Static.cambridge.org
Supplemental MaterialsAppendix A. Search terms in PubMedDiagnosisPick’s diseasefrontotemporal dementiafrontotemporal lobar dementiafrontal lobe dementiadementia of frontal lobe typefrontotemporal lobar degenerationFTDsemantic dementiasemantic variant PPAprogressive nonfluent aphasiaPNFA primary progressive aphasiaprogressive aphasialogopenicCognitionneuropsycholog* cognit*attentionorientationprocessingspeedsequencingexecutivedecision-makingreasoning WCST StroopTrail Making TestFABHayling fluencyCOWATvocabularyexpressivespeech languagenaming receptivecomprehensionnamingspellingverbalreadingwriting memorylearningrecallrecognition matchingHVLTvisualvisuo*percept*VOSPReyBentonemot*affectsocio*social perceptionfacialemotion recogni*emotion* processingattribution biasprosodytheory of mind ToMTASITFaux pasolfact*smellchemosens*flavourodorodourYear1980 – present (search last updated on March 24, 2018)Human studies?Yes LanguageEnglishAppendix B. Reference list of publications included in the current meta-analysisAmici, S., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Ogar, J. M., Dronkers, N. F., & Miller, B. L. (2006). An overview on primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Behavioural Neurology, 17(2), 77–87. , S., Evans, E., O’Shea, J., Powers, J., Boller, A., Weinberg, D., … Grossman, M. (2013). Differentiating primary progressive aphasias in a brief sample of connected speech. Neurology, 81(4), 329–336. , K. J., Savage, S., Leyton, C. E., Vogel, A. P., Hornberger, M., & Hodges, J. R. (2014). Logopenic and nonfluent variants of primary progressive aphasia are differentiated by acoustic measures of speech production. PloS One, 9(2), e89864. , S., Mueller, K., Diehl-Schmid, J., Fassbender, K., Grimmer, T., Jessen, F., … FTLDc study group. (2017). Predicting primary progressive aphasias with support vector machine approaches in structural MRI data. NeuroImage. Clinical, 14, 334–343. , M. F., Vesely, L., Price, C., Anderson, C., Richmond, L., Farag, C., … Grossman, M. (2009). Reversal of the concreteness effect in semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 26(6), 568–579. , S. M., Ogar, J., Neuhaus, J., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2009). Reading disorders in primary progressive aphasia: A behavioral and neuroimaging study. Neuropsychologia, 47(8–9), 1893–1900. , D., Olm, C., Powers, J., Ash, S., Irwin, D. J., McMillan, C. T., … Grossman, M. (2014). Grammatical comprehension deficits in non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 85(3), 249–256. , S. J., & Warrington, E. K. (2006). Partial knowledge of abstract words in patients with cortical degenerative conditions. Neuropsychology, 20(4), 482–489. , J., Gesierich, B., Besbris, M., Ogar, J., Henry, M. L., Miller, B. L., … Wilson, S. M. (2012). Elicitation of specific syntactic structures in primary progressive aphasia. Brain and Language, 123(3), 183–190. , E. C., Tu, S., Ahmed, S., Hodges, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2014). Memory and orientation in the logopenic and nonfluent subtypes of primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 40(1), 33–36. , D. G., Irish, M., Hodges, J. R., & Piguet, O. (2013). Verbal and visuospatial span in logopenic progressive aphasia and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(3), 247–253. , D., Leyton, C. E., Hodges, J. R., Burrell, J. R., Irish, M., & Piguet, O. (2016). The neural correlates of auditory and visuospatial span in logopenic progressive aphasia and Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 83, 39–50. , S., Tartaglia, M. C., Wilson, S. M., Henry, M. L., Filippi, M., Agosta, F., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2011). White matter damage in primary progressive aphasias: A diffusion tensor tractography study. Brain, 134(10), 3011–3029. , T., Wieneke, C., Martersteck, A., Whitney, K., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., & Rogalski, E. (2013). Naming vs knowing faces in primary progressive aphasia: A tale of 2 hemispheres. Neurology, 81(7), 658–664. , H. L., Clark, C. N., Nicholas, J. M., Cohen, M. H., Slattery, C. F., Paterson, R. W., … Warren, J. D. (2017). Music perception in dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 55(3), 933–949. , J. C., Kim, L. G., Hailstone, J. C., Lehmann, M., Buckley, A., Crutch, S. J., & Warren, J. D. (2011). Auditory object cognition in dementia. Neuropsychologia, 49(9), 2755–2765. , M. L., Dronkers, N. F., Rankin, K. P., Ogar, J. M., Phengrasamy, L., Rosen, H. J., … Miller, B. L. (2004). Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 55(3), 335–346. , M. L., Wilson, S. M., Babiak, M. C., Mandelli, M. ., Beeson, P. M., Miller, Z. A., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2016). Phonological processing in primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 28(2), 210–222. , K. A., Whitwell, J. L., Duffy, J. R., Vanvoorst, W. A., Strand, E. A., Hu, W. T., … Petersen, R. C. (2008). Progressive aphasia secondary to Alzheimer disease vs FTLD pathology. Neurology, 70(1), 25–34. , C. E., Hsieh, S., Mioshi, E., & Hodges, J. R. (2013). Cognitive decline in logopenic aphasia: More than losing words. Neurology, 80(10), 897–903. , Cristian E. (2014). Verbal repetition in primary progressive aphasia and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 41(2), 575–585.Leyton, Cristian E., Britton, A. K., Hodges, J. R., Halliday, G. M., & Kril, J. J. (2016). Distinctive pathological mechanisms involved in primary progressive aphasias. Neurobiology of Aging, 38, 82–92. , Cristian E., Hodges, J. R., Piguet, O., & Ballard, K. J. (2017). Common and divergent neural correlates of anomia in amnestic and logopenic presentations of Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 86, 45–54. , Cristian E., Piguet, O., Savage, S., Burrell, J., & Hodges, J. R. (2012). The neural basis of logopenic progressive aphasia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 32(4), 1051–1059. , Cristian E., Villemagne, V. L., Savage, S., Pike, K. E., Ballard, K. J., Piguet, O., … Hodges, J. R. (2011). Subtypes of progressive aphasia: Application of the International Consensus Criteria and validation using β-amyloid imaging. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 134(Pt 10), 3030–3043. , J. E., Chandler, S. D., Meltzer-Asscher, A., Rogalski, E., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., & Thompson, C. K. (2015). What do pauses in narrative production reveal about the nature of word retrieval deficits in PPA? Neuropsychologia, 77, 211–222. , J. E., Cho-Reyes, S., Kloet, J. D., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., & Thompson, C. K. (2013). Phonological facilitation of object naming in agrammatic and logopenic primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Cognitive Neuropsychology, 30(3), 172–193. , E., Chopard, G., Ferreira, S., Sylvestre, G., Dariel, E., Ryff, I., … Rumbach, L. (2013). Initial neuropsychological profile of a series of 20 patients with logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 36(4), 799–808. , M. L., Caverzasi, E., Binney, R. J., Henry, M. L., Lobach, I., Block, N., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2014). Frontal white matter tracts sustaining speech production in primary progressive aphasia. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 34(29), 9754–9767. ías-Guiu, J. A., Cuetos, F., Cabrera-Martín, M. N., Valles-Salgado, M., Moreno-Ramos, T., Carreras, J. L., & Matías-Guiu, J. (2017). Reading difficulties in primary progressive aphasia in a regular language-speaking cohort of patients. Neuropsychologia, 101, 132–140. , A. M., Snider, S. F., Campbell, R. E., & Friedman, R. B. (2015). Phonological short-term memory in logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 71, 183–189. , R., Agosta, F., Possin, K. L., Rabinovici, G. D., Miller, B. L., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2012). White matter atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease variants. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 8(5 Suppl), S78-87.e1-2. , R., Cohn-Sheehy, B. I., La Joie, R., Vogel, J. W., M?ller, C., Lehmann, M., … Rabinovici, G. D. (2015). Atrophy patterns in early clinical stages across distinct phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease. Human Brain Mapping, 36(11), 4421–4437. , R., Schonhaut, D. R., Sch?ll, M., Lockhart, S. N., Ayakta, N., Baker, S. L., … Rabinovici, G. D. (2016). Tau PET patterns mirror clinical and neuroanatomical variability in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 139(Pt 5), 1551–1567. , C. M., Gabriela, C., Julieta, R. M., Marcos, F. S., Federico, N., Griselda, R., … Ricardo, A. (2015). Concordance between 11C-PIB-PET and clinical diagnosis in a memory clinic. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 30(6), 599–606. , O., Leyton, C. E., Gleeson, L. D., Hoon, C., & Hodges, J. R. (2015). Memory and emotion processing performance contributes to the diagnosis of non-semantic primary progressive aphasia syndromes. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 44(2), 541–547. , S., Flanagan, E., Leyton, C. E., Villemagne, V. L., Rowe, C. C., Hodges, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2016). Non-verbal episodic memory deficits in primary progressive aphasias are highly predictive of underlying amyloid pathology. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 51(2), 367–376. , J. D., Ridgway, G. R., Crutch, S. J., Hailstone, J., Goll, J. C., Clarkson, M. J., … Warren, J. D. (2010). Progressive logopenic/phonological aphasia: Erosion of the language network. NeuroImage, 49(1), 984–993. , J. D., Sauter, D., Scott, S., Rossor, M. N., & Warren, J. D. (2012). Receptive prosody in nonfluent primary progressive aphasias. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 48(3), 308–316. , S. A., Patterson, K., & Nestor, P. J. (2014). Logopenic, mixed, or Alzheimer-related aphasia? Neurology, 82(13), 1127–1131. , S., Hsieh, S., Leslie, F., Foxe, D., Piguet, O., & Hodges, J. R. (2013). Distinguishing subtypes in primary progressive aphasia: Application of the Sydney Language Battery. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 35(3–4), 208–218. , J., Evenepoel, C., Bruffaerts, R., Van Laere, K., Bormans, G., Dries, E., … Vandenberghe, R. (2017). Cholinergic depletion and basal forebrain volume in primary progressive aphasia. NeuroImage. Clinical, 13, 271–279. , H., Hurley, R. S., Rogalski, E., & Mesulam, M. M. (2012). Anatomic, clinical, and neuropsychological correlates of spelling errors in primary progressive aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 50(8), 1929–1935. , M. C., Pravatà, E., Brita, A. C., Improta, E., Ciccarelli, N., Rossi, P., & Colosimo, C. (2014). Primary progressive aphasia: Linguistic patterns and clinical variants. Brain and Language, 135, 57–65. , E. G., Mandelli, M. L., Miller, Z. A., Santos-Santos, M. A., Wilson, S. M., Agosta, F., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2017). Typical and atypical pathology in primary progressive aphasia variants. Annals of Neurology, 81(3), 430–443. , S., Raiser, T., Riedl, L., Riederer, I., Schroeter, M. L., Bisenius, S., … FTLDc study group. (2016). Atrophy and structural covariance of the cholinergic basal forebrain in primary progressive aphasia. