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Name:AP World I. EnlightenmentCreate a contextualization for the Enlightenment:Directions: Fill in the appropriate information for each Enlightened philosopher. PhilosopherFamous Work?Key Ideas/Impact on Time Period? John LockeTwo Treatises on Government - natural rights: - Voltaire Dozens of pamphlets, articles, and books publishedBaron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws - Separation of power: - Checks and balances: Adam SmithWealth of Nations- laissez-faire capitalism: - free market: Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Thomas Hobbes Leviathan - absolutism: What revolutions were influenced by these Enlightened Thinkers? What documents were influenced by these Enlightened Thinkers? What intellectual and/or social movements were Influenced by these Enlightened Thinkers?II. The French RevolutionCreate a contextualization for the French Revolution:Describe how the causes below contributed to the French Revolution. (STEAK and FAMINIE) Social Inequality: 1st Estate: 2nd Estate: 3rd Estate: American Revolution: Taxes: King Louis XVI: Enlightenment:Famine: Directions: Fill in the blank spaces using your notes on the events of the French Revolution. Outbreak and Major Developments of the French RevolutionA meeting of the _______________________________ was called by Louis XVI to solve the nation’s economic problem. Each estate had ______ vote.The third estate was locked out of the meeting and declared themselves the ___________________________________, claiming that they are the true representative body of France. They took the ___________________________________ pledging not to leave until they wrote a new constitution for France. On July 14, 1789, an angry mob __________________________________ attacking the prison that they saw as a symbol of the Old Regime. After this event, fighting broke out through the rural country sides in a period known as the _______________________, where peasants attacked nobles and destroyed their homes. The National Assembly assumed power and began carrying out reforms.They passed the ____________________________________________________ (inspired by the “Declaration of Independence”) guaranteeing natural rights to all. The _____________________________________________ established a limited or constitutional monarchy and established a separate legislative, executive, and judicial branch. Unchecked veto power meant that Louis XVI did not have to abide by this new constitution. After negotiating with foreign monarchs throughout Europe, he attempted to flee France. Radicals soon took over France led by the political party the_____________________________. ___________________ _____________________ assumed leadership of the Revolution and declared France a ___________________________.The _________________________________________ was soon formed in 1793 and executed King Louis XVI for treason. This event marked the beginning of the _______________________________ in which tens of thousands of people were executed who were believed to be enemies of the revolution. People of all estates were killed.The Reign of Terror ended when ____________________________________ was executed in 1794. Moderates soon returned to power. A five-men government known as the ____________________ held this power but were weak and inefficient. Soon after, a coup d’tat was lead by _________________________________ who established a military dictatorship. III. Napoleon- Congress of Vienna- Latin American RevolutionsNapoleon’s Achievements Economy: Napoleon controlled prices, taxes for all citizens, supported the creation of new industry, built roads and canals, created the Bank of France, created jobs based on merit. Education: Napoleon established public schools for allNapoleonic Code: Guaranteed equality under the law and religious toleration regardless of birth. How did the Napoleonic Code reflect the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution? Napoleon’s DownfallHow did the invasion of in Russia lead to Napoleon’s downfall?What battle ended Napoleon’s rule?Impact of the French Revolution Liberal Ideals: Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideals of republication government, the goals of the French revolutionaries and the Enlightenment throughout Europe. People wanted liberty from absolute monarchs and freedoms from old feudalistic traditions. Nationalism: Among the French, the revolution and the conquests of Napoleon inspired feelings of national pride. The conquests of Napoleon also increased nationalistic feelings across Europe and around the world. What areas in the world did nationalism spread to? The Congress of Vienna: “Turing Back the Clock”Create a contextualization for the Congress of Vienna:Directions: Use the terms in the word box to match the description below. (not all terms are used)116205137795Congress of ViennaLiberalsMetternichConservativesLegitimacy Balance of Power Napoleon nationalism 00Congress of ViennaLiberalsMetternichConservativesLegitimacy Balance of Power Napoleon nationalism This person dominated the Congress of Vienna and his principles influenced many decisions in European countries. ________________________________This key principle refers to the restoration of former absolute rulers to the throne. ________________________This meeting took place from 1814-1815. The purpose was to “turn back the clock” to a political situation prior to the French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. __________________________________This group was composed of kings and noble landowners who supported a monarchy as their system of government. _____________________________He was the leader before the Congress of Vienna who was forced to abdicate and go into exile on St. Helena Island. ______________________This was a key principle stating that the map of Europe should be redrawn so that no country can dominate all of Europe again. _____________________________Many European monarchs wanted to stop the spread of this for fear that they would lose their power. ______________________________________ This group included members of the middle class and many of their ideas came from the Enlightenment. This group stressed a more democratic government. ___________________What were the major political, social, and economic differences between conservatives and liberals? IV. Latin American Independent MovementsCreate a contextualization for independence movements in Latin American colonies.