History of Southern Africa

Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.

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First Edition

Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Amy McKenna: Senior Editor, Geography and History

Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson S?: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Andrew Barbour

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The history of southern Africa / edited by Amy McKenna.--1st ed. p. cm.--(The Britannica guide to Africa)

"In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Y **& 1. Africa, Southern--History. I. McKenna, Amy, 1969 DT1079.H57 2011 968--dc22

2010019433

On the cover: Xhosa boys prepare for a traditional manhood ceremony in South Africa. Per-Anders Pettersson/Reportage/Getty Images

On pages 1, 15, 49, 72, 82, 91, 101, 110, 120, 132, 180, 186, 198: A tree towers over the spot where, as legend has it, missionary and explorer David Livingstone's heart is buried. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

CONTENTS

Introduction

4

xiii

Chapter 1: Early History Early Humans and Stone Age Society The Khoisan San The Khoekhoe Today The Spread of Bantu Languages Food Production The Rise of More Complex States Toutswe Veld Swahili Culture Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe Torwa, Mutapa, and Rozwi Small-Scale Societies

1

3

5

6

8

8

9

11

11

12

12 13

19

13

14

Chapter 2: European and African Interaction

The Portuguese in West-Central and Southwestern Africa

The Imbangala The Chokwe The Ovimbundu The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa The Zambezi Valley Other Southeastern African States Maravi Confederacy The Declining Power of the Portuguese The Dutch at the Cape First Khoekhoe-Dutch Contact Boer Expansion Slavery at the Cape Khoisan Resistance to the Dutch Xhosa-Dutch Conflict "Legitimate" Trade and the Persistence of Slavery The Continuation of the Slave Trade Effects of the Slave Trade The "Time of Turmoil" Shaka and the Creation of the Zulu Zulu

15

15 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 22

23 29

23 24 25

26 26 27 28 29 30

40

Increasing Violence in Other Parts

of Southern Africa

31

British Development of the Cape Colony

32

Changes in the Status of Africans

33

Continuing Settler-Xhosa Wars

34

Growth of Missionary Activity

35

The Expansion of White Settlement

36

The Republic of Natalia and the British

Colony of Natal

36

Battle of Blood River

37

Voortrekker Republics in the Interior

37

The Orange Free State and Basutoland

38

Minerals and the Scramble for Southern Africa 39

The Diamond Industry

40 50

The Discovery of Gold

41

Cecil Rhodes

42

The Annexation of Southern Africa

43

Portugal in Southern Africa

45

Germans in South West Africa

47

Chapter 3: Southern Africa from 1899

Through Decolonization

49

The South African War

49

The Nature of Colonial Rule

51

The Changing Labour Market

52

Changes for Afrikaners

53

Growth of Racism

53

Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland 54

Police Zone

55

Ovamboland

55

Southern Rhodesia

56

Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia

56 57

Settlers in Mozambique and Angola

57

Class and Ethnic Tensions Among

White Settlers

58

Land, Labour, and Taxation

59

White Agriculture and African Reserves 59

The Invention of Tribalism

61

Labour and the Mining Industry

62

The Impact of Migrant Labour

63

Urbanization and Manufacturing

64

The African Response

65

62

Royal Family Politics

65

Political Organizations and Trade Unions 66

Christianity and African Popular Religion 67

The Impact of World War II

68

Independence and Decolonization in

Southern Africa

70

Chapter 4: Angola

72

Early Angola

72

The Kongo Kingdom and the Coming of the

Portuguese

73

Colonial Transition (1820s?1910)

73

Lunda Empire From Colonial Conquest to Independence

74 69

(1910?75)

76

Independence and Civil War

77

Agostinho Neto

78

Angola in the 21st Century

81

Chapter 5: Botswana

82

Early Pastoral and Farming Peoples

82

Khoisan-Speaking Hunters and Herders 82

Bantu-Speaking Farmers

82

Iron Age States and Chiefdoms

83

Eastern States and Chiefdoms

83

Western Chiefdoms

84

Rise of Tswanadom

84

Growth of Tswana States

84

Times of War

84

Tswana

85

Prosperous Trading States

86

British Protectorate

86 87

Sir Seretse Khama

87

Advance to Independence

88

Botswana Since Independence

89

Chapter 6: Lesotho

91

Early History

91

The Sotho Kingdom (1824?69)

91

Moshoeshoe

93

Basutoland

95

The Gun War

96

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