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3SAEN: Language work Read through the list of rhetorical devices often found in speeches and memorize the terms and definitions as well as the effect the devices have on the audience. Rhetorical deviceWhat is it? Effect? AllusionUsing famous quotes as part of the argument of the speech (from the Bible, from other speeches etc)Strengthens ethos, speaker links him/herself to a more famous person/situationAlliterationRepetition of neighbouring sounds: the decade of decline, the fast and the furiousEmphasizing messageAnaphoraRepetition on word or phrase at the start of successive sentences or clauses. “"It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden, too like the lightning."?- Shakespeare, Romeo and JulietEmphasizing message, creates rhythm in language Antimetabolea literary and rhetorical device in which a phrase or sentence is repeated, but in reverse order. "It is not even the beginning of the end but is perhaps, the end of the beginning." (Winston Churchill)Contrasts help us remember, emphasizing message through reversed order AntithesisWhen two opposites are brought out to prove a point. Also, when you say what you do NOT believe in, then say what you do believe in. “Give me liberty or give me death". “Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice” (Polonius, Hamlet)Contrasts help us rememberAssertionState something positive in a forceful or aggressive way. “We shall not surrender!”Emphasizing messageFalse dilemmasClaiming that there are only two answers to one problem, when in reality there may be more. “Either we do this, or we do that”. Simplifies a situation for an audienceEpistropheThe repetition of a word or several words at the end of a/several sentence(s). Known as the counterpart of?Anaphora. “And that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth - Abraham LincolnRepetition makes you remember HypophoraSpeaker asks a question, then answers itCatches audience’s attention with question, answers for them JuxtapositionTwo things of opposite nature are mentioned together. “Fire and ice”, “Heaven and hell”, “young and old”Contrasts help us remember / can show extremities MetaphorsComparing one thing to another without using “like” or “as”. “She is a star”. Imagery: strengthens message / helps audience rememberPolysyndetonUsing several coordinating conjunctions (often ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘but’) in succession. ‘They lived and laughed and loved and left’Creates an artistic effect, can have a surprise as the last element. ParallelismRepeating parts of sentence within same sentence. “If you vote for him he will work day and night, he will never give in and he will create a better future”. Emphasizing messageRepetitionRepeating words as a way of creating structure and power.Emphasizing messageRhetorical questions Speaker ask a question but does not expect an answer. “Is this the society we want?”Catches audience’s attention, forces them to consider the questionSimilieComparing one thing to another using “like” or “as”. “She is like the wind”.Imagery: strengthens message / helps audience rememberSimplificationSimplifying a complicated situation stereotypical images. Simplifies a situation for an audience, easier to make a choiceTricolonUsing a list of three, or a sentence in which there are three parts. “I meet them in the backyards, in the living rooms and in the front porches”. Emphasizes message / helps audience rememberVaried sentence lengthUsing contrastive sentence length to emphasize certain sentences / phrases.Can shift focus onto some sentences. Keeps audience attentiveWordplayPlayful / clever use of words. Keeps audience attentive / creates humourous outlet / helps audience rememberPersonal pronouns‘I’‘you’‘we’‘they’ If the speaker uses a lot of ‘we’, he is trying to create a feeling of unity. A lot of ‘I’ is often used when the speaker wants to emphasize his/her outstanding qualities. A lot of ‘you’ can both be used when accusing someone of something and when encouraging someone. A lot of ‘they’ distances speaker from those he talks about.Loaded wordsWords that carry specific, heavier meaning. ‘Demolish’ instead of ‘break’, ‘murder’ instead of ‘kill’, ‘shocking’ instead of ‘surprising’. Emphasizes the message, turns opinion in a specific direction. EuphemismsWords or phrases used to avoid loaded words. ‘Pass away’ instead of ‘die’. ‘Make love’ instead of ‘have sex’. ‘Bun in the oven’ instead of ‘pregnant’. ‘Overseas contingency operations’ for ‘war on terror’.Words used instead of words that makes us uncomfortable. Makes it easier to talk about taboos. Three rhetorical “methods” / ways of building an argument: EthosEthos refers to the credibility of the person posing the argument or stating the facts - how trustworthy s/he is. Ethos is conveyed through tone and style of the message and through the way the writer or speaker refers to differing views. It can also be affected by the writer's reputation - his or her expertise in the field, his or her previous record or integrity, etc. When you use a counterargument to show an opposing side to an issue before explaining why your thesis is still correct, you use ethos. Advertising that relies on doctors’ statements or political records often use an appeal to ethos. PathosPathos refers to situations where the writer / speaker tries to convince the audience by invoking feelings through their own imaginations arguing based on feelings rather than facts. Often used: vivid language, emotional language and numerous sensory details, often used through a narrative or a story. The values, beliefs, and understandings of the writer are implicit in the story and conveyed imaginatively to the reader. LogosLogos refers to an appeal to reason based on logic. Evidence-based, often refers to numbers and statistics. The internal consistency of the message and the effectiveness of the supporting evidence. Frequently uses data to support its claim. Rhetorical devices – tasks Having read the previous two pages with definitions and explanations, can you quickly sum up what the following techniques are and, ideally, give brief examples? Work with a partner on this. | Allusion | Tricolon | Polysyndeton| Repetition | Parallelism| False dilemmas | Alliteration | Epistrophe | Anaphora | Wordplay | Assertion | Simplification | Hypophora | Antithesis | Juxtaposition | Euphemisms | Varied sentence length | Simile and metaphor | Ethos | Pathos | Logos | Using the examples given under, can you explain which persuasive technique these are examples of (there are more than one in some examples)? Write down the correct rhetorical terms for each example. “If you're a daring designer, a budding botanist or simply green-fingered, we want to hear from you.” (Alan Titchmarsh, Gardeners' World Live, BBC TV, June 2001) ____________________________________________________________________"This election is not about the miners; not about the militants; not about the power of the unions..." (Harold Wilson, during the 1974 UK General Election campaign)____________________________________________________________________“For no government is better than the men who compose it, and I want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best. (John F. Kennedy)____________________________________________________________________"And so, my fellow Americans, ask not, what your country can do for you. / Ask what you can do for your country." (John F Kennedy's Inaugural Address)____________________________________________________________________"the grisly gang who work your wicked will". (Winston Churchill, in his speech about the Luftwaffe addresses the Nazi leaders and refers to the Nazi party as this)____________________________________________________________________“We have seen peace prevail in most places for a half century. We have avoided another world war. (Hillary Clinton, Women's Rights Are Human Rights Speech Beijing, China: 5 September 1995)____________________________________________________________________“There are no blue states or red states, there are only the United States of America”. (President Barack Obama)____________________________________________________________________ “We will not deny, we will not ignore, we will not pass along our problems to other congresses, to other presidents, and other generations” (George W. Bush, State of the Union address, January 2003)____________________________________________________________________“In a whirlwind of change and hope and peril, our faith is sure, our resolve is firm and our union is strong”. (George W. Bush, State of the Union address, January 2003) ____________________________________________________________________"...the story of a power that went into the world to protect but not possess, to defend but not to conquer." (George W. Bush's Inaugural Address, referring to US history)____________________________________________________________________“Even if the world decided tomorrow to ban these weapons, this terrible legacy of mines already in the earth would continue to plague the poor nations of the Globe. "The evil that men do, lives after them "” (Princess Diana, Responding to Landmines speech)____________________________________________________________________“The greatest pain in life is to be invisible. What I've learned is that we all just want to be heard. And I thank all the people who continue to let me hear your stories, and by sharing your stories, you let other people see themselves and for a moment, glimpse the power to change and the power to triumph.” (Oprah Winfrey, accepting the first Bob Hope Humanitarian Award - September 22, 2002)____________________________________________________________________“Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.” (George W. Bush, Congress on September 20, 2001)____________________________________________________________________“We are banished no more. We wander the wilderness of despair no more. We are afraid no more. For on this day, with love in our hearts, we have come out, and we have come out across America to build a bridge of understanding, a bridge of progress, a bridge as solid as steel, a bridge to a land where no one suffers prejudice because of their sexual orientation, their race, their gender, their religion, or their human difference”. (Urvashi Vaid, Gay Rights March On Washington Speech April 25, 1993)___________________________________________________________________“... every child has a dream about where they can go or what they can become. Whether that dream is to invent something, start something, build something, or create something, it all starts with the basic skills and confidence that only a good education can provide. (Mitt Romney)___________________________________________________________________ “I’m talking about these people who cry when their son is standing there in an orange suit. Where were you when he was two? Where were you when he was twelve? Where were you when he was eighteen, and how come you don’t know he had a pistol?” (Bill Cosby, Pound Cake Speech, 17th May 2004) ____________________________________________________________________"It's got awesome security. And the right apps. It's got everything from Cocoa and the graphics and it's got core animation built in and it's got the audio and video that OSX is famous for. It's got all the stuff we want." (Steve Jobs, Keynote Address, Macworld 2007) ___________________________________________________________________“Go and hunt her and find her and kill her!” The Wizard of Oz___________________________________________________________________“He’s not pinin’! He’s passed on! This parrot is no more! He has ceased to be! He’s expired and gone to meet his maker! He’s a stiff! Bereft of life, he rests in peace! If you hadn’t nailed him to the perch he’d be pushing up the daisies! His metabolic processes are now history! He’s off the twig! He’s kicked the bucket, he’s shuffled off his mortal coil, run down the curtain and joined the bleeding choir invisible!!” (The Monthy Python’s Dead Parrot Sketch.) ___________________________________________________________________“This country has more wealth than any nation,?but that’s not what?makes us rich. We have the most powerful military in history,?but that’s not what?makes us strong. Our university, our culture are all the envy of the world,?but that’s not what?keeps the world coming to our shores.” (Barack Obama, Presidential victory speech 2012.) ___________________________________________________________________“They are part of the finest fighting force that the world has ever known. They have served tour after tour of duty in didtant, different and difficult places” (Barack Obama, Memorial service at Fort Hood, November 2009)___________________________________________________________________“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender”. (Winston Churchill, Address to the nation, 1940)___________________________________________________________________"There is no Negro?problem. There is no Southern?problem. There is no Northern?problem. There is only an American?problem."