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 83, 124–135. , S., Leyton, C. E., Hodges, J. R., Piguet, O., & Hornberger, M. (2016). Divergent longitudinal propagation of?white?matter degradation in?logopenic?and semantic variants of?primary progressive aphasia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 49(3), 853–861. , J. L., Jones, D. T., Duffy, J. R., Strand, E. A., Machulda, M. M., Przybelski, S. A., … Josephs, K. A. (2015). Working memory and language network dysfunction in logopenic aphasia: A task-free fMRI comparison to Alzheimer’s dementia. Neurobiology of Aging, 36(3), 1245–1252. , S. M., Brandt, T. H., Henry, M. L., Babiak, M., Ogar, J. M., Salli, C., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2014). Inflectional morphology in primary progressive aphasia: An elicited production study. Brain and Language, 136, 58–68. , S. M., Henry, M. L., Besbris, M., Ogar, J. M., Dronkers, N. F., Jarrold, W., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2010). Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 133(Pt 7), 2069–2088. , S. M., Ogar, J. M., Laluz, V., Growdon, M., Jang, J., Glenn, S., … Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2009). Automated MRI-based classification of primary progressive aphasia variants. NeuroImage, 47(4), 1558–1567. CCochran’s Q Statistic of Contrasts between Neuropsychological Domains within lvPPAHedges’ gnGLOBATTPSFLULANGMATHVISUOMEMEFSOCGLOB-2.8844--6.85*9.62**3.597.72**1.3356.27***19.85***2.920.33ATT-2.0827--6.62**1.020.240.6155.05***6.89**0.100.14PS-1.4210--10.98***2.837.49**9.17**0.404.51*0.80FLU-2.2822--1.450.00369.62***12.68***0.140.52LANG-1.9837--0.7032.64***3.290.450.003MATH-2.309--40.16***7.11**0.070.27VISUO-0.7225--22.78***36.94***6.13*MEM-1.5425--5.83*0.43EF-2.1822--0.11SOC-1.953--Note. lvPPA=logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia; GLOB=Global Screening Measures; ATT=Attention; PS=Processing Speed; FLU=Ideational Fluency; LANG=Language; MEM=Memory, VISUO=Visuospatial Skills; EF=Executive Functioning; SOC=Social Cognition; *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001Appendix DHeterogeneity Indices (I-squared) for task domains and subdomains in lvPPA, svPPA, and nfvPPA groups lvPPAsvPPAnfvPPAI2 (%)nI2 (%)nI2 (%)nOverall83517719967110Global Screening Measures9144811537391Attention622715925950 Simple Attention70170537133 Working Memory692324803743Processing Speed551042338524Ideational Fluency632281997747 Letter-Guided Fluency552156727439 Category-Guided Fluency471888798234Language8037901417667 Speech Output861183218623 Repetition301635235720 Naming8231921177553 Reading86368187111 Comprehension802283857443 Semantic Knowledge771180605718Math68968307618Memory612579956748 Immediate Verbal Recall9338713756 Delayed Verbal Recall83874308216 Verbal Recognition Memory92388278212 Immediate Visuospatial Recall026412764 Delayed Visuospatial Recall561635595224 Visual Recognition Memory44884315316Visuospatial Skills432552946245 Visuoperceptual0859557225 Visuoconstruction542351754231Executive Functioning832264747844 Visual Set-Shifting822141597235Social Cognition873372009Note. Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), and non-fluent variant PPA (nfvPPA)Appendix ETask domains, subdomains, and example tests assigned in meta-analysesCognitionSubdomainExample TestsGlobal Screening Measures-Mini-Mental State Exam ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1svglroohg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Folstein {\\i{}et al.} 1975)","plainCitation":"(Folstein et al. 1975)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/ATrNF8Ir","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1454,"type":"article-journal","title":"\"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","container-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research","page":"189-198","volume":"12","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","ISSN":"0022-3956","note":"PMID: 1202204","journalAbbreviation":"J Psychiatr Res","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Folstein","given":"M. F."},{"family":"Folstein","given":"S. E."},{"family":"McHugh","given":"P. R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1975",11]]}}}],"schema":""} (Folstein et al. 1975)Montreal Cognitive Assessment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"atamm6rf59","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Osborne {\\i{}et al.} 2014)","plainCitation":"(Osborne et al. 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/uPaIqoP8","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1457,"type":"article-journal","title":"Screening for frontal lobe and general cognitive impairment in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","container-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","page":"191-196","volume":"336","issue":"1-2","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1016/j.jns.2013.10.038","ISSN":"0022510X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Osborne","given":"Richard A."},{"family":"Sekhon","given":"Ramnik"},{"family":"Johnston","given":"Wendy"},{"family":"Kalra","given":"Sanjay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Osborne et al. 2014)Dementia Rating Scale ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14m5rnbq9d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bellak {\\i{}et al.} 1976)","plainCitation":"(Bellak et al. 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/jmEQJ1OR","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1670,"type":"book","title":"Dementia rating scale in Geriatric psychiatry. A handbook for psychiatrists and primary care physicians.","publisher":"Grune and Stratton","publisher-place":"New York","number-of-pages":"77-121","event-place":"New York","author":[{"family":"Bellak","given":"L"},{"family":"Mattis","given":"S"},{"family":"Karasu","given":"TB"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Bellak et al. 1976)Addenbroke’s Cognitive Examination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a10fesd4cf1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mathuranath {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Mathuranath et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/NVsxTHfR","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1348,"type":"article-journal","title":"A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","container-title":"Neurology","page":"1613-1620","volume":"55","issue":"11","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19","ISSN":"0028-3878, 1526-632X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mathuranath","given":"P. S."},{"family":"Nestor","given":"P. J."},{"family":"Berrios","given":"G. E."},{"family":"Rakowicz","given":"W."},{"family":"Hodges","given":"J. R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Mathuranath et al. 2000)Addenbroke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised Total ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a10fesd4cf1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mathuranath {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Mathuranath et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/NVsxTHfR","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1348,"type":"article-journal","title":"A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","container-title":"Neurology","page":"1613-1620","volume":"55","issue":"11","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19","ISSN":"0028-3878, 1526-632X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mathuranath","given":"P. S."},{"family":"Nestor","given":"P. J."},{"family":"Berrios","given":"G. E."},{"family":"Rakowicz","given":"W."},{"family":"Hodges","given":"J. R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Mathuranath et al. 2000)Addenbroke’s Cognitive Examination – Revised orientation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a10fesd4cf1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mathuranath {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Mathuranath et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/NVsxTHfR","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1348,"type":"article-journal","title":"A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","container-title":"Neurology","page":"1613-1620","volume":"55","issue":"11","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19","ISSN":"0028-3878, 1526-632X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mathuranath","given":"P. S."},{"family":"Nestor","given":"P. J."},{"family":"Berrios","given":"G. E."},{"family":"Rakowicz","given":"W."},{"family":"Hodges","given":"J. R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Mathuranath et al. 2000)Cambridge Cognition Examination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2kkmnfsj8h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roth {\\i{}et al.} 1986)","plainCitation":"(Roth et al. 1986)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/emOwmvxk","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1459,"type":"article-journal","title":"CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia","container-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science","page":"698-709","volume":"149","source":"PubMed","abstract":"A new interview schedule for the diagnosis and measurement of dementia in the elderly is described. The schedule named the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX), consists of three main sections: A structured clinical interview with the patient to obtain systematic information about the present state, past history and family history; a range of objective cognitive tests which constitute a mini-neuropsychological battery; a structured interview with a relative or other informant to obtain independent information about the respondent's present state, past history and family history. The CAMDEX is acceptable to patients, has a high inter-rater reliability and the cognitive section has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity.","ISSN":"0007-1250","note":"PMID: 3790869","journalAbbreviation":"Br J Psychiatry","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Roth","given":"M."},{"family":"Tym","given":"E."},{"family":"Mountjoy","given":"C. Q."},{"family":"Huppert","given":"F. A."},{"family":"Hendrie","given":"H."},{"family":"Verma","given":"S."},{"family":"Goddard","given":"R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1986",12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Roth et al. 1986)Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7oor65g7b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Libon {\\i{}et al.} 2011)","plainCitation":"(Libon et al. 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/wej8m4RC","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":767,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition (PBAC): A Validated Screening Measure for Dementia","container-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist","page":"1314-1330","volume":"25","issue":"8","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1080/13854046.2011.631585","ISSN":"1385-4046, 1744-4144","shortTitle":"The Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition (PBAC)","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Libon","given":"David J."},{"family":"Rascovsky","given":"Katya"},{"family":"Gross","given":"Rachel G."},{"family":"White","given":"Matthew T."},{"family":"Xie","given":"Sharon X."},{"family":"Dreyfuss","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Boller","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Massimo","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Peachie"},{"family":"Kitain","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Coslett","given":"H. 