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Supplementary Figure 1. Trends of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use among all COVID-19 patients in South Korea

LPV/r and HCQ prescription tends to decrease, and preference appears to change significantly depending on the literature published at that time: In the middle of week 12, literature suggesting negative effect of LPV/r (1)and positive effect of HCQ (2)was published (Cao et al., 2020, Gautret et al., 2020).

LPV/r use has been decreasing, while HCQ has been prescribed for 20–40% of patients with COVID-19 with recent decreasing trend. Among those who prescribe LPV/r or HCQ, 11–23% of patients were prescribed both drugs together.

Supplementary Table 1. Disease severity classification according to the insurance claim data codes

|Severity category |Codes |

|Mild |None of below |

|Moderate, grade 1 |M0040 |

|Moderate, grade 2 |M0046 |

|Severe |M859, M5830, M5850, M5857, M5858, M5859, M5860 |

|Critical |O1890, O1901, O1902, O1903, O1904, O1905, O1906, M5873, M5874, |

| |M5875, M5876, M5877, M5880, death |

Supplementary Table 2. ICD-10 codes for each disease category

|Disease category |Code |

|Endocrinopathy |

|Diabetes |E10-14 |

|Thyroid disease |E00-03, E05-06 |

|Cushing syndrome |E24 |

|Cardiac disease |

| Ischemic heart disease |I20-25 |

| Heart failure and cardiomyopathy |I11.0, I13.0, I13.2, I13.9, I42, I43, I50 |

| Valvular heart disease |I05-09, I34-37 |

| Cardiac arrhythmia |I44-45, I47-49, R00.0, R00.1, R00.3, R00.8 |

|Chronic respiratory disease |

| COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis |J40-47, J98.2, J98.3 |

| Environmental lung disease |J60-70, J92 |

| Interstitial lung disease |J84, J99 |

|Chronic respiratory failure and |J96.1, J98.6 |

|Diaphragm palsy | |

|Pulmonary vascular diseases |I26, I27 |

|Renal disease |

| Hypertensive renal disease |I12.0, I13.1, I13.9 |

| Glomerular disease |N00-08 |

| Renal tubule-interstitial disease |N11-16 |

| Chronic renal failure and ESRD |N18-19, N25, Z49 |

|Chronic liver disease |

| chronic HBV |B18.0, B18.1 |

| chronic HCV |B18.2 |

| Non-B, non-C hepatitis |B18.8, B18.9, K70.0, K70.1, K70.9, K71.3, K71.4, K71.5, K73, K75.2-4, |

| |K75.8-9, K76.0 |

| Liver cirrhosis |K70.2, K70.3, K71.7, K74, K76.6, K76.7, I85.0, I85.9, I98.2, I98.3 |

| Hepatic failure |K70.4, K72 |

|Chronic neurologic disease |

| Systemic atrophy |G10-14 |

| Parkinsonism and movement disorder |G20-26 |

| Alzheimer and degenerative disease |G30-32 |

| Multiple sclerosis |G35-37 |

| Epilepsy |G40-41 |

|Transient cerebral ischemia |G45-46 |

|Stroke, cerebral hemorrhage |I60-69 |

| Dementia |F00-03 |

|Malignancy |

| Solid organ, except thyroid |C00-72, C74-80, C97 |

| Thyroid cancer |C73 |

| Hematologic |C81-96 |

|Rheumatologic disease |

|Rheumatic arthritis |M05-06 |

| SLE and others |M30-36, M45 |

|Hematologic disease |

|Coagulopathy |D66-69 |

|Bone marrow dysfunction |D70-77 |

|Anemia |D55-59, D60-64 |

|Obesity |E65-68 |

|Nutritional deficiency |E40-46, E50-64, K90 |

|Mental and behavioral disorders |

| Mental disorder of substance use |F10-19 |

| Schizophrenia |F20-29 |

| Mood disorder |F30-39 |

| Neurosis |F40-48 |

| Personality disorder |F60-69 |

|Mental retardation |F70-79 |

|Development disorder |F80-89 |

|Immune deficiency, HIV infection |D80-89, B20-24 |

|Pneumonia |J12, J13, J14, J15, J16, J17, J18 |

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

Supplementary Table 3. International Classification of Disease 10th revision (ICD-10) mapping for Charlson Comorbidity Index (Charlson et al., 1987)

|Diseases |ICD-10 codes |Weight |

|Myocardial infarction |I21, I22, I252 |1 |

|Congestive heart failure |I43, I50, I099, I110, I130, I132, I255, I420, I425, I426, I427, I428, |1 |

| |I429, P290 | |

|Peripheral vascular disease |I70, I71, I731, I738, I739, I771, I790, I792, K551, K558, K559, Z958, |1 |

| |Z959 | |

|Cerebrovascular disease |G45, G46, I60-I69, H340 |1 |

|Dementia |F00-F03, G30, F051, G311 |1 |

|Chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease |J40-J47, J60-J67, I278, I279, J684, J701, J703 |1 |

|Connective tissue disease |M05, M32-M34, M06, M315, M351, M353, M360 |1 |

|Peptic ulcer disease |K25-K28 |1 |

|Mild liver disease |B18, K73, K74, K700, K701-K703, K709, K717, K713, K714, K715, K760, |1 |

| |K762-K764, K768, K769, Z944 | |

|Diabetes without complications |E100, E101, E106, E108-E111, E116, E118-E121, E126, E128-E131, E136, |1 |

| |E138-E141, E146, E148, E149 | |

|Diabetes with complications |E102-E105, E107, E112-E115, E117, E122-E125, E127, E132-E135, E137, |2 |

| |E142-E145, E147 | |

|Paraplegia and hemiplegia |G81, G82, G041, G114, G801, G802, G830-G834, G839 |2 |

|Renal disease |N18, N19, N052-N057, N250, I120, I131, N032-N037, Z490, Z491, Z492, |2 |

| |Z940, Z992 | |

|Cancer |C00-C26, C30-C34, C37-C41, C43, C45-C58, C60-C76, C81-C85, C88, C90-C97|2 |

|Moderate or severe liver disease |K704, K711, K721, K729, K765, K766, K767, I850, I859, I864, I982 |3 |

|Metastatic carcinoma |C77-C80 |6 |

|Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |B20-B22, B24 |6 |

Supplementary Table 4. Age-stratified disease severity distribution

| |0-9 years (n=71) |10-18 years (n=145) |19-64 years (n=4402) |≥65 years (n=1102) |

|Mild |71(100%) |143 (98.6%) |4037 (91.7%) |656 (59.5%) |

|Moderate 1 |0 |2 (1.4%) |294 (6.7%) |284 (25.8%) |

|Moderate 2 |0 |0 |25 (0.6%) |27 (2.5%) |

|Severe |0 |0 |18 (0.4%) |18 (1.6%) |

|Critical |0 |0 |28 (0.6%) |117 (10.6%) |

Supplementary Table 5. Baseline characteristics before propensity score matching

| |LPV/r-group |HCQ-group |Control |p-value |

| |(n=1268) |(n=801) |(n=2128) | |

|Age, years, mean (SD) |49.78 (17.01)a |51.86 (17.71)b |39.32 (16.01)c | ................
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