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Skin - Integumentary and AppendagesSkin is the largest organ in the bodyCombining forms for skin: a. cutaneb. dermc. dermatd. dermaI. Functions of the skin:a. Protective membraneb. Glands which produce secretionsc. Nerve fibers for sensationd. Maintain body temperatureII. Structure of the skinA. Epidermis (epi- above, dermis - skin)- outer membraneTakes 21 days for normal mitosis of an animal’s skinAnimals have thinner epidermis layers than humansMade up of squamous epithelium (flat, platelike cells)Lacks major blood vessels - avascularDepends on capillaries for nourishmentMelanocytes - cells that contain Melanin (Black pigment) Keratin (Kerat – horny) is a protein that provides skin with its waterproofing propertiesB. DermisComposed of blood, lymph vessels, nerve Fibroblasts - fiber producing cells for repair. Histocytes (macrophages) - phagocytic cells Mast cells - cells that produce histamine and heparin Arrector pili - muscles attached to hair follicles to stiffen the hair - “raising the hackles”Sebaceous gland - oil glandSweat glandsFolliclesC. Subcutaneous LayerLocated under the dermis and is composed of connective tissue - fat or lipid or adipose tissue.III. HairRodlike fibers made of dead protein cells filled with keratin. A. Types of hair1. Fur - short, fine, soft hair2. Guard hairs - long, straight, stiff hairs that form the outer coat; primary hair or top coat. 3. Secondary Hairs - finer, softer, and wavy hair; undercoat. 4. Tactile Hair - long, brittle, extremely sensitive hairs usually located on the faceB. Hair development1. Simple - guard hairs that grow from separate follicular openings, as in cattle2. Compound - multiple guard hairs that grow from a single follicle, as in dogs.C. Color of hair3 primary pigments - black, brown, yellowGray hair - loss of pigmentWhite hair - absence of pigment and presence of air in the hair shaftD. Shedding/MoltingControlled by temperature, hormones, photoperiod, and nutritionIV. Nails, Horns, HoovesQuick - blood supply for nails/clawsCoronary band (Coronet) - growth of the hoofChestnuts/Ergots - vestigal pads in horses. Chestnuts are located on the medial surface of the leg above the knee or hock. Chestnuts correspond to carpal pads in the dog. Ergots are located in the tuft of hair on the fetlock joint. Ergots correspond to metacarpal and metarsal pads in the dog.Horn - permanent structure that grows continuously after birth. Breeds that are naturally hornless are called polled.Antler - not permanent and are shed and regrown annually. Antlers are initially covered with skin called velvet. When the animal rubs off the velvet, the bone is exposed, the antlers lose their blood supply and are shed off.V. FeathersA. Types of feathers1. Contour - covers a bird’s body and constitutes the flight feathersa. Remigies - wing flight feathersb. Rectricies - tail flight feathers2. Semiplume - found under contour feathers; provides insulation; help with buoyancy in water birds.3. Down - soft feathers located near the skin to provide insulation4. Filoplume - located on the neck and head5. Bristles - around the eyes, nares, mouth; provides a sensory responseB. Wing trimsLarger birds - trim the first 4 primary remigiesSmaller birds - trim the first 5-6 primary remigiesV. Pathology1. Abrasion - injury to superficial skin layers2. Abscess - collection of pus3. Acne - plugged sebaceous glands. Cats are prone to feline acne. Scrub the area with iodine and treat with benzoyl peroxide. 4. Hot spots (Pyoderma) - occurs due to intense scratching or licking due to allergy or inflammation5. Alopecia - hair loss6. Cellulitis - inflammation of connective tissue7. Contusion - injury that does not break the skin; redness and inflammation8. Dermatitis - inflammation of the skin9. Discoid lupus erythematosus (Collie nose or solar dermatitis) -canine autoimmune disease. The bridge of the nose exhibits depigmentation, erythema, scaling and erosions. Commonly seen in Collies, German Shepherds, Huskies, Labs, and Sheep dogs.10. Ecchymosis (bruise) - bleeding into the skin from a broken blood vessel.12. Eczema - general term for inflammatory skin disease; crusts, scabs, vesicles, papules13. Fissure - cracklike sore14. Fistula - abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface Perianal fistula15. Gangrene - necrotic tissue.16. Granuloma (Proud Flesh) - scar tissue17. Lipoma - fatty tumor18. Melanoma - tumor of the pigment cell .19. Papule - small, raised skin lesion20. Pemhigus - immune mediated skin disease; ulcers, blisters; most common in Akitas, Chows, Dobies, German Shepherds, Labs, Newfies21. Petechie - small, pinpoint hemorrhages.22. Sebaceous cyst - closed sac of yellow fatty material.23. Ulcer - open soreDecubital ulcer - (bed sore) erosions of skin as a result of prolonged pressure24. Urticaria - hives25. Vesicle - blister; fluid filled sac26. Erythema - redness of the skin indicating inflammation 27. Pruritus - itching28. Schnauzer Comedo SyndromeHereditary disorder of follicular KeratinizationSmall crust on the backTreatment - benzoyl peroxide shampoo 29. Demodectic Mange - “cigar shape mite”Mites live within the hair follicle Signs: patches of alopecia, variable erythema, secondary bacterial infection; head and limbs are affectedTreatment - Benzoyl peroxide shampooZoonotic30. Sarcoptic Mange - burrowing miteMite has a short life in the environmentSigns: itching, crusted area around the ears, elbows, hocks, inguinal areaTreatment: Mitaban, DipsNot zoonotic31. Cheyletiella - Walking DandruffAffects dogs, cats and rabbits. Mites feed on the skin scales and can live up to 10 days in the environment.Signs: pruritic skinDx: scotch tape, skin scraping Tx: ivermectin33. Cuterebriasis - most common in rabbitsBotfly lays the eggs in the soil or feces, the larvae hatch and penetrate the skin, mature to the pupal stage beneath the skin. There will be a small air hole in the skin for the pupal to breath. To remove the pupal, carefully extract it without crushing it or the rabbit will die from the toxin being released.34. Dermatophytosis - RingwormZoonotic fungus commonly seen in catsSigns: alopecia, scaling, inflamed rash or lumpDx: woods lamp, signs, DTM mediaTx: Antifungal cream or shampoo35. Lick granulomaCauses are usually boredom or irritation to the area.Signs: the animal will lick the area constantly causing alopecia, inflammation, open sores.36. Warts ................
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