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Name: _________________________________Period: ______ PART ONE: The Chemistry of LifeLesson 1: Unique Properties of Water…Read Lesson 1, pages 50-62 and explore all embedded links.The glass in the picture above appears to be floating on water. How can a solid float on water? Actually, nothing is floating on the water; rather this picture depicts some of the most unique properties of water. What appears to be a glass floating on water is really water splashing upward in response to an item being dropped into the water. INTRODUCTION Can life exist without water? ______________WATER, WATER EVERYWHERE How much of the Earth is covered by water? ________________What are the three states of water found in Earth? _____________________________________Where Is All the Water? Where is most of the water on Earth? __________________________________________What percentage is underground? ________ in the air? ___________________ in bodies of plants and animals? ________________________How much of our surface water is salt water? ___________ freshwater? ____________CHECKPOINT:Why is there a shortage of clean fresh water in many parts of the world? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How Water Recycles Fill in the blank rectangles on the diagram on the next page by labeling the following parts of the water cycle: precipitation, sublimation, condensation, evaporation, transpiration, and runoff. The definitions below the Hydrologic (Water) Cycle diagram may help you to accomplish this task.4533900205232000335280015570200050482521570950029337002299970001123950966470001714500175704500 Evaporation—Liquid water on Earth’s surface changes into water vapor in the atmosphere. Sublimation—Snow or ice on Earth’s surface changes directly into water vapor in the atmosphere. Transpiration—Plants give off liquid water, most of which evaporates into the atmosphere. Condensation—Water vapor in the atmosphere changes to liquid water droplets, forming clouds or fog. Precipitation—Water droplets in clouds are pulled to Earth’s surface by gravity, forming rain, snow, or other type of falling moisture. Runoff—Water flow that occurs when the soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flows over the land.Water cycles through both _______________ and _____________________ parts of the biosphere.WATER MAY BE THE MOST IMPORTANT MOLECULE FOR LIFE What makes water so important?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WATER Water is tasteless, odorless, and transparent and in small quantities colorless.Why does water appear to be blue when seen in large quantities? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why is it important for water to be transparent? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(1.) Polarity What atoms make up water? ______________________________________________________What is its chemical formula? _____________Define polarity. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain why water is a polar molecule. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain how water molecules bond together. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What type of bonds form between water molecules? ___________________________________Name two other large molecules that use the same type of bonding as water molecules to hold themselves together? ____________________________________________________________(2.) Solvency Define homogeneous. ______________________________________________________________________________Explain how a solution is made, using the words: solution, solute, solvent, and homogeneous. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain why water cannot dissolve oil. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Water is the solvent in solutions called __________ and ___________.center000Recall that an ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule. The dissociation of pure water into ions is represented by the chemical equation: 2 H2O → H3O+ + OH- The products of this reaction are a hydronium ion (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-). (3.) Cohesion Why do water molecules tend to stick together in droplets rather than separating into individual molecules? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happens when rain falls on a newly waxed car? ______________________________________________________________________________Why does this happen? ______________________________________________________________________________(4.) Surface Tension What property of water creates surface tension? ______________________What happens to water molecules on the surface or water that helps to create surface tension? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Define surface tension. ______________________________________________________________________________(5.) Adhesion Explain what is meant by intermolecular forces bonding. ______________________________________________________________________________What property allows water molecules to bond to another substance? _____________________(6.) Capillary action Explain how capillary action works when you place a straw in a glass of water. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What two forces allow capillary action to occur? What does it defy? ______________________________________________________________________________Plants use capillary action to move water from the soil up into their roots. Explain a way capillary action works in the human body. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________TEMPERATURE MODERATION[(7.)] Specific HeatWhat do we mean when we say water has a high heat capacity? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Energy must be _________________ to break hydrogen bonds, and energy is _______________ as heat when hydrogen bonds form.What raises the temperature of water (NOT HEAT!!!)? ______________________________________________________________________________What lowers the temperature of water? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What do we mean when we say water has a high specific heat? ______________________________________________________________________________What does specific heat measure? ______________________________________________________________________________Does every substance on Earth have the same specific heat capacity? _____________________What liquid substance on Earth has the highest specific heat capacity? _____________________What does this property of water help to maintain in cells? ______________________________Explain how human sweating and specific heat capacity of water work together to maintain homeostasis. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-5715057150(8.) Note: Water has a high?latent heat of vaporization?which means a lot of energy is required to evaporate it. When it evaporates, water draws thermal energy out of the surface it’s on, which can be observed in sweating.00(8.) Note: Water has a high?latent heat of vaporization?which means a lot of energy is required to evaporate it. When it evaporates, water draws thermal energy out of the surface it’s on, which can be observed in sweating.Freezing Point of Water The freezing point of water (changing it from a liquid to a solid) is ___°C or ____°F.Is water more dense or less dense in its solid form? _______________________________Explain why this is possible. ______________________________________________________________________________What types of bonds are responsible for this? _________________________Why do other solid substances sink when placed in a liquid water? ______________________________________________________________________________At what temperature is water the most dense? _______________CHECKPOINT:Why do the bottoms of lakes, ponds, and other bodies of water remain unfrozen even when their surfaces are frozen? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Boiling Point of Water The boiling point of water (changing it from a liquid into a gas) is ___°C or ____°F.Why do substances other than water tend to have a lower boiling point? ______________________________________________________________________________WATER AND LIFE How long can humans survive without food? _____________ without water? ___________Why is water so important in biological chemical reactions? (Relate your answer to metabolic processes and water’s solvency ability; include anabolic and catabolic reactions in your answer.) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________114299238125020000Anabolic reaction, represented by the chemical equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Catabolic reaction, represented by the chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy What two major fundamental metabolic reactions in organisms require water? ___________________________________________________________________________(9.) WATER ACTS LIKE A BUFFER What does a buffer do? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why are buffer important to living organisms? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How does water act as a buffer? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Acids and Bases What do acids release into a solution? ________________________________What do bases release into a solution? ________________________________Look at the pH scale pictured above and answer the following questions:Which substances is the most acidic? _______________________________________Which substances is the least acidic? ________________________________________Which substances is the most basic? ________________________________________Which substances is the least basic? ________________________________________How much more acidic is acid rain than urine? ________________________________How much more basic is drain cleaner than soapy water? _______________________Acidity and pH What does acidity refer to? ________________________________________________________What is the pH of pure water? ___________ Is it acidic or basic? __________________________Acids How do acids taste? ___________________ What do they do to skin? __________________________________Why doesn’t stomach acid eat through the lining of the stomach? ______________________________________________________________________________What color does an acid turn blue litmus paper? ________________Bases How do bases taste? _______________What do they feel like? ___________________________________What can bases do to the skin? ____________________________What color does a base turn red litmus paper? _________________Neutralization What happens when you mix an acid and a base? ______________________________________________________________________________What do they from when mixed together? ___________________________________________What do we call this type of reaction? _______________________________________________-5715014795500(10.) Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion.CHECKPOINT:List the ten properties of water that we have covered, talked about in this lesson.(1). __________________________________________(2.) __________________________________________(3.)__________________________________________(4.) __________________________________________(5.) __________________________________________(6.) __________________________________________(7.) __________________________________________(8.) __________________________________________(9.) __________________________________________(10.)_________________________________________ ................
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