EMERGENCY LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL COHESION
4000310515center 3300095000 420003263900175001760220EMERGENCY LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL COHESIONCluster Workshop Canyon Hotel – August 6, 201500EMERGENCY LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL COHESIONCluster Workshop Canyon Hotel – August 6, 2015SESSION 1A: Introduction and Definition of Social CohesionLed by: Ann Ward (UNDP) & Jos de la Haye (UNDP Regional)Objectives Present an overview of the purpose and objectives of the workshop Form a working definition, through interaction with participants, of social cohesion SummaryJos: Introduction to social cohesion What defines social cohesion? What comes up in your mind when you think of it? TogethernessIntegration amongst different communitiesPositive engagementHigh level of trustDecreasing tensionsPeacefulInterdependenceSocial solidarityCooperationConditions that also make social cohesion more likely to happenAcceptance of cultural beliefs, differencesDo you like social cohesion? Do others find social cohesion to be ideal? Not in all contextsThe concept of social cohesion is a bit fluffy and unclearSocial cohesion is a pursuit, not an end: the process in itself can be rehabilitativeSensitivity of social cohesion: willingness to engage in social cohesion makes one vulnerableSocial cohesion is a necessary element of peace In no sense a destination, but there can be processes of social cohesion The issue is to understand in the Arab states the regional interpretation of social cohesion Social fabric: restore relationships of cooperationJos’s elements of social cohesion: BelongingParticipation Conditions conducive to social cohesion? Equal opportunitiesLegitimacy Recognition of diversityDoes social cohesion require social acclimatization? The disappearance of divisive identities? Example of Syrian refugees taking on new identities, example of good social cohesion But is this necessarily the path that we want? How profound are feelings of belonging and participation when these identities begin blending in? Ann: what is the personal interpretation of social cohesion? What are your personal perceptions of social cohesion? Goal: create a definition that fits Iraq and KurdistanAction points (if any) Continue thinking about your definition of social cohesion and how it fits in the emergency context of IraqAny suggestions should be aired at the next Emergency Livelihoods & Social Cohesion cluster meetingSESSION 1B: Social Cohesion Risk AnalysisLed by: Andrew Ma (UNDP)Objectives Summarize the findings from UNDP’s most recent social cohesion analysis, synthesizing three assessments: Host Community Impact Assessment, Host Community Needs Assessment, and the Conflict Risk AnalysisSummaryIncreasing need to identify an evidence base for social cohesionUNDP recently conducted three assessments to form a social cohesion analysis linking livelihoods / socioeconomic determinants of social cohesionThese assessments are aligned along the cluster’s conceptualization of social cohesionIDPs cause an impact upon Kurdish host communities (HCIA)These impacts are perceived negatively (HCNA)Areas that have certain demographic and socioeconomic factors are prone to conflict risks (Conflict Risk Analysis) Key findings are belowHCIA KEY FINDINGSMany assumptions of the economic impact of IDPs on host communities are falseIn some hosting areas, prices have dropped due to an increased unskilled labor supplyIn regards to wages, IDPs have had mixed effects upon local host community individuals: unskilled, informal, lower-level workers have endured drops in wage due to IDPs, professional, educated, and formally employed enjoy significant increases in wagesIDPs in the KRI contribute about $2.6 billion in economic transactions per month in the KRIThe overall impact of IDPs on host community unemployment is miniscule However: the specific effect on workers in the urban informal sector are significant, since they are the most exposed to increased labor competition by IDPs.Women are also much more vulnerable to the economic impacts of IDPs than are men, and female heads of households are significantly more willing to take short-term or under-paying employing in order to cope with these impacts. The presence of IDPs generates significant localized economic activity, labor force participation and numbers employed in firms is increased. HCNA KEY FINDINGSPerceptions of host communities need to be considered by Humanitarian Agencies in order to ensure that ‘Do No Harm’ principles are maintained.Poor perceptions of IDPs on behalf of host communities can be distinctly tied to socioeconomic or demographic factorsHigh unemployment and problems in identifying employment are strongly correlated with host community’s negative perceptions of IDPs, especially when barriers to employment include lack of connections and increased competitionHost communities that experience poor service provision from the government are also much more likely to view IDPs negatively, and overwhelmingly point to IDPs as the cause of deteriorating services due to increased demandCommunities that are vulnerable (i.e. have a high proportion of residents who rely upon the government for basic needs) have been shown to be much more hostile towards IDPsFindings show that livelihoods support has not been systematically targeted to any specific livelihood criteria, including livelihood type, economic vulnerability, nor the ability to afford basic needs, possibly causing harm in communities in which resources are inequitably distributed. Conflict Risk Analysis KEY FINDINGSCertain distinct demographic and socioeconomic factors are linked to the likelihood of social or ethnic conflict The demographic percentage, of diverse socio-religious groups – such as Sunni and Shi’a – is a strong predictor of social tensions and ethnic violence. The more equal the percentage, the greater the risk of tension.In communities which are tribally homogenous, social violence is 56% less likely to occur. The demographic percentage has changed due to recent displacement which has caused many communities to become more demographically balanced and therefore more at risk. Social tensions and conflict are much more likely to occur in urban areas, particularly those in which