Chapter 10—Urban America (1865-1896)



Chapter 10—Urban America (1865-1896)

Chapter 10 Section 1—Immigration

I. Europeans Flood Into The United States (pp. 336-339)

A. 1890s—1/2 of the Immigrants were from Southern & Eastern Europe

1. America offered the Immigrants:

a. employment

b. few immigration restrictions

c. avoidance of military service

d. religious freedom –(Jews)

e. social mobility

1 Ellis Island---Processing center for immigrants arriving on the east coast

B. Most immigrants settled in cities

1. Lived in ethnic neighborhoods—(Same language & religion as their homeland)

2. Immigrants who learned English & adapted to the American culture seemed to adjust well to living in the United States

a. skilled immigrants also seemed to adjust well

II. Asian Immigration to America (page 339)

A. Chinese immigration caused by:

1. unemployment , poverty, & famine in China

2. discovery of gold in California

3. Taiping Rebellion in China

4. demand for railroad workers in the United States

*** Chinese immigrants worked as laborers, servants, skilled tradesman, & merchants*** (Some owned their own laundries)

2 Japanese Immigration

5. Increased between 1900-1919 because Japan began to build an industrial economy & empire

III. The Resurgence of Nativism (page 340)

A. Nativism—extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people & desire to limit immigration

B. Why? Give Catholics too much power & Labor unions feared that immigrants would work for lower wages

1. Focus was on Asians, Jews, & Eastern Europeans

C. 2 Anti-Immigrant Groups:

1. American Protective Association (1887)—disliked Catholics & foreigners---wanted to stop immigration

2. Workingman’s Party of California—wanted to stop Chinese immigration---Racial violence resulted

D. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—barred Chinese immigration for 10 years & prevented the Chinese already in the U.S. form becoming citizens

1. Renewed in Congress in 1892, made permanent in 1902, & not repealed until 1943

Chapter 10 Section 2---Urbanization

I. Americans Migrate to the Cities (pp. 341-342)

A. Urban Population grew to 30 million by 1900

1. Immigrants remained in the cities

2. Farmers began moving to the cities because of better paying jobs, electricity, running water, plumbing, & entertainment

II. The New Urban Environment (pp. 342-343)

A. Skyscrapers (Louis Sullivan)—Why built?--- land prices increased

B. Mass Transit changes—Horse car-electric trolley cars—elevated railroads

III. Separation by Class (page 343)

A. Wealthy Classes---lived in the heart of the city in elaborate homes

B. Middle Class---lived away from the city (doctors, lawyers, engineers,& teachers)

C. Working Class (majority of the Urban dwellers)—lived in tenements which were dark & crowded multi-family apartments

IV. Urban Problems (page 344)

A. Increase in crime, fire, disease, & pollution

1. Immigrants & alcohol blamed for this increase in crime

2. Contaminated drinking water from improper sewage disposal resulted in epidemics of typhoid fever & cholera

V. Urban Politics (pp. 344-345)

A. Political Machine---informal political group designed to gain & keep political power by providing essentials to city dwellers in exchange for votes

1. Party Bosses---Ran the Political Machine

a. had tight control of the city’s money

b. Became wealthy due to fraud & graft (dishonest means)

2. Most Famous---Tammany Hall (New York City)—Democratic Political Machine

a. Party Boss—William Tweed

Chapter 10 Section 3---The Gilded Age

I. A Changing Culture (pp. 348-349)

A. Mark Twain (1873)—The Gilded Age

1. Gold on the outside but beneath the surface was corruption, poverty, & a big difference between rich and poor

2. Individualism---strong belief during the Gilded Age that regardless of your background, you could still rise in society

a. Horatio Alger---Rags to riches stories

II. Social Darwinism (pp. 349-350)

A. Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer)---

1. Human society evolved through competition

2. Society progressed & became better because only the fittest people survived

3. Opposed to government interference with business

B. Andrew Carnegie—Gospel of Wealth

1. those who profited should give something back to society (Philanthropy)

2. supported Social Darwinism

3 Critics of Social Darwinism

3. Devout Christians & some leading scientists rejected the theory of evolution because it went against the Bible’s account of creation

III. Realism (pp.350-351)

A. Realism—portrayed people in realistic situation instead of idealizing them

IV. Popular Culture (pp. 351-352)

A. People had more $$$ to spend on entertainment & recreation

B. Baseball—Very popular Sport

1. 1869—Cincinnati Red Stockings—1st Professional team

C. Vaudeville---Combined animal acts, acrobats, gymnasts, & dancers to perform

D. Ragtime—Popular music

1. Scott Joplin—Most Famous

Chapter 10 Section 4----The Rebirth of Reform

I. Social Criticism (pp. 353-355)

A. Henry George—Progress & Poverty---Raised questions about American society & challenged the ideas of Social Darwinism & laissez-faire economics

II. Naturalism in Literature (page355)

A. Naturalism---style of writing that criticized industrial society

1. suggested that some people failed in life due to circumstances they could not control

2. EX: Jack London, Stephen Crane

III. Helping the Urban poor (pp. 355-357)

A. Social Gospel Movement—Washington Gladden

1. Apply “Christian Law” to social problems

B. Salvation Army (1878)—offered aid & religious counseling to the urban poor

1. YMCA---Bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship training, libraries, gym, pools, & low cost hotel rooms

C. Settlement Houses---Improve the living conditions of the poor

1. Jane Addams—Hull House--- Lillian Wald’s Henry Street----- a. Medical Care, recreation programs, & English classes were provided

IV. Public Education (pp.357-358)

A. Need for more schools & colleges due to the increase of industry which needed better trained workers

B. Success for Immigrant Children was based on Americanization

1. knowledge about American Culture

4 Grammar Schools created

C. Booker T. Washington—Tuskegee Institute

D. Morrill Land Grant Act---gave federal land grants to states for the purposes of establishing agricultural & mechanical colleges

1. Increased the ## of Colleges

F. Free libraries provided education to city dwellers—Andrew Carnegie

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