-43815021971000Life in Latin America before Independence - Sociedad de Castas 17145009906000This group controlled most of the political, economic, and social power in Latin America 103822569850019431006794500 This group consisted of people born in Latin America who had European parents. They were very wealthy and well-educated but had no political power. They led many of the independent movements in Latin America.7239001346200025146008318500This group consists of a mix of people of Native Americans and people of European descent.26289001968500This group consists of a mixed of people of African and European descent. 476252794000308610010350500This social group made up the bulk of the population. They had no political rights and had no real social standing. ___________________________________________, a well-educated creole leader, was an admirer of the Enlightenment and French Revolution and was inspired by the American Revolution. He is known as the “Liberator” for helping gain independence for Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spanish rule.________________________________________ was a self-educated black slave who led a revolt in _______________ against French rule. ____________________________ was the economic system in which the mother country benefited from the raw materials and natural resources of the colonies was an economic cause of the independent movements._______________________________ was a creole priest in Mexico who inspired many Mexicans to fight for freedom against Spanish rule by saying The Cry of Delores a famous speech calling all Mexicans to fight for “independence and liberty.”_________________________ or the idea of self-determination and believing that every country has the right to choose its own government was a major cause of the independent movements._________________________ was the only colony that had a peaceful independent movement from the European country of _______________________. This was because __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe similarities and differences between the causes of the French Revolution and the Latin American independent movements. Keep your comparisons within groupings. Why did newly independent Latin American nation-states have difficulties creating stable political and economic systems? Describe at least three reasonings. Create a contextualization for the nationalist unification movements of Italy and Germany.Italian UnificationDescribe the roles of Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Giuseppe Mazzini played in the unification of Italian states.German Unification Why was the unification of German states opposed by the main powers of 19th century Europe?Describe the role Otto Von Bismarck’s played in the unification of Germany.3. Bismarck was known for realpolitik and “blood and iron.” How were each exemplified in the process of German unification. V. Industrial Revolution Create a contextualization for the Industrial Revolution:The Industrial Revolution begins in England because it has all of the Factors of Production. Describe how these contributed the the Industrial Revolution in England.Natural Resources:Nearness to Trade Routes:Investment Capital:Stable, Liberal Government:Surplus Workers:Infrastructure for Transportation:How does Britain move from farm to factory? Agrarian Revolution: Impact of the Steam Engine:Changes and Continuities of the Industrial Revolution? Keep your comparisons within groupings. Laissez-faire capitalism - Proletariat - Free-market/market economy- Bourgeoisie - “Invisible Hand”-Karl Marx - Adam Smith –Friedrich Engels - Socialism- Communism- “The Manifesto of the Communist Party” – Changes of the Industrial RevolutionWhat was the purpose and impact of the Sadler Committee? How did women’s rights change during the Industrial Revolution? Who is Thomas Malthus and what were the main ideas of his economic theory?What were labor unions and how did they impact economies during the Industrial Revolution? Mass Starvation in IrelandUnder British rule, the majority of Irish farmlands had been used to grow crops, such as wheat and oats, which were sent to England. The Irish themselves used the potato as their main food crop. This system supported the Irish population until 1845, when a disease destroyed the potato crop. Other crops were not affected. Still, the British continued to ship the other products out of Ireland. Four year later, 1 million Irish had died of starvation or disease, Millions of others moved to the United States and Canada. How did British economic policy contribute to starvation in Ireland and mass migration from Ireland? VI. ImperialismCreate a contextualization for the Age of “new” Imperialism: AfricaIndiaImperialism driven by:Scramble for Africa: Social Darwinism: Berlin Conference: Imperialism driven by:British East India Company The Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion): Indian National Congress:Orissa famine:ChinaJapanImperialism driven by:Qing Dynasty: Opium Wars: Treaty of Nanjing: Taiping Rebellion:Self-Strengthening Movement:Spheres of Influence: Extraterritoriality:Boxer Rebellion: Imperialism driven by:Commodore Matthew Perry: Meiji Restoration: Changes of the Meji Era: Russo-Japanese War: Effects of Imperialism on