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Station 1: Prohibition in the United StatesFill out the “What I Know” and “What I Want to Know” sections of the KWL chart.Read the article together about Prohibition. Fill out the “What I Learned” section with as much learned information as possible. What I KnowWhat I Want to KnowWhat I LearnedProhibition was a period of nearly fourteen years of U.S. history in which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor was made illegal. It led to the first and only time an Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was repealed.Dates:1920 -- 1933Also Known As:Noble ExperimentOverview of Prohibition:Prohibition was the period in United States history in which the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors was outlawed. It was a time characterized by speakeasies, glamor, and gangsters and a period of time in which even the average citizen broke the law.Temperance MovementsAfter the American Revolution, drinking was on the rise. To combat this, a number of societies were organized as part of a new Temperance movement which attempted to dissuade people from becoming intoxicated. At first, these organizations pushed moderation, but after several decades, the movement's focus changed to complete prohibition of alcohol consumption.The Temperance movement blamed alcohol for many of society's ills, especially crime and murder. Saloons, a social haven for men who lived in the still untamed West, were viewed by many, especially women, as a place of debauchery and evil. Prohibition, members of the Temperance movement urged, would stop husbands from spending all the family income on alcohol and prevent accidents in the workplace caused by workers who drank during lunch.The 18th Amendment PassesIn the beginning of the 20th century, there were Temperance organizations in nearly every state. By 1916, over half of the U.S. states already had statutes that prohibited alcohol. In 1919, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol, was ratified. It went into effect on January 16, 1920.The Volstead ActWhile it was the 18th Amendment that established Prohibition, it was the Volstead Act (passed on October 28, 1919) that clarified the law. The Volstead Act stated that "beer, wine, or other intoxicating malt or vinous liquors" meant any beverage that was more than 0.5% alcohol by volume. The Act also stated that owning any item designed to manufacture alcohol was illegal and it set specific fines and jail sentences for violating Prohibition.LoopholesThere were, however, several loopholes for people to legally drink during Prohibition. For instance, the 18th Amendment did not mention the actual drinking of liquor. Since Prohibition went into effect a full year after the 18th Amendment's ratification, many people bought cases of then-legal alcohol and stored them for personal use. The Volstead Act allowed alcohol consumption if it was prescribed by a doctor. Needless to say, large numbers of new prescriptions were written for alcohol.Gangsters and SpeakeasiesFor people who didn't buy cases of alcohol in advance or know a "good" doctor, there were illegal ways to drink during Prohibition. A new breed of gangster arose during this period. These people took notice of the amazingly high level of demand for alcohol within society and the extremely limited avenues of supply to the average citizen. Within this imbalance of supply and demand, gangsters saw profit. Al Capone in Chicago is one of the most famous gangsters of this time period. These gangsters would hire men to smuggle in rum from the Caribbean (rumrunners) or hijack whiskey from Canada and bring it into the U.S. Others would buy large quantities of liquor made in homemade stills. The gangsters would then open up secret bars (speakeasies) for people to come in, drink, and socialize. During this period, newly hired Prohibition agents were responsible for raiding speakeasies, finding stills, and arresting gangsters, but many of these agents were under-qualified and underpaid leading to a high rate of bribery. Attempts to Repeal the 18th AmendmentAlmost immediately after the ratification of the 18th Amendment, organizations formed to repeal it. As the perfect world promised by the Temperance movement failed to materialize, more people joined the fight to bring back liquor. The anti-Prohibition movement gained strength as the 1920s progressed, often stating that the question of alcohol consumption was a local issue and not something that should be in the Constitution. Additionally, the Stock Market Crash in 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression started changing people's opinion. People needed jobs. The government needed money. Making alcohol legal again would open up many new jobs for citizens and additional sales taxes for the government. The 21st Amendment Is RatifiedOn December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, making alcohol once again legal. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that an Amendment has been repealed.Station 2: Clothing of the 1920sRead the article on the clothing of the 1920s.On a sheet of white paper, draw one typical man or woman dressed in the style of the 1920s. Label at least 5 characteristics of the 1920s style on your drawing.1914 -18 Changes for WomenSocio economic changes that occurred during the First World War 1914-18 and became accepted, changed the role of women in a way that no amount of campaigning by a few liberated ladies could have achieved.The Flapper HistoryThe costume history image in our minds of a woman of the 'Roaring Twenties' is actually likely to be the image of a flapper. Flappers did not truly emerge until 1926. Flapper fashion embraced all things and styles modern. A fashionable flapper had short sleek hair, a shorter than average shapeless shift dress, a chest