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However, this neuropsychological dissociation has rarely been examined in detail. While a few studies have assessed some components of working memory in TGA, the results that have been obtained are far from conclusive. To clarify this issue, we carried out a comprehensive investigation of working memory in 10 patients during a TGA attack. In the first study, we report the results from three patients examined with a battery of neuropsychological tests designed to assess each of the three subcomponents of Baddeley's model of working memory. In a second study, seven different patients underwent neuropsychological investigations that focused specifically on the central executive system, using a protocol derived from a study by Miyake and colleagues. Our findings showed that subcomponents of working memory, such as the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad, were spared in TGA patients. Specific executive functions that entailed inhibitory control, dual task performance, updating and shifting mechanisms were also found to be normal. However, we found significantly impaired performance for the Brown-Peterson test, and that TGA patients were significantly impaired in the recollection of their episodic memories. They also made reduced numbers of 'remember' compared with 'know' judgments in the episodic memory test several days after TGA. On the basis of our findings, it would appear that the episodic memory deficit during TGA is not related to elementary aspects of executive functioning. Our data also highlight the nature of the cognitive mechanisms involved in the Brown-Peterson task, which may well depend on long-term memory (such as the process of semantic encoding). Lastly, the selective deficit in recollective episodic memories observed in TGA may be principally related to medial temporal lobe abnormalities that have been reported in this syndrome.","DOI":"10.1093/brain/awg201","author":[{"family":"Quinette","given":"Peggy"},{"family":"Guillery-Girard","given":"Bérengère"},{"family":"Desgranges","given":"Béatrice"},{"family":"Sayette","given":"Vincent","non-dropping-particle":"de la"},{"family":"Viader","given":"Fausto"},{"family":"Eustache","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003",10,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Quinette et al. 2003)Processing Speed-Stroop Color or Word Reading Trials ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1i0ehfjf1t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scarpina & Tagini 2017)","plainCitation":"(Scarpina & Tagini 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/4YLNCn6a","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1469,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Stroop Color and Word Test","container-title":"Frontiers in Psychology","volume":"8","source":"CrossRef","URL":"","DOI":"10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557","ISSN":"1664-1078","author":[{"family":"Scarpina","given":"Federica"},{"family":"Tagini","given":"Sofia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",4,12]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2018",2,21]]}}}],"schema":""} (Scarpina & Tagini 2017)Trail Making Test Part A ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ae5c67jiud","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reitan 1958)","plainCitation":"(Reitan 1958)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/g3sqpIuk","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1470,"type":"article-journal","title":"VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE","container-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","page":"271","volume":"8","issue":"7","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.2466/PMS.8.7.271-276","ISSN":"0031-5125","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Reitan","given":"Ralph M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1958"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Reitan 1958)WAIS-R or WAIS-III Digit Symbol Coding ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2ejdu5nfed","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wechsler 1997a)","plainCitation":"(Wechsler 1997a)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/DNMMKER3","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1677,"type":"book","title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III","publisher":"Psychological Corporation: Harcourt Brace & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","event-place":"New York, NY","author":[{"family":"Wechsler","given":"D"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Wechsler 1997a)Crossing-off Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1n2cpef78a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Botwinick & Storandt 1973)","plainCitation":"(Botwinick & Storandt 1973)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/MexxAqLY","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1559,"type":"article-journal","title":"Speed Functions, Vocabulary Ability, and Age","container-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","page":"1123-1128","volume":"36","issue":"3_suppl","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"The present study investigated the relationship between verbal ability (as exemplified by Vocabulary test performance) and the ability to perform quickly (as exemplified by three tests varied in how important perceptual-integrative skills were thought to be involved in successful performance). In addition, the influence of Ss age on this relationship was examined. The WAIS Vocabulary, WAIS Digit Symbol, a pencil-and-paper Crossing-off test, plus a reaction-time procedure were given to Ss aged about 19 and about 71 yr. As the importance of speed relative to perceptual-integrative ability increased in successful performance, correlations with Vocabulary decreased. Principal component analyses suggested that Digit Symbol and Vocabulary performances shared equal variance in Cognition. Digit Symbol performance was also associated with Speed. While older age was associated with poorer performances, correlations among test scores were similar for old and young Ss.","DOI":"10.2466/pms.1973.36.3c.1123","ISSN":"0031-5125","journalAbbreviation":"Percept Mot Skills","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Botwinick","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Storandt","given":"Martha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1973",6,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Botwinick & Storandt 1973)Ideational Fluency-ACE Verbal Fluency subtest ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ar82mn205j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mathuranath {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Mathuranath et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/NVsxTHfR","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1348,"type":"article-journal","title":"A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","container-title":"Neurology","page":"1613-1620","volume":"55","issue":"11","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19","ISSN":"0028-3878, 1526-632X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mathuranath","given":"P. 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R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Mathuranath et al. 2000)Design Fluency Assessment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a19mks1d4aj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delis {\\i{}et al.} 2001)","plainCitation":"(Delis et al. 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/woZtrayK","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1688,"type":"book","title":"The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System","publisher":"The Psychological Corporation","publisher-place":"San Antonio","event-place":"San Antonio","author":[{"family":"Delis","given":"D"},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"EB"},{"family":"Kramer","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Delis et al. 2001)DKEFS Nonverbal Fluency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a22bba6i0s","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delis {\\i{}et al.} 2001)","plainCitation":"(Delis et al. 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/woZtrayK","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1688,"type":"book","title":"The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System","publisher":"The Psychological Corporation","publisher-place":"San Antonio","event-place":"San Antonio","author":[{"family":"Delis","given":"D"},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"EB"},{"family":"Kramer","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Delis et al. 2001)Letter-Guided FluencyControlled Oral Word Association Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1r0n3qkqn7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Benton {\\i{}et al.} 1994)","plainCitation":"(Benton et al. 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/G7px6OUY","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1683,"type":"book","title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination: Manual of Instructions","publisher":"AJA Assoc.","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","shortTitle":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Benton","given":"Arthur Lester"},{"family":"Hamsher","given":"Kerry DeSandoz"},{"family":"Sivan","given":"Abigail B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Benton et al. 1994)Letter-Based Word Fluency Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aqcrfa68q9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mathuranath {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Mathuranath et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/NVsxTHfR","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1348,"type":"article-journal","title":"A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia","container-title":"Neurology","page":"1613-1620","volume":"55","issue":"11","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19","ISSN":"0028-3878, 1526-632X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Mathuranath","given":"P. S."},{"family":"Nestor","given":"P. J."},{"family":"Berrios","given":"G. E."},{"family":"Rakowicz","given":"W."},{"family":"Hodges","given":"J. R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",12,12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Mathuranath et al. 2000)Alternating M and N (Mandelli et al. 2016)Category-Guided FluencyControlled Oral Word Association Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2igbbeocj4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Benton {\\i{}et al.} 1994)","plainCitation":"(Benton et al. 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/G7px6OUY","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1683,"type":"book","title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination: Manual of Instructions","publisher":"AJA Assoc.","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","shortTitle":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Benton","given":"Arthur Lester"},{"family":"Hamsher","given":"Kerry DeSandoz"},{"family":"Sivan","given":"Abigail B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Benton et al. 1994)Animal Naming ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7rf4egvfk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sager {\\i{}et al.