the ColoniesShort Term EffectsLarge number of Asian and African came under foreign rule Land was lost by African tribesNatural resources were taken by the Europeans Local economies became dependent on industrialized powers (mercantilism)Individuals and groups resisted European dominationTribal and ethnic wars in Africa Western culture spread to new regionsTraditional and cultural ties were disrupted and destroyedFamines occurred Long-Term Effects Western culture continued to influence much of the worldTransportation, education, and medical care were improvedResistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalistic movements for independenceMany economies became based on single cash crops grown for export Effects of Imperialism on the Europeans and the World The West discovered new crops, foods, and other productsWesterners were introduced to new cultural influencesCompetition for empires created and increased conflict between imperial powers. These conflicts sometimes led to warThe industrial nations controlled a new global economy The Ottoman Empire How did nationalism contribute to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?How did Britain, France, Russia and Germany contribute to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?Who were the Young Turks? How did they impact the Ottoman state in the the 19th and 20th centuries. VII. The Great War- World War One Create a contextualization for The Great War:Causes of World War IExample MANBalkans – “Powder Keg” - IACA Chain Reaction After the assassination, the major nations of Europe responded. Each hostile action led to another hostile action:Germany promises to support Austria-Hungary…So therefore Austria-Hungary issued Serbia an ultimatum knowing it had Germany’s support…Although weakened by war with Japan, Russia prepares its army for defense of Serbia, its fellow Slavs on 7/25/14…Serbia concedes to all demands except for two…Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on 7/28/1914…Russia begins full mobilization of its army provoking German demands for it to stop on 7/31/1914…“This is dark day and a dark hour. The sword is being forced into my hand. This war will demand of us enormous sacrifice in life and money, but we shall show our foes what it is to provoke Germany.” – Kaiser Wilhelm II, 7/31/1914. Germany declares war on Russia in defense of Austria-Hungary…Italy declares its neutrality……but then Germany declares war on France and invades France through neutral Belgium…Sworn to protect Belgium’s sovereignty, the United Kingdom declares war on Germany…The Ottoman Empire attacks Russia… Fighting during World War IOn the Western Front:Trench Warfare: New Weapons:Machine gunTankSubmarine (u-boat)AirplanePoison gas, gas maskImpact Total War: Governments drafted men to fight in the ernments raised taxes and borrowed money to pay for the ernments rationed foods at home so that the military could be provided ernments used the press to promote propaganda. Allied propaganda highlighted German atrocities. Women at home took jobs that the soldiers had left behind. Some women joined the armed services. Other women went to the fronts as nurses. Major Turning Points of the War United States Entry into war (1917)Russian withdrawal from the war (1917)Costs of the War On November 11, 1918, an armistice, an agreement to stop fighting was declared. The costs of WWI were enormous:More than 8.5 million people had diedMore than 17 million had been woundedNations had huge war debts Factories, farms, cities, and homes had been destroyed TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR IHow did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany? What was the purpose of the League of Nations? Was the League of Nations successful? Why or why not? How did the Treaty of Versailles impact Italy and Japan?How did the Treaty of Versailles impact colonials?What was the the mandate system? VIII. The Russian Revolution Directions: Using the acronym below, list the causes of the Russian Revolution. BROWNSMajor Developments of the Russian Revolution In 1904-1905, the Russians were getting beat in the ___________________________. They were completely humiliated because they were losing to an Asian nation. Along with this, peasants made up 90% of the population and had no rights. Russia was unindustrialized and needed to change. On January 19th, 1905, workers led a peaceful march to the Winter Palace asking Tsar ___________________________ for better working conditions, better pay and hours and an end to the Russo-Japanese War. Although it was a peaceful march soldiers shot and killed many of the marchers, this event known as _____________________________ marks the beginning of the Russian Revolution. In order to appease the people, Tsar Nicholas II created a __________________, a legislative body that had to approve all laws. He also signed _____________________________ in 1905 creating a limited monarchy. However, Nicholas II did not abide by this leading to more discontent among the peasants and workers. In 1917, things got worse in Russia due to their involvement in ______________________________. 