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HSP3U Anthropology Study GuidePart A: TerminologyDescribe and define each term that listed in the space provided. You may write in point form or short form.Term:Description/definition:PrimatologyPrimatologists study primates.Human VariationIt is the study of the physical differences and similarities of existing human populations.PaleoanthropologyPaleoanthropologists study bone and stone remains of our ancient ancestors from millions of years ago.Natural SelectionIn order for natural selection to occur, you must have variation, many offspring, and competition for resources. lf you use the finch as your example, there would be at least 2 types of beaks on an island at first. Then, the food source changes so that only one of the types of beaks will work. Those birds have many offspring and compete for the food. The type of beak that is able to eat the available food the fastest survives. This is survival of the fittestHomininA human or human ancestor.FossilPreserved remains of biological matter.BipedalismThe trait of habitually walking on two legs.*Neanderthals (Identify distinct traits)Neanderthals were shorter, heavier, and more muscular than modern humans.The brains in Neanderthals are larger than modern humans.The skulls of Neanderthals are shaped differently than those of modern humans, with a protruding nose, heavy brow ridges, large teeth, and a little chin.CultureCulture is the set of meanings, beliefs, values, and rules for living shared by groups and societies as the source of their identity.EthnologyEthnology is the study of the origins and cultures of different races and peoples.Linguistic AnthropologyLinguistic anthropologists study the history and structure of language and the ways humans use language.Historical Linguistics-compare the similarities and differences of language structures so they can understand how languages are related and how people migrated in the past.Structural Linguistics-the study of how sounds are put together to make meaning.Sociolinguistics-the study of how people use language within their culture to express status and context.ArchaeologyArchaeologists study the physical remains of a past culture through excavation and reconstruction.KinshipIt is the relationship between two or more people that is based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.MatrilinealThis is a kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through their mothers.PatrilinealThis is a kinship system in which people trace their ancestry through their fathers.BilinealThis is a kinship stem in which people trace their ancestry through their mothers and fathers.LineageAll the male relatives in a family that can be traced back to one common direct ancestor.ClanA group of several lineages in a patrilineal or matrilineal society in which people are related but cannot always trace exact relationships.MonogamyA relationship or form of marriage where an individual has one partner.PolygamyA form of marriage that involves multiple partners.PolygynyA form of marriage between one husband and multiple wives.PolyandryA form of marriage with one wife and multiple husbands.Arranged MarriageThey are marriages set up by someone other than the people getting married.Rite of PassageA ceremony, ritual, or event that marks an individual’s passage from one stage of life to another.Identity MoratoriumA status in which the adolescent is in crisis and is unable to accomplish tasks necessary to becoming an adult, and explores other youth subcultures.Technological DiffusionThe adoption by one culture of a technology invented by another culture.EuphemismA word or set of words used to indirectly describe an uncomfortable or inappropriate concept or idea in a socially acceptable way.GlobalizationThe process by which economies, societies, and cultures become integrated through a worldwide network.Part B: Physical Anthropology1. What are the three main questions that drive Physical Anthropology? Identify these questions below:As a species, where did humans come from? How has the human body evolved over the ages? What makes humans unique?2. Humans and chimpanzees share 95-99 % of the same DNA. However, there are noticeable differences between these species. Identify the traits that are specific to humans and chimpanzees in the chart below:Human traits:Chimpanzee traits:Complex language Larger skull and brain capacity Develop long term partnerships Straight, upright posture Technological achievements Long childhoodLarge canine teeth Body covered in thick hair Average life span 50 years Long arms, short legs Big feet and opposable toes Strong muscles3. Can you remember the pioneers of Primatology? Make sure you know the main discoveries and significant achievements linked to each primatologist that we studied. Jot down the key discoveries/achievements for each primatologist below:Primatologist:Discoveries/Achievements:Jane GoodallDiscovered that chimps eat meat, use and make tools, and are capable of cooperation, altruism, sorrow, joy, and cruelty.Dian FosseyIdentified gorillas by their nose prints when studying them.Discovered that gorillas are “dignified, highly social creatures with individual personalities and strong family relationships.”Birute GaldikasDiscovered that female orangutans only have offspring once every 8 years and the babies stay with their mothers for the first 8 years. Helped researchers understand the birth cycles of orangutans and why orangutans are at risk of extinction. Discovered that orangutans sleep in tree nests and eat over 400 different kinds of food.Established the concept that non-human animals can have culture too.4. What distinguishes Christian Anthropology from Physical (Biological) Anthropology? Jot down your knowledge in the chart below:Christian AnthropologyPhysical AnthropologyChristian anthropology emphasizes that humans were made in the image and likeness of God. Human diversity is a good thing according to Christians. Though no two humans are the same, each person has value and worth. Every person reflects the image of God in a slightly different way. God blessed each person with different talents and abilities and expects each person to serve Him using the unique set of talents that he or she received.In On the Origin of the Species (1859), Charles Darwin outlined how every living thing evolves through natural selection. Natural selection involves three principles:Variation: every species has a lot of variety within it.Heritability: individuals pass on traits to their offspring.Environmental fitness: individuals who are better adapted to their environment will produce more offspring and pass on their traits to the next generation.5. What should we remember about Charles Darwin?Darwin was a naturalist, scientist, and author who established the concept of natural selection to explain how plants and animals evolved.Darwin proposed that species were forced to evolve or they would become extinct.He believed that humans who were able to adapt lived and passed down the characteristics that allowed them to survive to their offspring. Darwin suggested that humans first evolved in Africa.Part C: Cultural Anthropology6. What are the following individuals most known for?Bronislaw Malinowski:Malinowski pioneered participant observation in his 1915 study of the Trobriand Islanders in the South Pacific. He immersed himself in the culture of the Trobriand and learned a great deal about their language and society.Margaret Mead:Margaret Mead is one of anthropology’s most influential and controversial figures. Best known for her study of Samoan adolescent girls, Mead was interested in examining whether stresses during adolescence were caused by adolescence itself or by society. She observed that, in contrast to American adolescent girls, adolescence was a stress-free time for Samoan girls. Ruth Benedict:She was an anthropologist who researched Japan during WW2. She wanted to help Americans understand and defeat the Japanese army.7. What are the three functions of marriage?Marriage defines social relationships to provide for the survival of and socialization of children.Marriage defines the rights and obligations of the two people to each other in terms of sex, reproduction, work, and social roles.Marriage creates new relationships between families and kin groups.8. Review the marriage stats and trends identified during the CBC Doc Zone video, Thoroughly Modern Marriage. In addition, review the marriage trends we took note of in class. Jot down the major stats and trends that we learned about in the space below:Examples Include: Husbands are not the only breadwinners.It is not as difficult to attain a divorce in our society.More couples are choosing not to get married.More couples are having children outside of mon-law relationships are more common and acceptable.More same-sex couples are getting married.9. Create a simple diagram/mind map to help you remember the three-stage rite of passage process that Charles-Arnold van Gennep proposed:10. What are the main differences between sex and gender?Sex:Gender:-the biological characteristics such as XX or XY chromosomes, genitals, and other physical characteristics determined by a person’s genes-gender is defined by a person’s culture, not just biology11. What is the Sapir-Wolf hypothesis?It is the theory that language not only labels reality but also shapes our cultural reality. Since people think in a language, the way the language is structured can influence their thoughts.12. What cultural anthropology theory can you relate the most to? Why? Select one of the theories and then identify and describe 3 reasons why you support the theory. Make reference to your own personal beliefs, observations, or experiences as you justify your preference.*You may use your cultural anthropology summary sheet during the test for this component. ................
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