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Instructions:

1. Write your name and sign in the upper left-hand corner of this page

2. Complete the exam on your own. You should not work with other students. Exams may be scanned for evidence of plagiarism. Cheating will not be tolerated!

3. Choose the BEST answer to each question. If you think a question is ambiguous or want to challenge an answer, please follow the instructions in the Post Exam Procedures document.

Multiple Choice (40 points). Questions are worth 1 point each

1. There was a high, negative correlation between age and the importance of attractiveness in a mate on the Mate Preferences Questionnaire. This means that

a. as age goes up the importance of attractiveness goes up

b. as age goes up the importance of attractiveness goes down

c. there is a one-to-one correspondence between age and attractiveness

d. there is a zero-to-one correspondence between age and attractiveness

2. In the study of the effect of close physical contact on infant-mother attachment, the

researchers found that moms who used the Snugli carrier (close physical contact)

a. were more responsive to their infant’s needs

b. had infants who were more likely to develop secure attachment

c. had infants who were more likely to develop insecure attachment

d. both a and b

3. Infant research methods have been used to show that even infants

a. have visual preferences for adult-preferred attractive faces

b. have social preferences for adult-preferred attractive faces

c. both a and b

d. none of the above

4. During the final months of pregnancy, the fetus receives disease-fighting antibodies from the mother’s blood

a. to assist with temperature regulation during birth

b. to counteract the effects of pain-relieving drugs given to the mother at the time of birth

c. because the newborn’s own immune system will not work well until several months after birth

d. to fight any infections the mother may pass on before giving birth

5. The placenta

a. forms in the second trimester of pregnancy

b. encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid

c. contains one large vein that delivers nutrients to the embryo

d. delivers food and oxygen to the developing organism

6. At 3½ weeks after fertilization, production of neurons begins deep inside the neural tube at a pace of more than ______ per minute.

a. 250

b. 2,500

c. 25,000

d. 250,000

7. A teratogen is

a. any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

b. a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly

c. a neurological growth period for the fetus

d. a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage

8. Currently, the most widely used, potent teratogen is

a. aspirin

b. Accutane

c. thalidomide

d. diethylstilbestrol (DES)

9. Which of the following statements is true about regular aspirin use during pregnancy?

a. Aspirin use is linked to physical deformities and an enlarged head

b. Like other over-the-counter medications, aspirin is commonly used safely during pregnancy

c. It is linked to low birth weight, infant death around the time of birth, poorer motor development, and lower intelligence scores in early childhood

d. It is linked to birth complications, including respiratory distress, and adult cancers

10. It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because

a. most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research

b. the majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days

c. most drug-using mothers quit during the first trimester of pregnancy

d. drug-using mothers often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, engage in insensitive caregiving, and suffer from poverty and other stressors

11. Parents can reduce the likelihood of SIDS by

a. tightly swaddling their infants during sleep

b. making sure their infants do not have pacifiers when sleeping

c. placing infants to sleep on their backs

d. adding pillows and blankets in the cribs

12. Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal environmental factors

a. have little to no influence on adult wellness

b. are limited to physical damage

c. can affect an individual’s health decades later

d. usually cause miscarriage

13. Except for ______ and _______, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely, since other methods have some chance of injuring the fetus.

a. maternal blood analysis; ultrasound

b. ultrasound; amniocentesis

c. fetoscopy; chorionic villus sampling

d. amniocentesis; maternal blood analysis

14. Babies (pups) who receive low amounts of nurturing during the first week of life

a. have hippocampuses that produce little GR gene, and thus have a lot of cortisol circulating (unbound) after a stressful event

b. remain stressed for much longer than rats who receive low amounts of nurturing after a stressful event

c. both a and b

d. none of the above

15. Romanian orphans (and those in similar circumstances) fare the best if they are adopted

a. by 3 months of age

b. by 6 months of age

c. by 9 months of age

d. by 12 months of age

16. Co-sleeping is more prevalent in ____________ cultures.

a. collectivist

b. developmentalist

c. individualist

d. adoptivist

17. Intermodal matching studies have shown that babies can match stimuli on the basis of

a. facial movements and voices

b. body odor

c. a and b

d. none of the above

18. Which of the following is true about the consequences of smoking during pregnancy?

a. If the smoking mother is in good physical condition, fetal development will likely be normal.

b. The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is cancer later in childhood.

c. Smoking during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, asthma, infant death, and childhood cancer.

d. Even if a pregnant woman stops smoking during the last trimester, she cannot reduce the likelihood that her child will be born underweight.

19. Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?

a. The negative effects of smoking are only evident in children born to heavy smokers.

b. Passive smoking is also related to low birth weight, infant death, childhood respiratory illnesses, and possible long-term impairments in attention and learning.

c. Smoke-filled environments are harmful to expectant mothers, but not to their unborn children.

d. The effects of passive smoking are not yet known.

20. Dana is pregnant with her first child and wonders how much weight she should gain during the pregnancy. You should recommend a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ______ pounds.

a. 10 to 15

b. 15 to 25

c. 25 to 30

d. 45 to 50

21. Taking a ________ supplement around the time of conception greatly reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube.

a. folic acid

b. weight-loss

c. steroid

d. Vitamin C

22. The effects of stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if

a. the mother has access to social support during stressful periods

b. valium is administered to the mother in small doses

c. the mother takes a folic acid supplement

d. the mother is placed on bed rest during the last trimester

23. During the second stage of labor,

a. contractions of the uterus begin gradually and become more frequent and powerful

b. the baby is born

c. the cervix widens and thins to nothing

d. the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is delivered

24. Mothers who __________ have fewer birth complications and shorter labors.

a. are administered epidural analgesia during childbirth

b. give birth at home

c. are supported by a trained companion during childbirth

d. choose cesarean delivery

25. Recent research on __________ suggests that it would not be wise to move into an

apartment that smells like smoke-especially if you are pregnant or have young children.

a. 1st hand smoke

b. 2nd hand smoke

c. 3rd hand smoke

d. 4th hand smoke

26. Evidence-based medicine is

a. the practice of making and justifying treatment decisions based on information derived from research

b. the practice of acting directly, at a patient’s request, to end suffering with a medical intervention

c. the practice of providing care with the goal of protecting the patient’s quality of life

d. the practice of providing care with the goal of incorporating cultural variations (e.g., beliefs and values)

27. One of the leading, preventable causes of mental retardation and birth defects is

a. Down syndrome

b. Tourette syndrome

c. fetal alcohol syndrome

d. fragile X syndrome

28. One newborn reflex that is well-practiced prior to birth is the __________ reflex.

a. Babinski

b. moro

c. sucking

d. stepping

29. Which of the following is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?

a. During the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first, then the arms and legs.

b. During infancy and childhood, the hands and feet grow ahead of the arms and legs.

c. During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

d. By age 2, the head accounts for nearly one-half of the body length.

30. _________ is the least developed of a newborn baby’s senses.

a. taste

b. sound

c. vision

d. touch

31. What advice can you offer parents who want to reduce their newborn son’s discomfort during circumcision?

a. Offer a sugar solution while gently holding the baby.

b. Stimulate the Babinski reflex.

c. Newborns have a low sensitivity to pain, so interventions are unnecessary.

d. Play loud music to distract the baby.

32. Which of the following is true about intermodal perception?

a. It is important for the healthy development of human, but not animal, babies.

b. It interferes with infants’ ability to learn the patterns of their native language.

c. It is unrelated to perceptual development.

d. It is a fundamental ability that fosters all aspects of psychological development.

33. Which picture is newborn Alex most likely to prefer to look at?

a. a pastel pink square

b. a black-and-white checkerboard with a few large squares

c. a multicolored checkerboard with hundreds of squares

d. a black oval

34. Infants with a lot of crawling experience

a. tend to be delayed in walking, as they prefer crawling.

b. are far less likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff.

c. are more likely than their inexperienced agemates to remember object locations.

d. become more fearless of the side of a bed or a staircase.

35. Research suggests that there is a sensitive period, ________________, when babies are biologically prepared to “zero in” on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.

a. from birth to three months

b. during the first half of the first year

c. in the second half of the first year

d. during the second year of life

36. At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they

a. gain musical rhythm perception.

b. begin to perceive grammatical structure in sentences.

c. narrow their focus, limiting the distinctions they make to the language they hear and will soon learn.

d. show a preference for their native tongue.

