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Area forecast discussions (AFDs) from the National Weather Service (NWS) weather forecast office (WFO) in Taunton, MA, prior to the onset of PREs ahead of Katrina (2005) and Ophelia (2005) suggest that these events pose a critical forecast challenge. Timing and placement of such unexpected heavy rain can have disastrous effects, as occurred when the PRE ahead of Frances (2004) deluged the … ................
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