?(Lyndon B. Johnson, Message to Congress, March 1965)___________________________________________________________________“Tonight, I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened. And I pray they will be comforted by a power greater than any of us, spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: "Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil, for You are with me."” (George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, September 2001)___________________________________________________________________Analysing a speech On the following page you find a task from the exam from May 2015. Analyse the speech and write an outline for your answer. Remember to provide examples from the text as evidence. 3SAENG: Working with previous exam questions – May 2015 exam Task 1 Short answers Answer both 1a and 1b. right1322070We meet in a week that could change the United Kingdom forever. Indeed, it could end the United Kingdom as we know it. On Thursday, Scotland votes, and the future of our country is at stake. On Friday, people could be living in a different country, with a different place in the world and a different future ahead of it. This is a decision that could break up our family of nations, and rip Scotland from the rest of the UK. And we must be very clear. There’s no going back from this. No re-run. This is a once-andfor-all decision. If Scotland votes yes, the UK will split, and we will go our separate ways forever. I want to speak directly to the people of this country today about what is at stake. I speak for millions of people across England, Wales and Northern Ireland – and many in Scotland, too, who would be utterly heart-broken by the break-up of the United Kingdom. Utterly heart-broken to wake up on Friday morning to the end of the country we love, to know that Scots would no longer join with the English, Welsh and Northern Irish in our Army, Navy and Air Force, in our UK-wide celebrations and commemorations, in UK sporting teams from the Olympics to the British Lions. The United Kingdom would be no more. No UK pensions, no UK passports, no UK pound. The greatest example of democracy the world has ever known, of openness, of people of different nationalities and faiths coming together as one, would be no more. This would be the end of a country that people around the world respect and admire. The end of a country that all of us call home. And we built this home together. For the people of Scotland to walk away now would be like painstakingly building a home – and then walking out the door and throwing away the keys. We are on a constant mission to change our country for the better. The question is: how do you get that change? For me it’s simple. You don’t get the change you want by ripping your country apart. You don’t get change by undermining your economy and damaging your businesses and diminishing your place in the world. But you can get real, concrete change on Thursday: if you vote No. meet in a week that could change the United Kingdom forever. Indeed, it could end the United Kingdom as we know it. On Thursday, Scotland votes, and the future of our country is at stake. On Friday, people could be living in a different country, with a different place in the world and a different future ahead of it. This is a decision that could break up our family of nations, and rip Scotland from the rest of the UK. And we must be very clear. There’s no going back from this. No re-run. This is a once-andfor-all decision. If Scotland votes yes, the UK will split, and we will go our separate ways forever. I want to speak directly to the people of this country today about what is at stake. I speak for millions of people across England, Wales and Northern Ireland – and many in Scotland, too, who would be utterly heart-broken by the break-up of the United Kingdom. Utterly heart-broken to wake up on Friday morning to the end of the country we love, to know that Scots would no longer join with the English, Welsh and Northern Irish in our Army, Navy and Air Force, in our UK-wide celebrations and commemorations, in UK sporting teams from the Olympics to the British Lions. The United Kingdom would be no more. No UK pensions, no UK passports, no UK pound. The greatest example of democracy the world has ever known, of openness, of people of different nationalities and faiths coming together as one, would be no more. This would be the end of a country that people around the world respect and admire. The end of a country that all of us call home. And we built this home together. For the people of Scotland to walk away now would be like painstakingly building a home – and then walking out the door and throwing away the keys. We are on a constant mission to change our country for the better. The question is: how do you get that change? For me it’s simple. You don’t get the change you want by ripping your country apart. You don’t get change by undermining your economy and damaging your businesses and diminishing your place in the world. But you can get real, concrete change on Thursday: if you vote No. In the box below you will find an extract from a speech given by David Cameron just prior to the September 18, 2014 Scottish independence vote. Comment on some of the language features and literary devices in his appeal and how they enhance his message. Support your answer by giving examples from the text. ................
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