1 out of 5 men had adequate weapons and supplies to fight the Germans. In order to muster support for the troops, Nicholas II went to the front lines. He left his wife Alexandra to rule Russia where she received help from a monk ______________________. Many nobles feared that he had too much power and killed him.In March 1917, military defeats, shortages of food, fuel and housing sparked revolt. The czar’s soldiers sympathized with the demonstrators and refused to fire on them. With no control over his country, Nicholas II was forced to ________________________ (give up) his throne. This is known as the February/March Revolution of 1917. After the removal of the Tsar, the _______________________________ was set up and promised liberal reforms. The leader ____________________________________ felt that liberal reforms would help the people, but most Russians wanted an end to WWI which they did not end. The unpopular decision to stay in war led to the failure of the provisional government. Following the March Revolution, an exiled Russian revolutionary _______________________________ returned home. He headed the ______________________ party in which he believed that a small group of party professionals would lead Russia through a successful revolution. Lenin gained the support of the people by making promises of “___________________________________.” He promised ________________ to the soldiers, ___________________ to the homeless peasants, and ____________________ to the starving factory workers. The second revolution of 1917, known as the _____________________________________, overthrew the Provisional Government and Lenin and his communists took control of the government. Russia becomes the first “communist” nation in history. Once in power, Lenin ended Russia’s involvement in World War I, distributed land to peasants and gave workers control of the factories. However, a ________________________ broke out in Russia between the _____________________ who were Communists loyal to Lenin and the _________________________ who were loyal to the Tsar and wanted him back in power. To eliminate a potential rallying symbol for the Whites, Communists executed Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family. Lenin then had complete control over the Soviet Union. In 1921, Lenin created the _______________________________ to restore the economy. With this policy, government controlled large industries and banks but people could own small private businesses to make a profit. After Lenin’s death, a power struggle occurred between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Stalin became the new Soviet leader and ruled through terror and brutality. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a ____________________________ state. In this form of government, a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of the citizens. Stalin established a ________________ economy, in which government officials make all economic decisions. Under Stalin, the government controlled all factories, businesses and farms.One of Stalin’s chief goals was to make the Soviet Union strong by turning it into a modern industrial power. In 1928, Stalin launched the ______________________________ to build industry and increase farm output. He placed emphasis on heavy industry.Stalin also forced peasants to give up their small farms and live on state-owned farms known as _____________________________, which were large farmed owned and operated by peasants as a group. The government controlled prices and farms prices and set production quotas. Wealthy peasants known as “Kulaks” resisted collectivization leading to a forced famine killing millions of Russians. IX. Inter-War Years – The Rise of Dictators Create a contextualization for the rise of authoritarian leaders during the “Interwar Years”Benito Mussolini created the political ideology known as Fascism. Describe 3 characteristics of Fascism.What changes did Fascism bring to Italy?What challenges did the Weimar Republic face that allowed for Hitler and the Nazi party to gain popularity? 1. ______________________________This type of government was rooted in extreme nationalism and militarism, headed by a dictator, and was anti-communist. 2. ______________________________This book translated as My Struggle discusses extreme nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism.3. ______________________________This man fought in World War I and despised the Weimer Republic which he claimed was weak and ineffectual. He joined a small group of right-wing extremists and then became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.4. ______________________________Due to reparation payments, this economic cycle occurred where the government printed huge quantities of paper money but because of that the German mark became worthless. 5. ______________________________This man with the backing of veterans and other discontented people marched to Rome in 1922 to make a bid for power. Out of fear the king asked this man to become the Prime Minister. 6. ______________________________This government was despised by the Germans because they were associated with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and with the rise of unemployment and poverty in the nation. 7. ______________________________This name for the Night of Broken Glass occurred in 1938 where Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities marking the beginning of Hitler’s campaign against the Jews.8. ______________________________These laws passed in 1935 clarified who was able to be a citizen in the Third Reich.9. ______________________________Japanese militarists leaders tried to revive characteristics of this old empire during the Interwar Years. 10. ______________________________This massive persecution of Chinese was based on ideas of racial superiority and the need for more living space. It is defined by the deaths and mutilations of tens of thousands of Chinese by the Japanese army. World War II Causes of World War IExample MAN IAMunich Conference:CWhy is the Spanish Civil War sometimes referred to as the “little world war” or the “prelude to WWII”? Directions: Complete the chart below and define and explain all bold words. AXIS POWERSALLIED POWERS Fighting during World War IIBlitzkrieg- What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter?Why are the following battles seen as turning points in the war? Battle of BritainBattle of StalingradPearl HarborBattle of MidwayD-Day (Invasion of Normandy)What changes did the use of atomic bombs bring to the world? ................
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