pressure on public resources is high. Observed social violence is not particularly linked to employment rates or income except if there is a concentration of an unemployed lower middle class (the majority of whom are youth 15-25)Finally, most ethnically-targeted crimes and incidents of social violence are caused by youth between the ages of 15 and 25. UNDP has thus mapped these factors as a preliminary overview of social tension risk, and this map is able to be distributed to cluster partners and those working within social cohesionThere is a distinct need for regularly updated data to develop a social tensions Early Warning System to track and prioritize the areas that need immediate social cohesion management / livelihoods assistanceAction points (if any) Develop, after consultation with partners within and outside the clusters, an early warning system using these relationshipsBegin integrating the tension monitoring / incidents report into the early warning systemCreate a more robust evidence base for social cohesion / livelihoods programmers inside and outside the clusterSESSION 1C: IOM’s Approach to Community StabilizationLed by: Ashley Carl (IOM)Objectives Present a cluster partner approach to community stabilization, emergency livelihoods, and social cohesion SummaryEmergency Livelihoods presentation (Ash) How would you define livelihoods in the emergency context in Iraq? Duhok: take the various inputs (external aid, employment income) and other income to form a lifeStabilization and restoration Mechanism for income generation, and improved coping mechanismsQuick and responsive to the emergency contextMinimum life insuranceCommunity stabilization approach of IOMTwo approaches: Bottom-up: working with vulnerable communities to identify gaps in social services, basic infrastructure, security, social cohesion, and economic opportunitiesTop-down: working with government authorities and provide support to develop appropriate operational systems Social Cohesion & Sustainable livelihoods: Supporting displaced population self-relianceIncreasing employability and reducing psychological stress and frustration Four components of the strategy Enhancing emergency and non-emergency livelihoods and generating incomesRebuilding essential services (electricity and water) and infrastructuresProviding psycho-social supportSupporting grassroots peace and security initaitivesICRS livelihood framework: Information, Counselling, Referral, ServiceInfo: Displacement Tracking Matrix, community profilingCounselling on the livelihood needs of IDPsDevelopment of the Community Revitalization Programme (CRP)IOM currently providing assistance to 44 communities across 10 governorates through the CRP Select and prioritize communitiesLocal consultation with community leaders and local government to develop action plan (e.g. types of community assistance projects that will be done) 6 componentsIndividual assistanceCommunity assistance projectsBusiness development servicesCapacity building Psychosocial supportHumanitarian Information CoordinationAction points (if any) Any questions regarding the program should be forwarded to Ashley CarlInvestigate possibilities of joint data analysis using some of the information gathered by IOM under their CRP as a base for social cohesion SESSION 2: Led by: Objectives Lesson learned for two case study on how the resource can be identified for project and how the projects can be implemented in sustainable livelihood vs. emergency livelihood SummaryAyman from Relief International: Two case study was brought from field on value chain as shown below : The Nedafa project in Myssan and Najafy Kitchen both on a social enterprise venture “please refer to the attached files “ , showing the way project implemented and asked participate for group working to answering three questions as below What resource from among the following resource would be needed for this business to be developed (Human assets, Physical assets, Financial assets, social assets, natural assess?Outcome from group activities that the case study include all resources above through using skills and community networks ,trust ,row material ,space for implementing in both projects How would projects differ if it was done in an emergency context instead of sustainable context? Outcome from group activities that projects can be implementing on mobile base instead of using fixed premises or relocate profit differently via vendor supply or running project for short period with increase number of beneficiaries , activates need space for work “prepare food “can be moved to be at home which then leave an extra space for IDP’s to settle in .How would enterprise bring social cohesion to the communities? Outcome from group activities #Change target beneficiary to include all (IDP,HC, Syrian refugees) #Conflict assessment need to take place shows the way to bring mediators to facilitate supporting on social cohesion #Bring outside idea into existing projects. # Promoting, interaction of mix group. Action points (if any) N/ASESSION 3: Lessons Learned from Emergency Livelihoods and Social Cohesion Activities in IraqLed by: Ayser (DRC), Ayman (RI)Objectives Summarize recent activities by Relief International and Danish Refugee CouncilPresent lessons learned from these activities, and how the cluster may address these concerns moving forwardSummaryAyman from Relief International: Lessons learned from social cohesion and livelihoods activities in IraqHanan: the story in brief Hanan cooks lunch for Relief International, she is an IDP fled from Mosul and now living in ErbilExtra food to take home and paid forShe will tell people about her life, and how she carries about her job Hanan sometimes doesn’t have time to cookSo she will ask food from neighbors, vendorsHanan’s suppliers are host community members Her clients are also host community members / IDPs / Syrian refugeesAn example of how many people can be fit onto a value chain Will she still be perceived as an IDP? OR is she perceived as a beneficial part of the local community? RI Projects that are currently being doneEconomic Empowerment of WidowsWomen Leveraging the internet for Financial TransformationEmpowering Vulnerable Iraqis through EnterpriseAdvancing Widows Assistance via EnterpriseLessons learned: Employment of refugees