as flat as a board, wore make up and applied it in public, smoked with a long cigarette holder, exposed her limbs and epitomized the spirit of a reckless rebel who danced the nights away in the Jazz Age. Attainable Fashion for AllHigh fashion until the twenties had been for the richer women of society.? But because construction of the flapper's dress was less complicated than earlier fashions, women were much more successful at home dressmaking a flapper dress which was a straight shift.? It was easier to produce up to date plain flapper fashions quickly using flapper fashion Butterick dress patterns.? Recorded fashion history images after the twenties do reflect what ordinary women really wore rather than just the clothing of the rich.The flapper fashion style flourished amid the middle classes negating differences between themselves and the truly rich, but continuing to highlight some differences with the really poor.? The really rich still continued to wear beautifully embellished silk garments for evening, but the masses reveled in their new found sophistication of very fashionable flapper clothes.? Find flapper costumes at the Halloween Costumes store.The Short Skirt Misconception of the TwentiesNew students of costume history often mistakenly assume that all dresses day and evening were short in every year of the twenties and that flappers were the only fashion style of the twenties.? Dress and coat lengths were actually calf length and quite long for most of the decade.? Shortness is a popular misconception reinforced by the availability of moving film of the Charleston dance which shows very visible knees and legs on the dancing flappers.Skirts only revealed the knee briefly between 1926 and 1928, and this was the only period when evening dresses were short in line with day dress lengths.?This was the flapper fashion era.right000Dating the Twenties HemlineFrom 1913 the hemline had begun to show a little ankle.Between 1916 and 1929 hemlines rose steadily, faltered then rose again.In 1918 skirt lengths were just below calf length.right000Calf length loose dresses circa 1918 compared with those of 1920 where the waist has shown a definite drop, but the length remains steady around the calf area.In 1919 skirt lengths were calf length.Between 1920 and 1924 skirts remained calf length with fluctuations of an inch or two according to garment style.? Skirts were actually still rather long, but were designed to confuse.The Elusive Hemline of the 1920s.Gradually by degrees the skirt lengths on dresses gave the illusion of being first long and then shorter with dipping, scalloped and handkerchief hemlines in floating fabrics.? It was only in 1925 that skirts rose 14 to 16 inches (45 to 50 cm) from the ground making the shorter hemline we associate with the era.?1923-4, 1925, 1926Here we can see examples of the most elusive hemline in fashion history in the 1920s.? For more picture and drawing examples scroll to the link list at the bottom of this page.By 1926 skirts were at their shortest in the Twenties decade and showed the knee until 1928. The whole leg as far as the kneecap was revealed this was the height of flapper fashion.By 1929 uneven hems and asymmetric skirt hemlines again helped the transition to longer skirts.? Longer sheer overskirts and semi sheer top skirts were worn over shorter linings.? By 1930 the hemline was several inches below the knee.?The Masculine Silhouette of 1920's FemalesAfter the first world war (1914-18) when women's dress became more mannish, each year seemed to get more severe in line which almost emphasized the feminine woman beneath. Female clothes became looser and more shapeless in fit. The bust was suppressed, the waist disappeared, the shoulders became broader and hair shorter and shorter.? Narrow boyish hips were preferred.? The silhouette emphasized a flattened chest and womanly curves were eliminated as the line became more simplified.The Flat Chest of the TwentiesThe slender flat-chested tanned body and face of a 15 year old became the desired silhouette of the bright young things of the 1920s.? Health and beauty clubs helped women refine their silhouettes whilst getting fitter and healthier.It was a difficult time for the former matrons of Edwardian society, the previous leaders of fashion whose style of dressing became as passé as their rounded figures and older faces.? More youthful women who could party all night and carry the boyish fashions well were all the rage.Men’s SuitsIn the early part of the 1920′s the “conservative suit”, as it’s known today, was the most popular men’s?suit style.?Marked by its tightly fitted jacket, high “pinched” waist and narrow shoulders, the conservative suit cut a thin silhouette – hardly the look of the American businessman as we’ve come to know him. Formal evening wear was still usually the Tuxedo, which consisted of tails, a bow-tie and a top hat.Swim WearWe find the first wave of form fitting swimwear in modern swimsuit history. Tank tops were the rule of the day, accompanied by athletic style shorts that would have made poor old Queen Victoria faint.?Although still largely made from wool, drab gray swimsuits now gave way to more colorful patterns. It was a liberating period for both men and women’s swimwear.Sports Wear During the 1920s many men and women began to participate in such sports as golf, tennis, and swimming. Affluent people enjoyed yachting and polo. To provide comfort and ease of movement, new styles of sportswear were designed. Additionally, with young people increasingly aware of style trends, sportswear designs reflected the spirited, celebrity-conscious sensibilities of the decade.In 1927 French tennis star Jean René Lacoste (1904–1996), (nicknamed the Crocodile for his perseverance) won the Davis Cup but not only did he become the new champion, he also became the reigning fashion