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4403090-215092Phobias are learnt00Phobias are learnt38309559207500Phobias are Learnt!4405225768350Phobias are innate00Phobias are innateOrganise the boxes like the picture. Put the information which you think best supports the idea that phobias are learnt at the top, and organise the rest of the boxes, below, down the the information that best supports the idea that phobias are innate at the bottom.It is not known whether Albert grew up to have a long term phobia - the fear appeared to have weakened over the course of the month after the initial pairings.Watson and Rayner’s study was a single case experiment on an 11 month old baby, whose mother was a wet nurseWatson and Rayner’s study was conducted in laboratory conditions with a standardised procedure and the results were witnessed by other researchers.Watson and Rayner (1920) found that an 11 month old baby would show a fear response, by crying and crawling away (CR), after 7 pairings of the rat (NS) with the loud noise (UCS) and that the fear lasted for over a month and was generalised to other similar stimuli such as a rabbit, santa mask and cotton wool.The participants in Olsson’s study also underwent fMRI brain scans and it was shown that the amygdala was activated when they saw the blue squares.Many people have traumatic experiences yet do not go onto develop a phobia, for example Di Nardo showed that in a study comparing non-phobics and phobics, 50% of the phobic group did have a traumatic event with a dog, but 50% did not. Furthermore, many of the participants in the control group recalled traumatic experiences with dogs but did not have a phobia of dogs.Systematic desensitisation is a behavioural therapy based on classical conditioning; the person with a phobias is trained to relax using techniques such as meditation and then the feared stimulus is paired with the relaxing stimulus. “Reciprocal inhibition” suggests it is not possible to be fearful and relaxed at the same time and therefore with enough trials the person can learn to be relaxed in the presence of the once feared stimulus.Olsson et al (2007) showed pps a film where a person was shocked each time they saw a blue square but not shocked when they saw a yellow square for example. The person in the film was being classically conditioned to fear blue squares. When the Pps who had seen the film was shown coloured squares like the ones in the film they showed a higher galvanic skin response (an objective measure of stress) when they saw the blue squares compared with when they saw the yellow squares.Monozygotic twins (MZs), who share 100% of their DNA have a higher concordance rate for phobias than dizygotic twins who only share 50% of their DNA. (Both types of twin share same environment yet those that are more genetically similar are more likely to share the same fears as each other). For example, Kendler (1992) found a concordance rate of 26% for MZ and only 11% for DZ twins for simple animal type phobias. ................
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