} 2006)","plainCitation":"(Sager et al. 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/eeLpzzxU","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1685,"type":"article-journal","title":"Screening for dementia in community-based memory clinics","container-title":"WMJ: official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin","page":"25-29","volume":"105","issue":"7","source":"PubMed","abstract":"PROBLEM: Dementia is a significant public health problem that is underrecognized in primary care settings. This study examined the usefulness of 3 brief screening tests in detecting dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in persons seeking consultation for memory complaints within a network of memory diagnostic clinics in Wisconsin.\nMETHODS: This prospective study of consecutive referrals for memory diagnostic evaluation analyzed data for 364 patients > or = 50 years. Scores on 3 cognitive screening measures-the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing, and Animal Naming--were compared to clinical diagnosis of normal cognitive aging, MCI, or dementia.\nRESULTS: Using the standard cut score of <24, the MMSE identified only 60% of persons diagnosed with dementia. By contrast, using a recommended cut score of <14 words per minute, Animal Naming identified 85% of persons with dementia with a relatively low (12%) false positive rate. Clock Drawing was intermediate to the other 2 measures in screening effectiveness.\nCONCLUSIONS: Animal Naming was moderately to highly effective in identifying dementia. The naming procedure is easy to administer and may have value as a brief initial dementia screen in busy practice settings. 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J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",5,22]]}}}],"schema":""} (Sajjadi et al. 2012)DKEFS Stroop word/color ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aeaog9sbre","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delis {\\i{}et al.} 2001)","plainCitation":"(Delis et al. 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/woZtrayK","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/d1NeWHZL","type":"book","title":"The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System","publisher":"The Psychological Corporation","publisher-place":"San Antonio","event-place":"San Antonio","author":[{"family":"Delis","given":"D"},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"EB"},{"family":"Kramer","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Delis et al. 2001)Single-word reading (Beeson et al. 2010)“Grandfather passage” (Maruta et al. 2014)SpellingGraded Spelling Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a26c32q1k55","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baxter & Warrington 1994)","plainCitation":"(Baxter & Warrington 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/3GkN3mnW","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":1511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Measuring dysgraphia: a graded-difficulty spelling test","container-title":"Behavioural Neurology","page":"107-116","volume":"7","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"In this paper we describe the construction of a graded-difficulty spelling test for adults consisting of two alternative forms each containing 30 words (GDST, Forms A and B). The spelling test, together with background tests of verbal and non-verbal skills, was administered to 100 control patients with orthopaedic injuries. The two forms of the spelling test were highly correlated (0.92). Spelling was highly correlated with reading (0.75, 0.77) and moderately correlated with vocabulary (0.57) and naming (0.39, 0.40). There was no correlation between spelling skills and non-verbal reasoning. The test was validated in a group of 26 patients with left hemisphere and 20 patients with right hemisphere lesions. Spelling was shown to be lateralized to the left hemisphere and there appeared to be a shift in scores of the left hemisphere group towards the lower quartile, with 65% of the left hemisphere group falling within this band. The most severe spelling impairments were invariably associated with other language disorders but a number of dissociations were documented at spelling levels falling between the 5th and 25th percentile band. 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The purpose was to evaluate the relative role of the brain regions implicated in semantic processing with converging evidence from imaging studies of patients with impaired semantic processing.\nMETHODS: Semantic memory was assessed in patients with Alzheimer's disease using two measures, and these performance patterns were related to profiles of reduced cerebral functioning obtained with high resolution single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Patients with frontotemporal degeneration were similarly evaluated as a control group.\nRESULTS: Reduced relative cerebral perfusion was seen in parietal and posterior temporal brain regions of patients with Alzheimer's disease but not patients with frontotemporal degeneration. Impairments on semantically guided category membership decision tasks were also seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease but not those with frontotemporal degeneration. Performance on the semantic measures correlated with relative cerebral perfusion in inferior parietal and superior temporal regions of the left hemisphere only in Alzheimer's disease. Relative perfusion was significantly lower in these regions in patients with Alzheimer's disease with semantic difficulty compared with patients with Alzheimer's disease with relatively preserved semantic processing.\nCONCLUSION: These findings provide converging evidence to support the contribution of superior temporal and inferior parietal regions of the left hemisphere to semantic processing.","ISSN":"0022-3050","note":"PMID: 9285450\nPMCID: PMC2169652","journalAbbreviation":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. 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Alternative methods of visual spatial assessment for dementia evaluations are proposed.","DOI":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.026","ISSN":"0028-3932","journalAbbreviation":"Neuropsychologia","author":[{"family":"Possin","given":"Katherine L."},{"family":"Laluz","given":"Victor R."},{"family":"Alcantar","given":"Oscar Z."},{"family":"Miller","given":"Bruce L."},{"family":"Kramer","given":"Joel H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",1,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Possin et al. 2011)WMS-III Visual Reproduction Delayed Recall ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1biu9ff1gg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wechsler 1997b)","plainCitation":"(Wechsler 1997b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/mqsY83cm","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/trZEopBM","type":"book","title":"Wechsler memory scale (WMS-III)","publisher":"Psychological corporation San Antonio, TX","volume":"14","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wechsler","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Wechsler 1997b)AMIPB Delayed Figure Recall ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1vc904gone","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Coughlan & Hollows 1985)","plainCitation":"(Coughlan & Hollows 1985)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":172,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":172,"type":"book","title":"The adult memory and information processing battery (AMIPB): test manual.","publisher":"A.K. 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Manual","publisher":"Thames Valley Test Company","number-of-pages":"20","source":"Google Books","ISBN":"978-1-874261-70-4","note":"Google-Books-ID: bK4xAAAACAAJ","shortTitle":"Doors and People","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Baddeley","given":"Alan D."},{"family":"Emslie","given":"Hazel"},{"family":"Nimmo-Smith","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",1,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Baddeley et al. 1994)WRMT Faces subtest ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"avtisru917","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Soukup {\\i{}et al.} 1999)","plainCitation":"(Soukup et al. 1999)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Recognition Memory for Faces: Reliability and Validity of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (RMT) in a Neurological Sample","container-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings","page":"287-293","volume":"6","issue":"3","abstract":"In response to critiques regarding the psychometric limitations of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test for faces (RMT-F), the current study was conducted to examine the test-retest reliability and validity of the measure in a neurological sample. Forty adult outpatients, ages 35–81, were administered the RMT-F as part of their diagnostic exam. A second evaluation was conducted after an average interval of 7 months (range = 2–20 months). Results yielded a Pearson reliability coefficient of 0.81 (p < .001), indicating a clinically satisfactory index of stability. Correlations with other measures were conducted to examine convergent and divergent validity. Results indicate that the facial component of the RMT has adequate reliability for patients with established neurological disease, shows moderate correlations with other measures of complex visuospatial function, and shows no significant correlation with measures of verbal reasoning, visual problem-solving, or verbal fluency. These findings provide additional support for the clinical efficacy of this instrument for use in a diverse neurological patient sample.","DOI":"10.1023/A:1026243822356","ISSN":"1573-3572","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings","author":[{"family":"Soukup","given":"Vicki M."},{"family":"Bimbela","given":"Alfredo"},{"family":"Schiess","given":"Mya C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999",9,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Soukup et al. 1999)CANTAB Delayed Matching to Sample Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aov3lka16d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(J Fray {\\i{}et al.} 1996)","plainCitation":"(J Fray et al. 