trendsetter as well. Like Tilden and other tennis and polo players, Lacoste wore a cotton polo shirt, a short-sleeved, pullover, knit shirt with a turned-over collar, for maximum upper torso movementStyle conscious golfers wore knickers, loose-fitting pants that ended just below the knees. They often were worn with colorful argyle (diamond-shaped patterned) woolen knee socks. By 1925 men wore three-piece sports suits, consisting of jacket, vest, and knickers or plus fours, for golf games and for casual wear at resorts.AccessoriesHats – The usual hat of this period was the fedora, often worn tipped down over one eye at a rakish angle.Fob Watches -?Men slipped pocket watches on chains called fobs into their vests, which were often worn with suits.Ties -?Neckties were wide, and bold geometric designs were popular, including stripes, and quadrilateral designs.Shoes -?Black and white or brown and white two-tone captoes or wingtips were quite stylish, as were solid-colored, dark shoes. Of the two-tones, captoes were actually preferred over wingtips, and look very classy. Shoes were fairly heavy and clunky-looking, at least when compared to today’s shoes.Station 3: Language, Automobiles, and DanceAs a group, read the articles on language, automobiles and dance in the 1920s.Write a scene of a typical conversation in the 1920s. You may decide the setting and situation, but there must be at least 15 lines of dialogue with some description of your situation.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Related Topics: 1920's Language ? ? The 1920's were the first decade to show off the youth's culture over the older generations. The flapper culture for women had a big influence on America and became popular fast. A lot of our words and phrases can be made and used still today. Here is a list of some of the many words used as 1920's language.?Attaboy/Attagirl- Well doneBeat it- Get lostBible Belt?-?Area in the South and Midwest where Fundamentalism livesBaloney- NonsenseCash- KissDough- MoneyDucky- Very goodDogs- FeetGiggle Water- AlcoholHoofer- DancerNeck- Kissing with passionOwl- A person who is out latePinch- To arrestStuck On- To crush onSwell- WonderfulCrush- Infatuation with someoneScram- Asking someone to leave fastWhoopee- To have a good timeGams- Women's legsCheaters- GlassesBump off- To murderSpiffy- Elegant lookingDrugstore Cowboy-?a guy that hangs around on a street corner trying to pick up girls1920’s AutomobilesThe first automobile produced for the masses in the US was the three-horsepower, curved-dash Oldsmobile; 425 of them were sold in 1901 and 5,000 in 1904--this model is still prized by collectors. The firm prospered, and it was noted by others, and, from 1904 to 1908, 241 automobile-manufacturing firms went into business in the United States. One of these was the Ford Motor Company which was organized in June 1903, and sold its first car on the following July 23. The company produced 1,700 cars during its first full year of business. Henry Ford produced the Model T to be an economical car for the average American. By 1920 Ford sold over a million cars.At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transportation market as a toy for the rich. However, it became increasingly popular among the general population because it gave travelers the freedom to travel when they wanted to and where they wanted. As a result, in North America and Europe the automobile became cheaper and more accessible to the middle class. This was facilitated by Henry Ford who did two important things. First he priced his car to be as affordable as possible and second, he paid his workers enough to be able to purchase the cars they were manufacturing. This helped push wages and auto sales upward. The convenience of the automobile freed people from the need to live near rail lines or stations; they could choose locations almost anywhere in an urban area, as long as roads were available to connect them to other places. Many states in the US established motor fuel taxes that were used only to build and maintain highways helping the auto highway system become self-supporting.Popularity of the automobile has consistently moved with the state of the economy, growing during the boom period after World War I and dropping abruptly during the Great Depression, when unemployment was high. World War II saw a large increase in mass transit because employment was high and automobiles were scarce. The rapid growth of car owners after World War II, particularly in the United States and Western Europe demonstrated the population's favor towards automobiles. During the war, automobile motors, fuel, and tires were in short supply. There was an unsatisfied demand when the war ended and plenty of production capacity as factories turned off the war machine. Many people had saved money because there was little to buy, beyond necessities, in the war years. Workers relied heavily on mass transportation during the war and longed for the freedom and flexibility of the automobile.A historian has said that Henry Ford freed common people from the limitations of their geography. The automobile created mobility on a scale never known before, and the total effect on living habits and social customs is endless. In the days of horse-drawn transportation, the practical limit of wagon travel was 10 to 15 miles, so that meant any community or individual farm more than 15 miles from a city, a railroad, or a navigable waterway was isolated from the mainstream of economic and social life. Motor vehicles and paved roads have narrowed the gap between rural and urban life. Farmers can ship easily and economically by truck and can drive to town when it is convenient. In addition, such institutions as regional schools and hospitals are now accessible by bus and car.1920’s DanceThe Charleston is a dance that became popular in the 