countries as well. And then there are the contradictions which can be seen using the example of the Roman Catholic world.
Calculating Demographic Change – total population equals original population births minus deaths plus immigration minus emigration.
Here is the formula: TP = B – D + I – E.
Homework (note there is no chapter 2 test, nor will there be a chapter 3 test, only open book quizzes. There will be a unit test which includes both chapters.)
1. Complete Malthusian Handout with Activities
2. Complete Chapter 2 Open Book Quiz
3. Continue to study map of Africa for quest
4. Begin Reading Chapter 3
Human Movement
1 3 Types of Migratory Movement
1 Cyclic Movement
2 Periodic Movement
3 Migratory movement.
Migration
1 Factors in Human Migration.
1 Absolute vs. Relative Direction.
2 Absolute vs. Relative Distance.
3 Emigration
4 Immigration
5 Internal migration
2 Push and Pull.
1 Push factors induce people to move out of their present location. Push factors include individual considerations like work or retirement conditions, cost of living, personal safety and security, and even more basic, weather and climate.
2 Pull factors induce people to move into a new location. Pull factors tend to be more vague and may actually depend on visiting the location several times. Therefore pull factors are really based on what they see and hear that is positive and “pulling”
1 Time Distance Decay
2 Intervening
3 Turks/Germany and Algeria/France
3 Reasons for Migration
1 Economic Conditions.
2 Political Situations
3 Wars
4 Environmental Conditions
5 Technological Advances
6 Culture and Traditions
4 Voluntary vs. Involuntary Migrations
1 Voluntary Migration
2 Involuntary Migration is also known as forced migration. It involves the imposition of authority or power.
5 Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
1 For every migration flow there is a counter migration. Net migration amounts to a fraction of the gross migration between two places. So the actual migration is the volume of the original flow minus that of the return flow.
2 The majority of migrants move a short distance. Average migration distance undoubtedly has increased since 1885, but step migration still prevails.
3 Migrants who move longer distances choose urban destinations. London was the greatest magnet in Ravenstein’s time. And other British cities were mushrooming as a result of migration. Nowadays, NYC, LA, Chicago, Boston and other major cities around the world are drawing migrants.
4 Urban residents are less migratory than rural residents. In England in Ravenstein’s time, urbanization was drawing people toward towns and cities. The same phenomenon can be observed today in the developing countries. Industrialization periods usually provide an excellent example of this.
5 Families are les likely to migrate, especially internationally than young adults. Throughout the world, young adults are the most mobile population group.
6 The “GRAVITY MODEL” – came about as Ravenstein’s posited an inverse relationship between the volume of migration and the distance between source and destination, i.e. time-distance decay. This proposal prompted the Gravity Model. The GM is a measure of the interaction of places. The GM predicts the interaction on the basis of the size of population in respective places and the distance between them. In mathematical terms, the model holds that interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them. The GM is just a guide to expected migration- keep in mind, migration is not a simple mathematical equation. People consider the push and pull factors; therefore, it is not an exact science.
7 Global Migration Flows – Where do people migrate?
1 Regional Migration Flows.
2 National Migration Flows.
3 Guest Workers
4 Refugees
1 Biggest problem with the UN definition has to do with internal refugees, people who have been displaced within their own countries, do not cross international borders as they flee, and tend to remain undercounted (if not invisible)—2000, UNHCR estimated as many as 25 million people (in addition to 24 million official refugees) might have been displaced, forced to abandon their homes. A refugee can meet the criterion for asylum, which is shelter and protection in one state from another state.
Although it is not always easy to distinguish between a refugee and a voluntary (if desperate) migrant, refugees can be identified by at least three characteristics, individual or aggregate: 1) Most refugees move without any more tangible property than they carry or transport with them; 2) Most refugees make their first “step” on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat; or 3)Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration.
8 Dislocation – International Dislocation means you crossed one or more international boundaries where as Intranational Refugees cross borders within the same country. International refugees have crossed one or more international borders during their move and have encamped in a country other than their own. Intranational refugees have abandoned their homes but remain in their own countries. Permanent refugees have become so integrated into the host’s national life (ex. Palestinian refugees in Jordan). Temporary refugees wait in refugee camps for resettlement (ex. Palestinian refugees in Lebanon).
