Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain lies (is situated) off the north west coast of Europe, in the British Isles. It consists of two large islands: Great Britain, Ireland and about 5,000 smaller islands (the Hebrides, the Orkneys, the Shetlands,).
The official title of GB is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Great Britain (GB) consists of three parts:
- England (capital is London)
- Scotland (capital is Edinburgh)
- Wales (capital is Cardiff)
The United Kingdom (UK) is the name for:
- Great Britain
- Northern Ireland (capital is Belfast)
GEOGRAPHY
Is about 245 000square kilometre
Population
It is over 58 million
The density of the population is one of the highest in the world, about 236 people to square kilometre. In Britain we can find the following ethnic groups:
English (82%), Scottish (9,6%), Irish (2,5%), Welsh (2%), Indian, Pakistan, Italian, Chinese…
Population is concentrated in eight densely populated areas around: London, Leeds, Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow and Sheffield.
Mountains
Britain can be divided into lowland areas (nížiny) and highland areas (horské).
The most mountainous area of GB is Scotland. Here we can find:
- The Highlands of Scotland – are the highest mountains in Britain with highest peak Ben Nevis (1343 m)
- The Pennines (northern England)
- The Cambrian (Wales)
- The Cornish Heights (in the south-west of England)
- The Cumbria Mountains in the Lake District)
Rivers
They are very important sources of energy.
The biggest river is the Thames. Its length is 336 km.
The longest river is the Severn; its length is 338 km.
Other important rivers are:
- The Clyde in Scotland
- The Shannon in Ireland
- The Trent
- The Tweed
- The Tay
Lakes
The greatest number of lakes can be found in Northern Scotland and in the Lake District.
- Windermere Lake – in England, in the Lake District is the most beautiful lake.
- Loch Lomond
- Loch Ness – this lake is famous for the “Loch Ness Monster”.
(Lakes are called lochs in Scotland).
The lakes are not important for transport but they are a big tourist attraction.
HISTORY
The first inhabitants were Celts in 6th century BC.
In 1st century AD Roman occupation started. They built towns, roads, but in the 5th century AD(anno domine) Roman army was needed at home so they left Britis Isles.
Then Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons, Jutes arrived to British Isles.
1066 – William the Conqueror invaded the country and became the King of England. Hegemony of Normans began.
Two important wars in the history of GB are: (14th century)
1.One houndred years war – the war between England and France
2.War of Roses – the war of English throne between the House of Yorks and house of Lancaster. The winner was Henrych Tudor and he established Tudor Dinasty. Henrych Tudor VIII is famous, becouse he had 6 wives.
17th century – Civil war between King and Parliament. This war ended with defeat of the King and Oliver Cromwell become Lord Protector.
18th century – Industrial Revolution
19th century – reign of Queen Victoria
Present sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II
Climate
British Isles have milder climate due to the Gulf Stream.
Winters are not very cold and summers aren’t very warm. Britain is known for its fogs.
ECONOMY
Britain is one of the most industrial countries in the world.
Britain is rich in natural resources:
- black coal
- iron ore
- oil
- natural gas
- chalk
- salt sand
- sandstone
- uranium
There are many branches of industry:
- chemical – is the most advanced
- textile
- production of vehicles
- production of arms, books, drugs
- electronics industry
The main agricultural products:
Sugar, fruit, vegetables, breeding cattle and sheep
GOVERNMENT
GB is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen as a head of state.
The Constitution of the UK is unwritten, based on customs, traditions and common law.
The head of government is the Prime Minister.
There is parliamentary democracy. Parliament consists of two houses:
- The House of Lords (hereditary for life)
- The House of Commons (elected members of parliament)
Elections take place after 5 years. The seat of the Prime Minister can be found at 10 Downing Street in London and Queen’s home is Buckingham Palace.
Magazines and TV
The best known newspapers are - the Times -the Independent - the Daily Mirror -the Guardian - the Daily Telegraph.
From television there are:
- BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)
- IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority)
The best-known channels are: BBC 1, BBC 2, and ITV...
Interesting places
- Oxford, Cambridge – are the old university towns
- Stratford-upon-Avon – is a birthplace of Shakespeare
- London – is the capital of UK
- Glasgow – an old Victorian town, the heart of arts in Scotland
- Scotland is a covered moor (vresovisko).
Currency
Used in the UK is one pound (Libra).
SYMBOLS
British national flag is sometimes called “Union Jack”. It symbolises the Union of England, Scotland and Ireland. Each country has its cross in the flag:
England´s patron is St. George
Scotland has St. Andrew
Ireland has St. Patrick
Wales – St. David
LONDON
It is capital city of GB. It consists of three main parts: The City, Westminster, West End
Interesting places The City: is the oldest part.
The Tower – It was a fortress, Royal Palace and prison. Now it is a museum of arms and you can find there crown jewels. In the Tower you can find many quides in typical Tudor´s costums – Beefeater. There is a lot of Ravens.
Tower Bridge – can open in the middle and let big ships go throw.
St. Paul´s Cathedral – the biggest cathedral in the world. It is the work of the famous architect Sir Christopher Wren.
Westminster: is full of sightseeing.
The Houses of Parliament – there are the seat of British government.
10, Downing Street – is the official home of British Prime Minister – Gordon Brown.
Westminster Abbey – almost all English Kings and Queens were crowned there.
Buckingham Palace – it is seat of the Queen. One of the biggest London´s parades is Changing the Guard here.
West End: is for entertainment.
Piccadilly Circus – is a square with a statue of the Eros in the middle. Usually young people meet there and sit on the stairs.
Trafalgar Square – in the middle is statue of Admiral Nelson. It is very popular place for meetings and demonstrations.
Museum Madame Tussaud´s – museum of wax figures
There are many parks in London, but the most famous is Hyde Park. There is Speaker´s Corner. It is place where you can talk about everything except a Royal family.
China town – very popular place with a lot of good Chinese restaurants.
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