1920′s, during the era of jazz music, speakeasies and Flappers. The Charleston was danced to ragtime jazz music in a quick-paced 4/4 time rhythm, the dance quickly become a craze around the world. It was a physical representation of the uninhibited enthusiasm many of the young people of that generation wanted to express.It is believed that the Charleston dance originated from earlier styles of dance such as the black bottom. Even though the Charleston is believed to have existed before the 1920′s it wasn’t until the dance appeared in the Broadway show “Running Wild” in 1923 that it became popular. The dance was featured to the song “The Charleston” by composer James P Johnson, and soon the musical and dance become a big hit.The Charleston dance was particularly popular with the Flappers, rebellious young women of the 1920′s known for wearing short dresses, bobbing hair and listening to Jazz music – all considered scandalous. The Charleston dance was also as precursor to a dance that emerged in the 1930′s called the Lindy Hop. Variations of both dances are still popular in the world of dancing today.The Charleston dance can be danced solo, with a partner, or in a group. While there are many variations on the dance, the basic steps involve kicking the legs and swinging the arms. The Charleston is done with large, loose motions in four basic steps. The arms also play a large role in the Charleston and move in the opposite direction to the legs.Station 4: The Lost GenerationAs a group, read the two brief articles/definitions of “The Lost Generation”.Together, discuss and write at least one paragraph regarding your predictions for The Great Gatsby. Explain why you think so. You may discuss characters, theme, tone, etc.Together, discuss and write at least one paragraph about your generation. How is it similar or different to the lost generation? What do you think characterizes your generation (how would you describe yourselves overall)?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Lost GenerationDuring the 1920's a group of writers known as "The Lost Generation" gained popularity. The term "the lost generation" was coined by Gertrude Stein who is rumored to have heard her auto-mechanic while in France to have said that his young workers were, "une generation perdue". This referred to the young workers' poor auto-mechanic repair skills. Gertrude Stein would take this phrase and use it to describe the people of the 1920's who rejected American post World War I values. The three best known writers among The Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos. Others among the list are: Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald. Ernest Hemingway, perhaps the leading literary figure of the decade, would take Stein's phrase, and use it as an epigraph for his first novel, The Sun Also Rises. Because of this novel's popularity, the term, "The Lost Generation" is the enduring term that has stayed associated with writers of the 1920's.The "Lost Generation" defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness apparent in literary figures during the 1920s. World War I seemed to have destroyed the idea that if you acted virtuously, good things would happen. Many good, young men went to war and died, or returned home either physically or mentally wounded (for most, both), and their faith in the moral guideposts that had earlier given them hope, were no longer valid...they were "Lost."These literary figures also criticized American culture in creative fictional stories which had the themes of self-exile, indulgence (care-free living) and spiritual alienation. For example, Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise shows the young generation of the 1920's masking their general depression behind the forced exuberance of the Jazz Age. Another of Fitzgerald's novels, The Great Gatsby does the same where the illusion of happiness hides a sad loneliness for the main characters. Hemingway's novels pioneered a new style of writing which many generations after tried to imitate. Hemingway did away with the florid prose of the 19th century Victorian era and replaced it with a lean, clear prose based on action. H also employed a technique by which he left out essential information of the story in the belief that omission can sometimes strengthen the plot of the novel. The novels produced by the writers of the Lost Generation give insight to the lifestyles that people lead during the 1920's in America, and the literary works of these writers were innovative for their time and have influenced many future generations in their styles of writing.Station 5: The American Dream and MaterialismAs a group, first read the definitions for “The American Dream” and “Materialism”. Re-write the definitions in your own words around the outside of the two circles (one term around each circle).Fill out the Venn diagram – similarities between the American Dream and Materialism go in the overlapping space and separate characteristics go in the corresponding circle. Think about what is desired, who it affects, what the goals are, etc.Finally, on the back of the Venn diagram sheet, discuss and write at least one paragraph where you explain which philosophy/ideal is more prevalent today. Why do you think so?Materialism: preoccupation with or emphasis on material objects, comforts, and considerations, with a disinterest in or rejection of spiritual, intellectual, or cultural values; the philosophical theory that regards matter and its motions as constituting the universe, and all phenomena, including those of mind, as due to material agencies. American Dream: the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American; a life of personal happiness?and material comfort as traditionally sought by individuals in the U.S. ................
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