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":250,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":250,"type":"article-journal","title":"Neuorpsychiatyric applications of CANTAB","container-title":"International journal of geriatric psychiatry","page":"329–336","volume":"11","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"J Fray","given":"Paul"},{"family":"W Robbins","given":"Trevor"},{"family":"J Sahakian","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Fray et al. 1996)RVDLT Design Learning Test Recognition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"adbnahjph5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(A Rey 1958)","plainCitation":"(A Rey 1958)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":547,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":547,"type":"book","title":"The Clinical Examination in Psychology","publisher":"University Presses of France","publisher-place":"Paris","event-place":"Paris","author":[{"literal":"A Rey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1958"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Rey 1958)Camden Pictorial Recognition Memory Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2largrrobh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Warrington 1996)","plainCitation":"(Warrington 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":253,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":253,"type":"book","title":"The Camden Memory Tests","publisher":"Psychology Press","number-of-pages":"126","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The Camden Memory Tests consist of 5 new measures. Each test was developed to fulfil a clinical need that was not met by existing memory tests and they are intended to be used separately.The Pictorial Recognition Memory Test is an exceptionally easy test that can provide useful clinical information in the assessment of patients unable to cope with the demands of more difficult tests. It can also be used to identify subjects who are 'faking' memory disorders. The Topographical Recognition Memory Test provides a culture-free measure of visual memory that is a useful alternative to the more commonly used Recognition Memory Test for faces. The Paired-Associate Learning Test provides a more satisfactory measure of verbal recall and verbal learning than is at present available. The Short Recognition Memory Test for Words and The Short Recognition Memory Test for Faces were both developed to provide a short and quick version of the standard Recognition Memory Test with only the minimum loss of discriminative power.Each of the 5 individual tests has been standardised in a large representative cross section of an urban population including subjects between the ages of 70 and 85. Validation studies are presented. The localising power of the Topographical Recognition Memory Test and the Paired-Associate Learning Test has been established by assessing patients with unilateral cerebral lesions and the discriminative power of the Short Recognition Memory Test for Words and for Faces has been established by assessing patients with dementing illnesses.","ISBN":"978-0-86377-427-0","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Warrington","given":"Elizabeth K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Warrington 1996)Visual Association Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2cq88vs2si","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lindeboom 2002)","plainCitation":"(Lindeboom 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/QWLawYgt","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/XQw4lnER","type":"article-journal","title":"Visual association test to detect early dementia of the Alzheimer type","container-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry","page":"126-133","volume":"73","issue":"2","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1136/jnnp.73.2.126","ISSN":"00223050","author":[{"family":"Lindeboom","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002",8,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Lindeboom 2002)Four Mountains Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a19eqg4nho8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bird {\\i{}et al.} 2010)","plainCitation":"(Bird et al. 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":255,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":255,"type":"article-journal","title":"Topographical short-term memory differentiates Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal lobar degeneration","container-title":"Hippocampus","page":"1154-1169","volume":"20","issue":"10","source":"PubMed","abstract":"We used a recently developed test of spatial memory--the Four Mountains Test--to investigate the core cognitive processes underpinning topographical disorientation in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Performance of these clinical groups was compared with age-matched controls, patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and patients with subjective memory impairments. We investigated the perception (concurrent match-to-sample) and short-term retention (2-s delayed match-to-sample) of the configuration of topographical features in computer-generated landscapes shown from different viewpoints. Thirty-one patients were tested (7 AD, 6 a-MCI, 7 temporal variant FTLD, 5 frontal variant FTLD, 6 subjective memory impairment) and 25 age- and gender-matched controls. Brain MRI was available for 27 patients; medial temporal lobe atrophy was assessed using a visual rating scale. Patients with a-MCI or mild AD were impaired on topographical short-term memory, but not perception. No other group differences were found on the topographical subtests. Notably, patients with temporal variants of FTLD performed normally, regardless of the laterality of damage. Subtests for the perception and retention of nonspatial aspects of the landscapes (weather conditions, seasonal and daily variations in lighting and color) were poor at differentiating the patient groups. These results indicate a core deficit in representing topographical layout, even for very short durations, within the context of more general long-term memory impairments found in AD, and suggest that this function is particularly sensitive to the earliest stages of the disease.","DOI":"10.1002/hipo.20715","ISSN":"1098-1063","note":"PMID: 19852032","journalAbbreviation":"Hippocampus","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Bird","given":"Chris M."},{"family":"Chan","given":"Dennis"},{"family":"Hartley","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Pijnenburg","given":"Yolande A."},{"family":"Rossor","given":"Martin N."},{"family":"Burgess","given":"Neil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",10]]}}}],"schema":""} (Bird et al. 2010)Camden Topographical Recognition Memory Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2us4gkomp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Warrington 1996)","plainCitation":"(Warrington 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":253,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":253,"type":"book","title":"The Camden Memory Tests","publisher":"Psychology Press","number-of-pages":"126","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The Camden Memory Tests consist of 5 new measures. Each test was developed to fulfil a clinical need that was not met by existing memory tests and they are intended to be used separately.The Pictorial Recognition Memory Test is an exceptionally easy test that can provide useful clinical information in the assessment of patients unable to cope with the demands of more difficult tests. It can also be used to identify subjects who are 'faking' memory disorders. The Topographical Recognition Memory Test provides a culture-free measure of visual memory that is a useful alternative to the more commonly used Recognition Memory Test for faces. The Paired-Associate Learning Test provides a more satisfactory measure of verbal recall and verbal learning than is at present available. The Short Recognition Memory Test for Words and The Short Recognition Memory Test for Faces were both developed to provide a short and quick version of the standard Recognition Memory Test with only the minimum loss of discriminative power.Each of the 5 individual tests has been standardised in a large representative cross section of an urban population including subjects between the ages of 70 and 85. Validation studies are presented. The localising power of the Topographical Recognition Memory Test and the Paired-Associate Learning Test has been established by assessing patients with unilateral cerebral lesions and the discriminative power of the Short Recognition Memory Test for Words and for Faces has been established by assessing patients with dementing illnesses.","ISBN":"978-0-86377-427-0","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Warrington","given":"Elizabeth K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Warrington 1996)RVDLT Recognition Memory ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1qjmcmr745","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(A Rey 1958)","plainCitation":"(A Rey 1958)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":547,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":547,"type":"book","title":"The Clinical Examination in Psychology","publisher":"University Presses of France","publisher-place":"Paris","event-place":"Paris","author":[{"literal":"A Rey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1958"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Rey 1958)WMS-III Faces subtest ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1qkvvm0gu4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wechsler 1997b)","plainCitation":"(Wechsler 1997b)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/mqsY83cm","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/trZEopBM","type":"book","title":"Wechsler memory scale (WMS-III)","publisher":"Psychological corporation San Antonio, TX","volume":"14","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wechsler","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Wechsler 1997b)Semantic MemoryDead or Alive Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2lvcjrou8k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kapur {\\i{}et al.} 1989)","plainCitation":"(Kapur et al. 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":257,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":257,"type":"article-journal","title":"Focal retrograde amnesia: a long term clinical and neuropsychological follow-up","container-title":"Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior","page":"387-402","volume":"25","issue":"3","source":"PubMed","abstract":"A patient (E.D.) who had displayed a selective retrograde amnesia in association with transient amnesic episodes (Kapur et al., 1986) was reexamined five years after initial assessment. At the clinical level, his transient amnesic attacks continued, but some of these had clear epileptic features. In addition, EEG investigation indicated temporal lobe abnormality, more prominent in the left temporal region, and supported a clinical diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Both CT scanning and magnetic resonance imaging were unable to detect the presence of any structural lesion. At the neuropsychological level, there was no evidence of dementia in the form of generalized cognitive dysfunction nor significant deterioration in cognitive functioning since the earlier assessment. Our patient continued to show marked memory loss for public events over the past 20-30 years, in the context of normal or near normal performance on most tests of anterograde memory functioning. While memory for famous scenes and famous faces was markedly impaired, our patient's memory for famous cars was within normal limits and his memory for autobiographical events showed only patchy impairment. Although E.D. performed at an average or above average level on most standard tests of anterograde memory functioning, our patient did show evidence of significant memory loss for public events which had occurred over the past ten years (i.e. since the onset of his illness). The possibility is raised that E.D.'s memory disorder may represent a form of disconnection syndrome.","ISSN":"0010-9452","note":"PMID: 2805725","shortTitle":"Focal retrograde amnesia","journalAbbreviation":"Cortex","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Kapur","given":"N."