Social Psychology



Social Psychology

➢ Define:

Focus Areas: (See “Overview”)

➢ Development and expression of attitudes

➢ Attributions (self and others)

➢ Causes of antisocial / social behavior

➢ Presence / actions of others influence our behavior

Social Cognition

➢ How people think about themselves and others

o Plays a significant influence on attitudes and attributions

Attitude Formation and Change

➢ What is attitude?

➢ Primary focus of advertising / marketing:

o Mere Exposure Effect:

Attitudes and Behavior

➢ Is attitude necessarily a predictive model of behavior? Explain:

➢ Cognitive Dissonance Theory

❖ Inconsistency between an individual’s thoughts and actions creates uncertainty, discomfort

▪ Most common reactions to cognitive dissonance:

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❖ Provide one specific hypothetical example of cognitive dissonance:

Compliance Strategies (How we get others to comply with our wishes)

➢ Define each of the following:

❖ “Foot in the Door” phenomenon:

❖ “Door in the Face:”

❖ Norms of Reciprocity::

Attribution Theory: Explanation of the cause of the events, issues around us…

➢ Dispositional (“person) attribution:

➢ Situation attribution:

➢ Stable or unstable:

➢ Types of attribution:

❖ person-stable attribution

❖ person-unstable

❖ situation-stable

❖ situation-unstable

❖ Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: (Pygmalion Effect)

Attributional Biases (error in explanation of cause due to bias)

➢ Fundamental Attribution Error:

❖ Is it really fundamental?

❖ Difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures?

➢ False consensus effect:

➢ Self-Serving Bias:

➢ Just-world belief

Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination

➢ Stereotypes:

➢ Prejudice:

➢ Discrimination:

❖ Specific difference between prejudice and discrimination?

➢ In-groups vs. Out-groups

➢ Tendency to view out-groups as more homogeneous, or the same (out-group homogeneity), and to view in-groups as more diverse

❖ Explaining prejudice

• In-group bias

• Modeling:

Combating Prejudice

➢ Contact theory: contact between hostile groups reduces animosity if working together on one goal

➢ must benefit all and necessitate participation of all = superordinate goal

➢ Robbers Cave Study

o Basis of experiment:

Aggression and Antisocial behavior:

Two types of aggression

➢ Instrumental: when aggression is used to secure an end (goal)

➢ Hostile aggression: simply angry or upset; acting out of aggression

➢ Frustration-Aggression theory:

➢ Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment:

Prosocial Behavior (helping behavior)

➢ Bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility) :

o (Kitty Genoevese: murdered in NYC 38 people saw it and did nothing

Attraction

➢ Factors influencing attraction: similarity, proximity, reciprocal liking

➢ Passionate love:

➢ Compassionate love:

The Influence of Others on Behavior

➢ Social facilitation:

➢ Social impairment: the presence of others impair performance if task is difficult

➢ Conformity:

➢ Asch experiment:

o class setting: questions

o Confederates all gave obvious incorrect answer / individual would follow suit 30% of time (70% at least once during trials)

❖ Likelihood of conformity does not increase with increase in group size

➢ Milgram Experiment (1974)

❖ Classic obedience study

❖ “Teacher / student” / faked electric shock for each incorrect answer / buttons: 15 up to 450 volts

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❖ Points to consider: % decreased if could see face, would never be admitted today, experimenters were told that if shock were real, confederates would have been killed (profoundly disturbing)

➢ Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo) Read “A Prison By Any Other Name” and provide brief overview of study and its results: (see website)

Group Dynamics

➢ Rules / expectations of behavior for any group are referred to as “norms”

➢ Social loafing:

➢ Group Polarization:

➢ Deindividualtion:

➢ Groupthink:

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