Teacher’s Guide -moor.com

Grade

6+

Teacher's Guide

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Contents

Big Idea 1: Living things inherit a combination of traits from

their parents

Key Concepts Traits and Heredity National Standard Every organism requires a set of instructions for specifying its traits.

Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to the next.

Vocabulary

chromosome, DNA, dominant, donor, fertile, gene, gene pool, genetic modification, genetic variation, genome, genus, heredity, hybrid, inherited traits, isolate, mutate, recessive, selective breeding, species, sterile

Week 1: Can horses and zebras have babies together? Week 2: Why are some people left-handed? Week 3: How can corn be yellow, white, or blue? Week 4: Are genetically modified foods safe to eat? Week 5: Unit Review: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Visual Literacy Hands-on Activity: DNA Extraction Lab

Big Idea 2: Changes in the environment can affect the survival

of a species

Key Concepts Adaptations and Extinction National Standard Extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the

adaptive characteristics of a species are insufficient to allow its survival.

Vocabulary

bipedalism, camouflage, carnivorous, conservation, distribution, dormancy, ecosystem, ectothermic, endangered, exploit, extinction, foraging, glaciations, hominid, malnourished, niche, omnivores, predation, technology, threatened, tundra, uninhabitable

Week 1: What causes a species to become extinct? Week 2: How have crocodiles survived for millions of years? Week 3: If the ice cap melts, why can't polar bears just adapt? Week 4: Would humans survive if there was another ice age? Week 5: Unit Review: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Visual Literacy Hands-on Activity: Blubber Glove

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Big Idea 3: The tilt of Earth's axis and energy from the sun affect

seasons and weather patterns

Key Concepts Solar Energy and the Weather National Standard The sun is the primary source of energy for weather phenomena on the surface

of Earth. Seasons result from variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches the surface due to the tilt of Earth's axis and the length of the day.

Vocabulary

atmosphere, axis, climate, condense, convection current, curvature, diameter, disturbance, equinox, evaporate, hemisphere, horizon, humidity, landscape, latitude, orbit, precipitation, radiate, solar energy, solstice, updraft

Week 1: What causes the weather? Week 2: Why don't hurricanes happen at the equator? Week 3: Why are the North and South Poles so cold? Week 4: Are the seasons reversed on the other side of the world? Week 5: Unit Review: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Visual Literacy Hands-on Activity: May the Force Be With You

Big Idea 4: Earth is divided into layers: crust, mantle, and core. The crust

is made up of plates that move slowly around Earth's surface.

Key Concept Plate Tectonics National Standard The solid Earth is layered with a lithosphere; a hot, convecting mantle;

and a dense, metallic core. Lithospheric plates on the scales of continents and oceans constantly move at rates of centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle.

Vocabulary

asthenosphere, buoyant, cartographer, composition, compression, converge, density, diverging, fault, fracture, geologist, hypothesize, lithosphere, magma, mantle, mechanism, rift, sediment, seismic waves, subcontinent, subduction, tension, trench

Week 1: Why do the continents look like they fit together? Week 2: How do scientists know what is inside Earth? Week 3: What happens when two continents collide? Week 4: What will Earth's surface look like in the future? Week 5: Unit Review: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Visual Literacy Hands-on Activity: Clean Your Plate Tectonics!

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Big Idea 5: Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. Different

arrangements of atoms compose all substances.

Key Concepts Elements and Compounds National Standard There are more than 100 known elements that combine in a multitude of ways

to produce compounds, which account for the living and nonliving substances that we encounter.

Vocabulary

atom, atomic number, atomic weight, chemical reaction, chemical symbol, compound, covalent bond, decomposition, electron, elements, group, inorganic, ion, ionic bond, isotopes, metalloid, mineral, molecule, neutron, orbital, organic, period, periodic, proton

Week 1: What do atoms look like? Week 2: What is the periodic table? Week 3: What is water made of? Week 4: How are living things different from nonliving things? Week 5: Unit Review: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Visual Literacy Hands-on Activity: Not Your Typical Reaction

Big Idea 6: Energy can be mechanical, electrical, thermal, or chemical.

Light, sound, and heat are often the result.

Key Concept Energy Transfer National Standard Energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light,

electricity, mechanical motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical. Energy is transferred in many ways.

Vocabulary

abdomen, biochemical, bioluminescent, catalyze, complex, cylindrical, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetism, energy, enzyme, field, heat, hull, kinetic energy, liquefy, manifestation, microwave, mixture, potential energy, pressure, shock wave, turbines

Week 1: How do windmills make electricity? Week 2: What makes popcorn pop? Week 3: What makes fireflies glow? Week 4: How do fireworks work? Week 5: Unit Review: Comprehension, Vocabulary, Visual Literacy Hands-on Activity: Test Your Hy-POP!-thesis

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Big

Idea

1

Living things inherit a combination of traits from their parents.

