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Muscular System Physiology Study GuideLatin and Greek RootsGive an example of a word from this chapter that contains each prefix or suffix.Latin/Greek RootMeaningExampleaer-AirAerobicAn-WithoutAnaerobicAna-UpAnabolicCata-DownCatabolicEndo-InsideEndomysiumLatin/Greek RootMeaningExampleEpi-AboveEpimysiumPeri-AroundPerimysiumSarco-Flesh/MuscleSarcomereVocabularyFascicle – A bundle of muscle fibers.Tendon – Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.Aponeurosis – Connective tissue that attaches muscle to muscle.Twitch – A single contraction-relaxation sequence in a muscle fiber.Anaerobic – Does not require oxygen.Aerobic – Requires oxygen.Catabolic Reaction – Breaks down a large molecule into many smaller ones.Anabolic Reaction – Builds up a large molecule from smaller ones.Short AnswerBe able to answer questions similar to these.Which of the three types of muscle tissue is voluntary? Where are the other two types found?Skeletal muscle is voluntary. Smooth muscle lines the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart.Skeletal muscle fibers are described as amitotic and multinucleate. What does this mean?Amitotic means that they are not able to undergo mitosis (cell division). Multinucleate means that each cell has more than one nucleus.Why are muscle fibers unable to complete mitosis? They are too large and have too many nuclei.Label the myofibril, muscle, muscle fiber, and fascicle on the diagram below.Name the connective tissue (perimysium, epimysium, endomysium) covering each of these structures:Muscle – EpimysiumFascicle – PerimysiumMuscle Fiber (cell) - EndomysiumWhat is the sarcolemma? How is it different than the corresponding structure in other cells?The cell membrane of a muscle fiber. It is covered with the openings of T-tubules.What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What function does it have in muscle fibers?A type of smooth ER found in muscle cells. It releases calcium ions into the T-tubules during muscle contraction.What are the thick and thin filaments in muscle fibers that slide past each other called?Myosin (thick) and actin (thin).How does muscle length and circumference (at the belly) change during contraction?During contraction, the muscle shortens and its circumference increases.45631101143000This graph shows the tension produced by a single muscle twitch. Label the latent period, contraction phase, stimulus, and relaxation phase.When a second stimulus arrives before the first twitch is complete, a more powerful contraction occurs. This is called summation. When this occurs enough time, a prolonged contraction called tetanus occurs.The molecule that serves as the basic unit of energy in muscles is ATP. What is this molecule broken down into when its energy is needed?ADPIs this an example of a catabolic or anabolic reaction?CatabolicComplete this table summarizing the differences between glycolysis and cell respiration.Anaerobic / AerobicAmount of ATP ProducedWhere takes place in cellGlycolysisAnaerobic2CytosolCell RespirationAerobic34MitochondriaWhat two forms do muscles store excess energy in during rest? What molecules are these made from?Glycogen (made of glucose) and creatine phosphate (made of creatine and a phosphate from ATP)What two catabolic reactions occur in muscle fibers during moderate activity (assume oxygen levels are adequate).Glycogen → Lots of Glucose Glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATPWhat reactant is missing from the overall cell respiration reaction if a person is out of breath? If they “hit the wall”?Oxygen is missing if you are out of breath. When you hit the wall, you have exhausted your supply of glycogen.What waste product is produced when oxygen levels in muscle fibers are insufficient?Lactic acid.SizeAmount of MitochondriaMyoglobin?ColorFast-TwitchLargerLessNoLightSlow-TwitchSmallerMoreYesDarkHow does aerobic exercise affect muscles? How does anaerobic exercise muscle affect muscles?Aerobic exercise improves overall oxygen intake and delivery and glycogen storage in muscles. Anaerobic exercise increases muscle mass (hypertrophy).What hormone do anabolic steroids mimic? What are possible side effects?Testosterone. Increase in blood cholesterol, acne, blood pressure, testicular atrophy, and male characteristics in females.What type of activities are fast-twitch muscle fibers and slow-twitch muscle fibers best-suited for?Fast-twitch fibers are best for rapid, high-power movements (e.g. weightlifting). Slow-twitch fibers are best for endurance activities like walking, jogging, etc.Fill out the chart of muscle disorders below:DisorderCauseSymptoms / EffectsPolioVirusDestroys motor neurons, causing paralysis.ALS (Lou Gehrig’s)UnknownProgressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to loss of muscle control and muscle atrophy.Muscular DystrophyGenetic disorderProgressive degeneration of muscle tissue.Which of the muscular disorders/diseases above has been eradicated in most of the world through the use of a vaccine?Polio. ................
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