},{"family":"Young","given":"A."},{"family":"Bateman","given":"D."},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989",9]]}}}],"schema":""} (Kapur et al. 1989)Famous People Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a3o4ucf8g2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Snowden 2004)","plainCitation":"(Snowden 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":549,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":549,"type":"article-journal","title":"Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia","container-title":"Brain","page":"860-872","volume":"127","issue":"4","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1093/brain/awh099","ISSN":"1460-2156","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Snowden","given":"J. S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004",1,14]]}}}],"schema":""} (Snowden 2004)NUFFACE Test Naming/Recognition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1e2mhtuq8g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gefen {\\i{}et al.} 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gefen et al. 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":260,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":260,"type":"article-journal","title":"Naming vs knowing faces in primary progressive aphasia","container-title":"Neurology","page":"658-664","volume":"81","issue":"7","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Objectives:\nThis study examines the anatomical correlates of naming vs recognizing faces using a novel measure that utilizes culturally relevant and age-appropriate items, the Northwestern University Famous Faces (NUFFACE) Test, in primary progressive aphasia (PPA), a syndrome characterized by progressive language deficits and associated with cortical atrophy in areas important for word and object representations.\n\nMethods:\nNUFFACE Test performance of 27 controls (mean age 62.3 years) was compared with that of 30 patients with PPA (mean age 62 years). Associations between NUFFACE Test performance and cortical thickness measures were quantified within the PPA group.\n\nResults:\nPatients with PPA displayed significant impairment on the NUFFACE Test, demonstrating that it is a useful measure of famous-face identification for individuals with relatively young-onset dementias. Despite widespread distribution of atrophy in the PPA group, face naming impairments were correlated with atrophy of the left anterior temporal lobe while face recognition impairments were correlated with bitemporal atrophy.\n\nConclusions:\nIn addition to their clinical relevance for highlighting the distinction between face naming and recognition impairments in individuals with young-onset dementia, these findings add new insights into the dissociable clinico-anatomical substrates of lexical retrieval and object knowledge.","DOI":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08f83","ISSN":"0028-3878","note":"PMID: 23940020\nPMCID: PMC3775689","journalAbbreviation":"Neurology","author":[{"family":"Gefen","given":"Tamar"},{"family":"Wieneke","given":"Christina"},{"family":"Martersteck","given":"Adam"},{"family":"Whitney","given":"Kristen"},{"family":"Weintraub","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Mesulam","given":"M.-Marsel"},{"family":"Rogalski","given":"Emily"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,13]]}}}],"schema":""} (Gefen et al. 2013)UCSF Famous Face Naming ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"akte1e423c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gorno-Tempini {\\i{}et al.} 2004)","plainCitation":"(Gorno-Tempini et al. 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":263,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":263,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive and behavioral profile in a case of right anterior temporal lobe neurodegeneration","page":"631-644","volume":"40","issue":"4-5","source":"","DOI":"10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70159-X","ISSN":"0010-9452","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Gorno-Tempini","given":"M. L."},{"family":"Rankin","given":"K. P."},{"family":"Woolley","given":"J. D."},{"family":"Rosen","given":"H. J."},{"family":"Phengrasamy","given":"L."},{"family":"Miller","given":"B. L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004",1,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Gorno-Tempini et al. 2004)Semantic Feature Questions (Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980)Visuospatial SkillsMotor-free VisuoperceptualVOSP subtests ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2hn63492gq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Warrington 1991)","plainCitation":"(Warrington 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":176,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":176,"type":"book","title":"The Visual Object Ans Space Perception Battery: VOSP: Manual","publisher":"Harcourt Assessmentccop. 1991","number-of-pages":"20","source":"Google Books","ISBN":"978-0-7491-3303-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: znV_PQAACAAJ","shortTitle":"The Visual Object Ans Space Perception Battery","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Warrington","given":"Elizabeth K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Warrington 1991)Benton Face Recognition Test, BFRT Short Form ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2m5ct18nfp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Benton 1994)","plainCitation":"(Benton 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":268,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":268,"type":"book","title":"Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual","publisher":"Oxford University Press","number-of-pages":"178","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Over ten years have passed since the publication of the first edition of this invaluable manual for administering, scoring and interpreting the results of these world-renowned neuropsychological tests. Developed by Arthur Benton at the University of Iowa, the tests are used in a wide variety of clinical and research contexts and, since 1983, many new findings have been generated. This thoroughly updated second edition summarizes this research and adds normative data on new populations including children and the elderly.","ISBN":"978-0-19-509179-3","shortTitle":"Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Benton","given":"Arthur Lester"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Benton 1994)Benton Judgement of Line Orientation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ac41d47qtm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Benton 1994)","plainCitation":"(Benton 1994)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":268,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":268,"type":"book","title":"Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment: A Clinical Manual","publisher":"Oxford University Press","number-of-pages":"178","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Over ten years have passed since the publication of the first edition of this invaluable manual for administering, scoring and interpreting the results of these world-renowned neuropsychological tests. Developed by Arthur Benton at the University of Iowa, the tests are used in a wide variety of clinical and research contexts and, since 1983, many new findings have been generated. This thoroughly updated second edition summarizes this research and adds normative data on new populations including children and the elderly.","ISBN":"978-0-19-509179-3","shortTitle":"Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Benton","given":"Arthur Lester"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Benton 1994)Hooper Visual Organization Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a136nskejub","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooper 1979)","plainCitation":"(Hooper 1979)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":270,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":270,"type":"book","title":"The Hooper Visual Organization Test: (VOT) ; Manual","publisher":"Western Psychological Services","number-of-pages":"13","source":"Google Books","note":"Google-Books-ID: jUaCjwEACAAJ","shortTitle":"The Hooper Visual Organization Test","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hooper","given":"H. Elston"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1979"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Hooper 1979)Birmingham Object Recognition Battery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ad8nabipd0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Riddoch & Humphreys 1993)","plainCitation":"(Riddoch & Humphreys 1993)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":272,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":272,"type":"book","title":"BORB: Birmingham Object Recognition Battery","publisher":"Lawrence Erlbaum","number-of-pages":"388","source":"Google Books","abstract":"BORB provides a set of standardised procedures for assessing neuropsychological disorders of visual object recognition, based on tests developed in the cognitive neuropsychological literature. The tests are introduced in terms of cognitive neuropsychological analyses of object recognition, and guidance is given concerning test use and interpretation. The tests assess low-level aspects of visual perception (using same-different matching of basic perceptual features, such as orientation, length, position and object size), intermediate visual processes (e.g., matching objects different in viewpoint), access to stored perceptual knowledge about objects (object decision), access to semantic knowledge (function and associative matches) and access to names from object (picture naming). BORB will serve as an invaluable companion test battery to the PALPA test of language ability.","ISBN":"978-0-86377-315-0","note":"Google-Books-ID: KGTFHAAACAAJ","shortTitle":"BORB","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Riddoch","given":"M. Jane"},{"family":"Humphreys","given":"Glyn W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Riddoch & Humphreys 1993)Clock Reading tasks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ccddu5acv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sunderland {\\i{}et al.} 1989)","plainCitation":"(Sunderland et al. 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":409,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":409,"type":"article-journal","title":"Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease. A novel measure of dementia severity","container-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society","page":"725-729","volume":"37","issue":"8","source":"PubMed","abstract":"We have tested a simple and reliable measure of visuospatial ability in Alzheimer patients--the Clock Drawing Test. To determine the usefulness of this measure, we asked 67 Alzheimer patients and 83 normal controls to draw the face of a clock reading the time of 2:45. Six independent observers blindly evaluated the results with ratings from 10 (best) to 1 (worst). The mean performance score of Alzheimer subjects was 4.9 +/- 2.7 compared to 8.7 +/- 1.1 for normal controls (P less than .001). Inter-rater reliability for the clocks drawn by Alzheimer patients was highly significant (r = 0.86; P less than .001), and there was relatively little overlap between ratings for Alzheimer patients and normal controls. Furthermore, correlations were highly significant (P less than .001) between the mean score of clock drawings and three independent global measures of dementia severity. Although the Clock Drawing Test is certainly not a definitive indicator of Alzheimer's disease, the test is easy to administer and provides a useful measure of dementia severity for both research and office settings where sophisticated neuropsychological testing is not available.","ISSN":"0002-8614","note":"PMID: 2754157","journalAbbreviation":"J Am Geriatr Soc","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sunderland","given":"T."