and IDPs in RI-supported businessesApplying learning through encouraging new value chains to employ displaced populations living outside campsDevelop new projects that promoting social cohesion through value chain developmentLessons learned: from sustainable livelihoods to emergency livelihoodsIdentify short-term, medium-term, and long-term solutionsApplying learning: providing recommendations to FAO & WFPDevelop new projects that makes deliberate efforts for promoting social cohesion through livelihoods and ‘do no harm’Action points (if any) N/ASESSION 4A: Regional Best Practices on Livelihoods and Social CohesionLed by: Jos de la Haye & Hyewon Jung (UNDP Regional)Objectives Present an overview of regional case studies and how regional concepts may apply to the Iraq contextReceive feedback from regional / national partners on the most effective ways to address livelihoods and social cohesion in IraqSummaryShort term: livelihoods stabilizationMedium term: local economic recovery for employment and reintegrationLong term: employment and inclusive economic growth Take place with differing intensitiesCountry examples: LebanonLivelihoods sectorTemporary rapid income generating activities and improved local infrastructureAccess to market information and trainingCapacity of the MSME’s sector to create jobs Priority work: National livelihoods planWorking with MoSAReaching the most vulnerable Lebanese through improved targeting Harmonizing approaches on modalities for C4W and vocational training programmeStrengthen the evidence base on the impact of Syrian labourSocial Stability SectorOne of the three key objectives of the Lebanon Crisis Response Plan No ‘cohesion’ vocabulary due to the fact that the gov’t doesn’t want to have social integrationThis re-phrasing may be restrictive KEY to note: Lebanese context is very different from the Iraq contextNeed to assess levels of social cohesionUnderstand how tensions are changing, and how the fabric becomes more strainedNeed knowledge on the structural causes of social tensionsSyriaLivelihoods was the main activity for response plan for Syria for 2014Conflict setting: hard to show social cohesion Livelihoods is a really tangible thing that can be shownNow, trying to build social cohesion into livelihoodsPhase-in approach of integrating social cohesion and livelihoodsMany local NGOs are working on social cohesion within Syria (easier for them politically, and they have access to networks)Keep livelihoods, but use the programme as a vehicle to extend work to community dialogueTry to identify through networks that are there:Are there safe public spaces? Facilitate peacebuilding at the communities (actors) Use existing mechanisms / strengthen them to support social cohesionYou can have a livelihoods project, and then use that as a vehicle for social cohesion Jordan Try to link social cohesion with different components Livelihoods to local governance to rule of lawOne of the projects on livelihoods is implementing value-chain development Value-chain assessments on the potential of job creation Focusing on solid waste managementGeneration of economically sustainable green jobsEnhancing the capacity of local bodies to manage solid waste3X6 livelihoods approachInclusion through emergency income generating activitiesOwnership through joint ventures and access to financeTo Sustainability through value-chain development and market accessUsed in Yemen nowBut with the new crisis, the priorities have readjusted to emergency employment Social cohesion development committees in Yemen SudanRoad to stabilization: community security and stabilization programmeCommunities benefit from participatory planning and asset constructionSeasonal employment of IDPs and refugees (Community Security and Stabilization Programme) Links between livelihoods and social cohesion: Quality and frequency of inter-community contactRelation and trust with local institutionsPerception related to assistance provided by various organizationsCauses of tensions (economic, social)Action points (if any) Using knowledge from the regional and corporate levels, develop a country-specific strategy to social cohesion and emergency livelihoodsSESSION 4B: Links between Livelihoods and Social CohesionLed by: Jos de la Haye & Hyewon Jung (UNDP Regional)Objectives Establish an understanding of programmatic links between livelihoods and social cohesion Identify ideas that can be applied to the present emergency contextSummaryCan you give two examples of how you see the connection between livelihoods and social cohesion in your program? Establishment of social connections through economic transactions i.e. the example of Hanan with Relief InternationalDonation of agricultural crops to the IDPs after it being planted in the Ninewa plainsVolunteerism between communities of IDPs and host communities Multi-purpose loan in Ainkawa: high numbers of IDPs and refugeesWomen involved in community centersJoint learning and ideas exchange between IDPs, refugees, and host communities Employment and closer interaction: by providing IDPs / refugees / native community members with access to the economy they can be closer Strengthening participatory planning: decision-making capacity Vocational trainings for host communities, IDPs, and refugeesWhat are the two main challenges you see to make the connection between livelihoods and social cohesion? Asymmetry: perceptions of unfairness between IDPs / host communitiesHigher risk in programs that integrate social cohesions and livelihoodsLack of trust to participate with others along the community Tradition holding participation back Language barriers Action points (if any) Further discussions on these programmatic links and how they may be established to be held at the cluster and partner levelWrap UpLed by: Ann Ward (UNDP)Objectives Identify the feedback from the workshop SummaryPositives: Very interactiveBest practices from different agencies / IOM / NGOsSpecific NGO case studiesCame further to narrow down the Social Cohesion Assessment So-so: No action planMore participation from the national NGOsIT supportRegional best practices were a little less helpful Action points (if any) Submit any outstanding comments from the workshop over the feedback form. ................
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