9 Regions of Dislocation- the refugee situation is constantly changing- some people return home if possible, and some just simply move on. But refugees are dislocated all over the world. The largest number of refugees are in Africa, south of the Sahara and it is also the destination for greatest potential new refugee flows.
1 Subsaharan Africa and South thereof- Several of the world’s largest refugee crises occurred here in last few years. Rwanda, the Congo
2 Southwest Asia and North Africa- Significant set of refugee problems center on Israel and the displaced Arab populations that surround it… During the 1980s Afghanistan was caught in Soviet’s last imperialist campaign- generated a double migration stream that carried millions westward into Iran and eastward into Pakistan.
3 South Asia- 3rd ranking geographic realm due to Pakistan’s role in allowing Afghanistan’s forced emigrants. The other major refugee problem in South Asia stems from a civil war in Sri Lanka
4 Southeast Asia- reminder that refugee problems can change quickly. Indochina (70’s), Cambodia (90’s) and Burma (now)
5 Europe- collapse of Yugoslavia and its associated conflicts created the largest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of WWII. Even with the implementation of the Dayton Accords, the peace agreement, there are still reports of as many as 1.6 million internal refugees in the area- people dislocated and unable to return their homes
6 Other regions- Columbia (1997) only serious problem in Western Hemisphere, caused by country’s chronic instability associated with its struggle against narcotics. People who abandon their familiar surrounding because conditions there have become unlivable perform an ultimate act of desperation. In the process, the habits of civilization vanish as survival becomes the sole imperative. The Earth’s refugee population is a barometer of the world’s future.
10 Global Migration Patterns
1 U.S. immigration patterns- world’s 3rd most populous country is inhabited overwhelmingly by direct descendants of immigrants- about 70 million people have migrated to US since 1820, 30 million currently alive. U.S. has 3 main areas of immigration: 1) initial settlement of colonies (English or African slaves); 2) mid-19th century through early 20th century (European); 3) 1970s-today (more than 3/4ths from Latin America and Asia). The reason for migrating has remained essentially the same: rapid population growth limited prospects of economic advancement at home.
1 Colonial Immigration from England and Africa
2 Nineteenth-Century Immigration from Europe
1 1st peak of European immigration- 1840s and 1850s
2 2nd peak-Climbed in 1870s
3 3rd peak- End of 19th century into 20th century;
3 Immigration from Asia- In the 19th century and the 1st half of the 20th century, only 1 million Asians migrated to the US, most of them were from China, Turkey and Japan. During the last quarter of the 20th century, 7 million Asians arrived in the US. Immigration from Asia has increased tremendously over the years.
4 Immigration from Latin America – 2 million Latin Americans migrated to the US between 1820 and 1960, and about 13 million between 1960 and 2005. Officially, Mexico passed Germany in 2006 as the country that has sent to the US the most immigrants ever. The Dominican Republic has been the second leading source of immigrants from Latin America during the past quarter-century, followed by El Salvador. An unusually large number of immigrants came from Mexico and Latin American countries in the early 1990s as a result of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which issued visas to several hundred thousand people who had entered the US in previous years without legal documents. Whether from Europe, Asia, or Latin America, immigrants to the US are people who are pushed by poor conditions at home and lured by economic opportunity and social advancement in the US.
11 Major World Migrations
1 Jewish Migration to Israel
2 Chinese to Southeast Asia – Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia
3 Postwar Movements
4 Effects of European Unification and Devolution – Power of Place #3.
12 Controlling Migration
1 Past Methods – The Great Wall of China
2 Legal Restrictions – Immigration Laws.
3 Quotas.
4 Illegal Immigration.
5 Post 9/11.
13 Migrations within the United States
1 Early migrations westward
2 20th Century Migrations
3 Recent South and West Migrations
4 Rural to Urban Areas.
5 Urban to Surburban Areas
6 Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas
14 Migration Selectivity – tendency for certain types of people or groups to migrate (elderly to warmer climates, 18-23 year olds to college, workers to jobs, business people to new company headquarters)
15 Migration Stream – a well defined channel or path from a specific origin to a particular destination
16 Migration Counter-Stream – migration that runs opposite to a major migration flow
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