Key Concepts

Traits and Heredity

National Standard

Every organism requires a set of instructions for specifying its traits. Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to the next.

By the sixth grade, students understand that offspring resemble their parents. However, most students are likely to be unfamiliar with the underlying concepts of heredity and genetics. This Big Idea teaches students that:

organisms inherit traits from their parents;

the gene is the basic unit of heredity;

the differences in traits between individuals are the result of genetic variation; and

scientists can alter the traits of an organism through genetic modification.

Teacher Background

Genetics is the science of heredity. The set of instructions for an organism's traits are passed from one generation to the next through genes. Genetic information is transferred from parent to offspring at the cellular level. Inside the nucleus of a human cell, there are 46 chromosomes. Half of them come from one parent, and half from the other. A chromosome is made up of a single strand of DNA, where hundreds of genes may reside. Dominant and recessive genes combine to produce an organism's traits.

Humans have begun manipulating the genes of many types of organisms in order to control the traits that the offspring inherit. People have bred organisms from different species together in order to create favorable combinations of traits. Humans also selectively breed plants and animals of the same species in order to capitalize on natural genetic variation. Finally, scientists have found a way to modify organisms by isolating the genes that code for a particular trait in one organism and inserting them into another organism.

Big Idea 1

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Unit Overview

WEEK 1: Can horses and zebras have babies together?

Connection to the Big Idea: Animals from separate but closely related species can produce offspring with a combination of each species' traits. Students learn that inherited traits are passed down from parents to offspring. Students also discover that horses and zebras belong to different species. When these animals mate, they create a hybrid offspring.

Content Vocabulary: fertile, genus, hybrid, inherited traits, species, sterile

WEEK 2: Why are some people left-handed?

Connection to the Big Idea: The basic unit of heredity is the gene. Students learn that a gene can be either dominant or recessive. An offspring inherits two copies of each gene from its parents, and that offspring's visible traits depend on the combination of dominant and recessive genes it receives. A dominant gene will be visible over a recessive gene. Only when both copies of a gene are recessive will the recessive trait be visible. Students discover that lefthandedness is a recessive trait.

Content Vocabulary: chromosome, DNA, dominant, gene, heredity, recessive

WEEK 3: How can corn be yellow, white, or blue?

Connection to the Big Idea: Traits within a species can vary, and those traits can be manipulated through breeding. Students learn that the traits of corn are highly variable. This is because corn DNA contains "jumping genes." Students learn that selective breeding allows farmers to

emphasize certain traits, and that modernday corn colors are a result of selective breeding. Content Vocabulary: genetic variation, mutate, selective breeding

WEEK 4: Are genetically modified foods safe to eat?

Connection to the Big Idea: Genes can be modified in an organism to produce new traits. Students learn that scientists can modify some foods by taking genes from one organism and inserting them in another organism's DNA. While the practice has nutritional and medical benefits, the long-term effects of genetically modified foods are unknown. Content Vocabulary: donor, gene pool, genetic modification, genome, isolate

WEEK 5: Unit Review

You may choose to do these activities to review concepts of heredity and genetics.

Comprehension Students answer multiplechoice questions about important concepts in the unit.

Vocabulary Students match vocabulary words from the unit to their definitions.

Visual Literacy Students fill in Punnett squares to determine possible gene combinations.

Hands-on Activity Students conduct an experiment to extract DNA from a banana. Instructions and materials list are included.

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Big Idea 1

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Idea 1

Living things inherit a combination of traits from their parents.

Day One

Vocabulary: inherited traits

Week 1

Can horses and zebras have babies together?

This week students are introduced to the concept of heredity and traits. Scientists arrange living things into groups based on the traits they have in common. Horses and zebras share enough traits to belong to the same genus, but not the same species. Organisms within the same species are able to reproduce and create fertile offspring. Yet, some closely related species, like the horse and the zebra, are still able to breed. Their offspring are called hybrids. As with all offspring, hybrids inherit traits from both parents. In hybrids, this combination of traits from two different species produces an appearance that is unpredictable.

Day Two

Vocabulary: fertile, genus, species

Day Three

Vocabulary: hybrid

Day Four

Vocabulary: sterile

Day Five

Big Idea 1 ? Week 1

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Idea 1

Living things inherit a combination of traits from their parents.

Day One

Vocabulary: gene, heredity

Week 2

Why are some people left-handed?

As students continue to explore the concepts of traits and heredity, the focus this week is on genes. Students learn that the gene, a segment of DNA, is the basic unit of heredity. A strand of DNA contains many genes and forms a single chromosome. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the nucleus of every cell, and each pair includes a chromosome from each parent. Whether a child inherits a particular trait from the mother or the father depends on whose genes are dominant. Students also learn that while genetics play a large role in determining a trait, the environment is a factor as well.

Day Two

Vocabulary: chromosome, DNA

Day Three

Vocabulary: dominant, recessive

Day Four

Day Five

Big Idea 1 ? Week 2

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