},{"family":"Hill","given":"J. L."},{"family":"Mellow","given":"A. M."},{"family":"Lawlor","given":"B. A."},{"family":"Gundersheimer","given":"J."},{"family":"Newhouse","given":"P. A."},{"family":"Grafman","given":"J. H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989",8]]}}}],"schema":""} (Sunderland et al. 1989)FAID Face-Perception and Face-Matching tasks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2e138op8o0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller {\\i{}et al.} 2012)","plainCitation":"(Miller et al. 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":275,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":275,"type":"article-journal","title":"One size does not fit all: face emotion processing impairments in semantic dementia, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease are mediated by distinct cognitive deficits","container-title":"Behavioural Neurology","page":"53-60","volume":"25","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Patients with frontotemporal dementia (both behavioural variant [bvFTD] and semantic dementia [SD]) as well as those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show deficits on tests of face emotion processing, yet the mechanisms underlying these deficits have rarely been explored. We compared groups of patients with bvFTD (n = 17), SD (n = 12) or AD (n = 20) to an age- and education-matched group of healthy control subjects (n = 36) on three face emotion processing tasks (Ekman 60, Emotion Matching and Emotion Selection) and found that all three patient groups were similarly impaired. Analyses of covariance employed to partial out the influences of language and perceptual impairments, which frequently co-occur in these patients, provided evidence of different underlying cognitive mechanisms. These analyses revealed that language impairments explained the original poor scores obtained by the SD patients on the Ekman 60 and Emotion Selection tasks, which involve verbal labels. Perceptual deficits contributed to Emotion Matching performance in the bvFTD and AD patients. Importantly, all groups remained impaired on one task or more following these analyses, denoting a primary emotion processing disturbance in these dementia syndromes. 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A group of 94 neurologically healthy controls were studied for comparison. In AD, poor figure copy correlated significantly with right parietal cortex volumes but not with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volumes, whereas in bvFTD, figure copy performance correlated significantly with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volumes and there was only a trend with right parietal cortex volumes. The cognitive processes associated with figure copy performance also differed by diagnostic group such that figure copy was associated with spatial perception and attention in AD and with spatial planning and working memory in bvFTD. Spatial planning accounted for unique variance in the figure copy performance of bvFTD even after accounting for spatial perception, attention, and working memory. These results suggest that figure copy performance in AD and bvFTD is not anatomically specific and is differentially impacted by bottom-up and top-down aspects of visual spatial processing. Alternative methods of visual spatial assessment for dementia evaluations are proposed.","DOI":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.026","ISSN":"0028-3932","journalAbbreviation":"Neuropsychologia","author":[{"family":"Possin","given":"Katherine L."},{"family":"Laluz","given":"Victor R."},{"family":"Alcantar","given":"Oscar Z."},{"family":"Miller","given":"Bruce L."},{"family":"Kramer","given":"Joel H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",1,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Possin et al. 2011)Benton Figure Copy (Benton et al. 1994)Beery Figure Copy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"anibjsrld1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beery 1982)","plainCitation":"(Beery 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":278,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":278,"type":"book","title":"Administration, scoring, and teaching manual for the developmental test of visual-motor integration","publisher":"Follett Pub. 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To determine the usefulness of this measure, we asked 67 Alzheimer patients and 83 normal controls to draw the face of a clock reading the time of 2:45. Six independent observers blindly evaluated the results with ratings from 10 (best) to 1 (worst). The mean performance score of Alzheimer subjects was 4.9 +/- 2.7 compared to 8.7 +/- 1.1 for normal controls (P less than .001). Inter-rater reliability for the clocks drawn by Alzheimer patients was highly significant (r = 0.86; P less than .001), and there was relatively little overlap between ratings for Alzheimer patients and normal controls. Furthermore, correlations were highly significant (P less than .001) between the mean score of clock drawings and three independent global measures of dementia severity. Although the Clock Drawing Test is certainly not a definitive indicator of Alzheimer's disease, the test is easy to administer and provides a useful measure of dementia severity for both research and office settings where sophisticated neuropsychological testing is not available.","ISSN":"0002-8614","note":"PMID: 2754157","journalAbbreviation":"J Am Geriatr Soc","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Sunderland","given":"T."},{"family":"Hill","given":"J. L."},{"family":"Mellow","given":"A. M."},{"family":"Lawlor","given":"B. A."},{"family":"Gundersheimer","given":"J."},{"family":"Newhouse","given":"P. A."},{"family":"Grafman","given":"J. 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The procedure detailed here was developed using Shallice's original problems and, along with the Porteus Maze Test (PMT), was administered to 205 elementary school students and 74 young adults. TOL scores increased with age in a linear fashion, and the performance of the sixth, seventh, and eighth grade subjects were not statistically different from the young adults. The TOL was moderately correlated with the PMT suggesting that these procedures share a planning component. These data provide initial developmental standards, and the materials, administration, and scoring procedures documented here provide a standard method for utilization of this instrument.","DOI":"10.1080/01688639408402697","ISSN":"1380-3395","note":"PMID: 7890819","shortTitle":"Tower of London procedure","journalAbbreviation":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Krikorian","given":"R."},{"family":"Bartok","given":"J."},{"family":"Gay","given":"N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",12]]}}}],"schema":""} (Krikorian et al. 1994)Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Categories ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2g42rpks5v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kongs {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Kongs et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"book","title":"WCST-64: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test- 64 Card Version , Professional Manual","publisher":"PAR","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","note":"Google-Books-ID: 3cONPgAACAAJ","shortTitle":"WCST-64","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kongs","given":"Susan K."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Laetitia L."},{"family":"Iverson","given":"Grant L."},{"family":"Heaton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Kongs et al. 2000)Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Perseverative Errors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2g42rpks5v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kongs {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Kongs et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"book","title":"WCST-64: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test- 64 Card Version , Professional Manual","publisher":"PAR","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","note":"Google-Books-ID: 3cONPgAACAAJ","shortTitle":"WCST-64","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kongs","given":"Susan K."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Laetitia L."},{"family":"Iverson","given":"Grant L."},{"family":"Heaton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Kongs et al. 2000)Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Errors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2g42rpks5v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kongs {\\i{}et al.} 2000)","plainCitation":"(Kongs et al. 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"book","title":"WCST-64: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test- 64 Card Version , Professional Manual","publisher":"PAR","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","note":"Google-Books-ID: 3cONPgAACAAJ","shortTitle":"WCST-64","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kongs","given":"Susan K."},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Laetitia L."},{"family":"Iverson","given":"Grant L."},{"family":"Heaton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Kongs et al. 2000)BADS subtests ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"akpvos8uub","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson, B.A. {\\i{}et al.} 1996)","plainCitation":"(Wilson, B.A. et al. 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":550,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":550,"type":"book","title":"Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS)","publisher":"Bury St. Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company","author":[{"literal":"Wilson, B.A."},{"literal":"Alderman, N."},{"literal":"Burgess, P.W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Wilson, B.A. et al. 1996)DKEFS Shifting Trials ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aeaog9sbre","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delis {\\i{}et al.} 2001)","plainCitation":"(Delis et al. 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/woZtrayK","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/d1NeWHZL","type":"book","title":"The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System","publisher":"The Psychological Corporation","publisher-place":"San Antonio","event-place":"San Antonio","author":[{"family":"Delis","given":"D"},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"EB"},{"family":"Kramer","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Delis et al. 2001)Object and Delayed Alternation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2138mb6hat","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Freedman {\\i{}et al.