PART



29 The Cold War Era and the Emergence of a New Europe

KEY TOPICS

• The origins of the Cold War and the division of Europe into Eastern and Western blocs

• Major moments of Cold War tension

• Decolonization and the conflicts in Korea and Vietnam

• Polish protests against Soviet domination of Eastern Europe

• Perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union

• The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

• The civil war in Yugoslavia

• The Rise of Radical Political Islamism

CHAPTER NOTES

In the space provided below, construct your own outline of the chapter. Before you begin, refer to the “Key Topics” (section headings – above), introductory paragraph, chapter conclusion, and “Review Questions” to help you identify the major questions and issues covered in the chapter and the author’s main arguments and interpretations. This will aid you in deciding what to include in your outline notes.

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS: Read each question carefully (answers at end of chapter).

1) The U.S. made no effort to roll back Soviet power where it existed at the close of World War II. ___

2) From the late 1940s on, containment was at the center of U.S. foreign policy. ___

3) The Balfour Declaration set forth British views on decolonization in Africa. ___

4) The Korean War began when South Korea invaded North Korea across the 38th parallel. ___

5) No nation suffered greater losses during World War II than the Soviet Union. ___

6) Alexander Dubcek led Czechoslovakia during the Prague Spring of 1968. ___

7) Gandhi favored the partition of India into India and Pakistan. ___

8) The loss of Indochina contributed to French determination to resist Algerian independence. ___

9) Gorbachev’s policy of glasnost encouraged greater public discussion and criticism of Soviet life and politics. ___

10) Radical Islamism arose primarily in reaction to the spread of Christianity in the Middle East. ___

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Select the response which completes the sentence or answers the question best.

1. All of the following undermined Soviet authority in the early 1980s EXCEPT:

a. economic stagnation

b. a surge in the population of Soviet cities

c. party corruption

d. the Afghan war

2. Perestroika means:

a. restructuring

b. openness

c. renewal

d. freedom

3. Solidarity played a key role in political reform in:

a. Hungary

a. Poland

b. Romania

c. Croatia

4. Vaclav Havel led the opposition to the communist government in:

a. Bulgaria

b. Czechoslovakia

c. East Germany

d. Latvia

5. After the failure of the August 1991 coup, the dominant political figure in Russia was:

a. Jaruzelski

b. Gorbachev

c. Putin

d. Yeltsin

6. Putin believes that the dominant force in Russia’s economy and political life should be:

a. the Russian military

b. the free market

c. local governments

d. the central government

7. Yugoslavia was created after:

a. the first Balkan Crisis

b. the Crimean War

c. World War I

d. World War II

8. During the late 1990s, Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians drew NATO forces into:

a. Croatia

b. Macedonia

c. Bosnia

d. Kosovo

9. All of the following opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq EXCEPT:

a. Poland

b. France

c. Russia

d. Germany

10. The postwar U.S. program of broad economic aid to Europe was known as the:

a. Eisenhower Plan

b. Truman Plan

c. Marshall Plan

d. Dulles Plan

11. In 1948, all of the following invaded Israel EXCEPT:

a. Iran

b. Iraq

c. Egypt

d. Syria

12. The Khrushchev era witnessed a retreat from:

a. communism

b. Stalinism

c. authoritarianism

d. militarism

13. The three crises of 1956 included all of the following EXCEPT:

a. the Hungarian uprising

b. Polish resistance to Soviet pressure

c. the Suez intervention

d. the Cuban missile crisis

14. The future of the Soviet Union was changed by the 1979 Soviet decision to invade:

a. Chechnya

b. Afghanistan

c. the Ukraine

d. Mongolia

15. At the height of U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam, over:

a. 150,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

b. 1 million U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

c. 75,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

d. 500,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

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MAP ANALYSIS

A. The exercises below should be answered by referring to the map (“Major Cold War European Alliance Systems”) on p. 987 of the text.

1. Using the map on p. 987 for reference, use different colored pencils to indicate membership in NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

2. Compare and contrast NATO and the Warsaw Pact. What functions did each alliance serve? What role did the United States, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other, play in their respective alliances?

[pic]

B. The exercises below should be answered by referring to the map (“Decolonization Since World War II”) on p. 997 of the text.

1. Using the map on p. 997 for reference, locate and identify: India, Pakistan, Burma, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Nigeria, Oman, and Cyprus.

2. Why did decolonization proceed so rapidly after World War II? What role do former colonial powers continue to play in Africa and Asia?

STUDY QUESTIONS: Consider each of the following questions carefully. Be prepared to supply specific evidence and examples to support your points in a class discussion or concise, well-organized written essay.

1. What were the causes of the Cold War? How did each side contribute to the suspicion and hostility that emerged at the end of World War II?

2. Describe Gandhi’s efforts to achieve Indian independence. How did the India that emerged from the independence struggle differ from the one Gandhi envisioned?

3. What role did the deliberate policies and actions of Western nations play in the collapse of European communism? What role did internal weaknesses in the communist system play?

HOW DO WE KNOW?

The following questions are based on the various illustrations or quotations and extracts from primary sources and historical interpretations in the chapter.

1. What foreign policy objectives were embodied in the Truman Doctrine? Were the policies of subsequent U.S. administrations consistent with these objectives?

2. What role did Catholicism play in Poland and Hungary prior to the collapse of European communism? What role did the church play in precipitating that collapse?

3. Describe Gandhi’s doctrine of nonviolence. Is it accurate to describe the Indian independence movement as nonviolent?

TRUE/FALSE ANSWERS: 1-T (p. 980); 2-T (p. 981); 3-F (p. 987); 4-F (p. 989); 5-T (p. 989); 6-T (p. 993); 7-F (p. 998);

8-T (p. 1001); 9-T (pp. 1004, 1006); 10-F (p. 1016)

MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS: 1-B (p. 1004); 2-A (p. 1004); 3-B (p. 1006); 4-B (p. 1008); 5-D (p. 1012); 6-D (p. 1013); 7-C (p. 1014); 8-D (p. 1015); 9-A (p. 1019); 10-C (p. 983); 11-A (p. 988); 12-B (p. 990); 13-D (pp. 990-991); 14-B (p. 994); 15-D (p. 1002)

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