History of Southern Africa
Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.
Copyright ? 2011 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclop?dia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.
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First Edition
Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Amy McKenna: Senior Editor, Geography and History
Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson S?: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Nicole Russo: Designer Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Andrew Barbour
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The history of southern Africa / edited by Amy McKenna.--1st ed. p. cm.--(The Britannica guide to Africa)
"In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Y **& 1. Africa, Southern--History. I. McKenna, Amy, 1969 DT1079.H57 2011 968--dc22
2010019433
On the cover: Xhosa boys prepare for a traditional manhood ceremony in South Africa. Per-Anders Pettersson/Reportage/Getty Images
On pages 1, 15, 49, 72, 82, 91, 101, 110, 120, 132, 180, 186, 198: A tree towers over the spot where, as legend has it, missionary and explorer David Livingstone's heart is buried. Hulton Archive/Getty Images
CONTENTS
Introduction
4
xiii
Chapter 1: Early History Early Humans and Stone Age Society The Khoisan San The Khoekhoe Today The Spread of Bantu Languages Food Production The Rise of More Complex States Toutswe Veld Swahili Culture Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe Torwa, Mutapa, and Rozwi Small-Scale Societies
1
3
5
6
8
8
9
11
11
12
12 13
19
13
14
Chapter 2: European and African Interaction
The Portuguese in West-Central and Southwestern Africa
The Imbangala The Chokwe The Ovimbundu The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa The Zambezi Valley Other Southeastern African States Maravi Confederacy The Declining Power of the Portuguese The Dutch at the Cape First Khoekhoe-Dutch Contact Boer Expansion Slavery at the Cape Khoisan Resistance to the Dutch Xhosa-Dutch Conflict "Legitimate" Trade and the Persistence of Slavery The Continuation of the Slave Trade Effects of the Slave Trade The "Time of Turmoil" Shaka and the Creation of the Zulu Zulu
15
15 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 22
23 29
23 24 25
26 26 27 28 29 30
40
Increasing Violence in Other Parts
of Southern Africa
31
British Development of the Cape Colony
32
Changes in the Status of Africans
33
Continuing Settler-Xhosa Wars
34
Growth of Missionary Activity
35
The Expansion of White Settlement
36
The Republic of Natalia and the British
Colony of Natal
36
Battle of Blood River
37
Voortrekker Republics in the Interior
37
The Orange Free State and Basutoland
38
Minerals and the Scramble for Southern Africa 39
The Diamond Industry
40 50
The Discovery of Gold
41
Cecil Rhodes
42
The Annexation of Southern Africa
43
Portugal in Southern Africa
45
Germans in South West Africa
47
Chapter 3: Southern Africa from 1899
Through Decolonization
49
The South African War
49
The Nature of Colonial Rule
51
The Changing Labour Market
52
Changes for Afrikaners
53
Growth of Racism
53
Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland 54
Police Zone
55
Ovamboland
55
Southern Rhodesia
56
Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia
56 57
Settlers in Mozambique and Angola
57
Class and Ethnic Tensions Among
White Settlers
58
Land, Labour, and Taxation
59
White Agriculture and African Reserves 59
The Invention of Tribalism
61
Labour and the Mining Industry
62
The Impact of Migrant Labour
63
Urbanization and Manufacturing
64
The African Response
65
62
Royal Family Politics
65
Political Organizations and Trade Unions 66
Christianity and African Popular Religion 67
The Impact of World War II
68
Independence and Decolonization in
Southern Africa
70
Chapter 4: Angola
72
Early Angola
72
The Kongo Kingdom and the Coming of the
Portuguese
73
Colonial Transition (1820s?1910)
73
Lunda Empire From Colonial Conquest to Independence
74 69
(1910?75)
76
Independence and Civil War
77
Agostinho Neto
78
Angola in the 21st Century
81
Chapter 5: Botswana
82
Early Pastoral and Farming Peoples
82
Khoisan-Speaking Hunters and Herders 82
Bantu-Speaking Farmers
82
Iron Age States and Chiefdoms
83
Eastern States and Chiefdoms
83
Western Chiefdoms
84
Rise of Tswanadom
84
Growth of Tswana States
84
Times of War
84
Tswana
85
Prosperous Trading States
86
British Protectorate
86 87
Sir Seretse Khama
87
Advance to Independence
88
Botswana Since Independence
89
Chapter 6: Lesotho
91
Early History
91
The Sotho Kingdom (1824?69)
91
Moshoeshoe
93
Basutoland
95
The Gun War
96
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