37. Which of the following is true about speech stream patterns?

a. When presented with controlled sequences of nonsense syllables, babies listen for statistical regularities.

b. Babies learn to talk long before they learn the meaning of speech.

c. Babies and toddlers cannot discriminate a word–internal syllable pair from a word–external syllable pair.

d. Children cannot detect words that start with weak syllables until around 3 years of age.

38. Six-month-old Marta holds a pacifier in each hand and shakes them vigorously. She is probably using

a. the pincer grasp

b. the ulnar grasp

c. gross-motor skills

d. prereaching

39. Kipsigi and Jamaican infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants because

a. the babies are smaller at birth, requiring less leg-muscle strength for standing

b. they are genetically “hardwired” to do so

c. North American babies are mentally overstimulated, resulting in less motivation to walk

d. their parents incorporate direct walking instruction and formal handling routines that encourage early motor development

40. As neurons form connections, stimulation

a. becomes unnecessary

b. results in fewer and fewer synapses

c. becomes vital to their survival

d. causes synaptic pruning

Short answer/essay. (60 points)

Choose 6 of the 10 questions to answer based on the instructions below.

SA Section #1. Choose 2 of the 4 questions to answer below (10 points each).

1. State a research question that can be answered using an experimental design. Next, describe (be specific) how you would conduct the study, being sure to include specific details on the study participants and variables in your experimental design.

2. Jim Fallon analyzes your genetic risk for becoming a murderer and finds you have the gene that puts you at high risk. Briefly explain the concepts of epigenetics and plasticity. Then, based on the information provided in the TEDx/Fallon video clip, describe at least two other factors that could determine whether you actually become a murderer, or not.

3. Your friend, Courtney, says she has decided not to let her pediatrician give her baby the flu vaccine because she heard that it was associated with autism. Based on your knowledge of research methods, explain to your friend why this is a bad idea.

4. Based on your reading of the text, describe the two types of brain development. Then, give specific examples of appropriate stimulation for each.

SA Section #2. Choose 2of the 4 questions to answer below (10 points each)

1. Based on your viewing of Life’s Greatest Miracle,

a. what are some of the barriers that make it so difficult for sperm and egg to meet, survive, and ultimately produce a baby?

b. why is human birth considered to be so dangerous?

2. Your friend Teneshia had a baby 2 weeks ago. She confides that she is still feeling a bit sad and overwhelmed, and that her husband, Sergio, seems to be having an even harder time with feelings of sadness and anxiety. Based on your knowledge of postpartum depression, describe at least four signs of/risk factors for postpartum depression that you need to look for or consider in trying to help Teneshia and Sergio. What do you recommend that they do?

3. List and describe 5 different newborn reflexes. Then, categorize them according to type and note what their current function or purpose (if any) happens to be.

4. Describe at least four different benefits of breastfeeding over bottle-feeding. Then, based on your viewing of the Living Proof video clip, explain how learning about breastfeeding has impacted mothers and children in Ghana.

SA Section #3. Choose 2 of the 4 questions to answer below (10 points each).

1. Explain how the practice of co-sleeping can reflect differences in cultural beliefs and values. Then, describe at least 3 important requirements that are necessary to make

co-sleeping as safe as possible.

2. Describe five ways to soothe a crying baby, and explain why each method is effective.

3. Isabella went out to celebrate her birthday in Five Points with her friends and they all bought her drinks at her favorite bars. A few weeks later she went to a friend’s wedding and at the reception had several drinks each time wine and champagne was offered throughout the night.

Isabella just found out that she is expecting a baby. She is worried about the impact of drinking during pregnancy on her baby. She asks you how much alcohol is safe during pregnancy. Write a note to Isabella to answer her question and also share what you know about the effects of alcohol on prenatal development (including physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development).

4. Define and describe infant imitation. Then, provide a specific example. Finally, explain the significance of infant imitation.

BONUS QUESTIONS.

BONUS. (1 point each) Added to your Exam 2 score

1. I am excited about Spring Break. True or False?

2. What is the most important thing that you have learned in this course so far?

3. Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

a. It is the first brain structure to stop growing.

b. It is sensitive to environmental influences for a longer period than any other part of the brain.

c. It is the smallest, but most important, brain structure.

d. It is surrounded by the rest of the brain.

4. Parent–infant “cosleeping” is the norm for approximately _____ percent of the world’s population.

a. 35

b. 50

c. 65

d. 90

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