} 2013)","plainCitation":"(Freedman et al. 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":288,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":288,"type":"article-journal","title":"Object Alternation A Novel Probe of Medial Frontal Function in Frontotemporal Dementia","container-title":"Alzheimer disease and associated disorders","volume":"27","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"We studied behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) using object alternation (OA) as a novel probe of cognition. This task was adopted from animal models and is sensitive to ventrolateral-orbitofrontal and medial frontal function in humans. OA was administered to bvFTD patients, normal controls, and a dementia control group with Alzheimer disease (AD). Two other frontal lobe measures adopted from animal models were administered: delayed response (DR) and delayed alternation (DA). Brain volumes were measured using the semiautomatic brain region extraction method. Compared with the normal controls, bvFTD patients were significantly impaired on OA and DR. For OA and DR, sensitivities and specificities were 100% and 51.5% (cutoff=22.5 errors) and 9.5% and 98% (cutoff=1.5 errors), respectively. Negative predictive value (NPV) for OA was 100% at all prevalence rates. Comparing AD with bvFTD, there were no significant differences on OA, DR, or DA. Nevertheless, positive predictive value (PPV) and NPV were good at all prevalence rates for OA (cutoff=36.5 errors) and DA (cutoff=6 errors); PPV was good for DR (cutoff=9 errors). Error scores above cutoffs favored diagnosis of AD. Performance on OA was significantly related to medial frontal gray matter atrophy. OA, together with DR and DA, may facilitate assessment of bvFTD as a novel probe of medial frontal function.","DOI":"10.1097/WAD.0b013e318293b546","author":[{"family":"Freedman","given":"Morris"},{"family":"A Binns","given":"Malcolm"},{"family":"E Black","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Levine","given":"Brian"},{"family":"L Miller","given":"Bruce"},{"family":"Ramirez","given":"Joel"},{"family":"Szilagyi","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"J M Scott","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"A McNeely","given":"Alicia"},{"family":"T Stuss","given":"Donald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",4,17]]}}}],"schema":""} (Freedman et al. 2013)Fluency switching/loss of set (Reverberi, Capitani, & Laicona, 2004).Dysexecutive Questionnaire (Burgess et al. 1996)Della Sala Dual Task, mu score (DSDT) (Della Sala et al., 1995)Modified Trails (Wilson 2014a)Response InhibitionStroop Color-Word Inhibition Trial ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a12b9gtcnh4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Scarpina and 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W."},{"family":"Shallice","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Burgess & Shallice 1997)Visual Set-ShiftingTrail Making Test Part B or B-A difference or modified Trail B ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ba6044e9n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reitan 1958)","plainCitation":"(Reitan 1958)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/g3sqpIuk","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/soqGkFs3","type":"article-journal","title":"VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE","container-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","page":"271","volume":"8","issue":"7","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.2466/PMS.8.7.271-276","ISSN":"0031-5125","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Reitan","given":"Ralph M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1958"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Reitan 1958)D-KEFS Trail Making Test Number–Letter Trial ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a28hsqho5m9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delis 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PAR.","author":[{"literal":"Schretlen D"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Schretlen 2010)Visual Verbal Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1b4aoofejo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Feldman 1959)","plainCitation":"(Feldman 1959)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":297,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":297,"type":"book","title":"The visual-verbal test: Manual","publisher":"Western Psychological Services","source":"Amazon","shortTitle":"The visual-verbal test","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Feldman","given":"Marvin J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Feldman & Drasgow 1959)D-KEFS Sorting Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1hg8nh5fmu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Delis {\\i{}et al.} 2001)","plainCitation":"(Delis et al. 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/woZtrayK","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/d1NeWHZL","type":"book","title":"The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System","publisher":"The Psychological Corporation","publisher-place":"San Antonio","event-place":"San Antonio","author":[{"family":"Delis","given":"D"},{"family":"Kaplan","given":"EB"},{"family":"Kramer","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Delis et al. 2001)Social Cognition-TASIT subtests ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a193li6am7f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDonald {\\i{}et al.} 2006)","plainCitation":"(McDonald et al. 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"article-journal","title":"Reliability and validity of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT): A clinical test of social perception","container-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation","page":"1529-1542","volume":"28","issue":"24","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1080/09638280600646185","ISSN":"0963-8288, 1464-5165","shortTitle":"Reliability and validity of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT)","language":"en","author":[{"family":"McDonald","given":"Skye"},{"family":"Bornhofen","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Shum","given":"David"},{"family":"Long","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Saunders","given":"Clare"},{"family":"Neulinger","given":"Kerryn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",1]]}}}],"schema":""} (McDonald et al. 2006)Florida Affect Battery Emotion Naming/Discrimination (Rosen et al. 2002)Cambridge Behavioural Inventory (CBI; Wedderburn et al. 2008)CATS subtests ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"amuq0l1isd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Froming, K.B. {\\i{}et al.} 2001)","plainCitation":"(Froming, K.B. et al. 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":553,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":553,"type":"book","title":"Comprehensive Affect Testing System","publisher":"Psychology Software, Inc.","publisher-place":"Gainsville, Florida","event-place":"Gainsville, Florida","author":[{"literal":"Froming, K.B."},{"literal":"Ekman, P."},{"literal":"Levy, M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Froming et al. 2001)Ekman 60 Faces/Caricatures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a23pqr5760d","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ekman & Friesen 1976)","plainCitation":"(Ekman & Friesen 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":444,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":444,"type":"book","title":"Pictures of Facial Affect","publisher":"Consulting psychologists Press","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","abstract":"111 slides, used for Studying individual and group differences in the recognition of emotion","note":"Google-Books-ID: gbfMSgAACAAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Ekman","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Friesen","given":"Wallace V."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Ekman & Friesen 1976)Reading the Minds Eyes Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ai5f3j03n1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Baron-Cohen {\\i{}et al.} 1997)","plainCitation":"(Baron-Cohen et al. 1997)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":442,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":442,"type":"article-journal","title":"Another advanced test of theory of mind: evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or asperger syndrome","container-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines","page":"813-822","volume":"38","issue":"7","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Previous studies have found a subgroup of people with autism or Asperger Syndrome who pass second-order tests of theory of mind. However, such tests have a ceiling in developmental terms corresponding to a mental age of about 6 years. It is therefore impossible to say if such individuals are intact or impaired in their theory of mind skills. We report the performance of very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome on an adult test of theory of mind ability. The task involved inferring the mental state of a person just from the information in photographs of a person's eyes. Relative to age-matched normal controls and a clinical control group (adults with Tourette Syndrome), the group with autism and Asperger Syndrome were significantly impaired on this task. The autism and Asperger Syndrome sample was also impaired on Happé's strange stories tasks. In contrast, they were unimpaired on two control tasks: recognising gender from the eye region of the face, and recognising basic emotions from the whole face. This provides evidence for subtle mindreading deficits in very high functioning individuals on the autistic continuum.","ISSN":"0021-9630","note":"PMID: 9363580","shortTitle":"Another advanced test of theory of mind","journalAbbreviation":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Baron-Cohen","given":"S."},{"family":"Jolliffe","given":"T."},{"family":"Mortimore","given":"C."},{"family":"Robertson","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997",10]]}}}],"schema":""} (Baron-Cohen et al. 1997)Emotion Word Synonyms and Emotion Word Association Tests (Hsieh et al. 2012)Affect and Emotion Matching Tasks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a249iimih3g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stone {\\i{}et al.} 1998)","plainCitation":"(Stone et al. 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"article-journal","title":"Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind","container-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience","page":"640-656","volume":"10","issue":"5","source":"PubMed","abstract":"\"Theory of mind,\" the ability to make inferences about others\" mental states, seems to be a modular cognitive capacity that underlies humans\" ability to engage in complex social interaction. It develops in several distinct stages, which can be measured with social reasoning tests of increasing difficulty. Individuals with Asperger\"s syndrome, a mild form of autism, perform well on simpler theory of mind tests but show deficits on more developmentally advanced theory of mind tests. We tested patients with bilateral damage to orbito-frontal cortex (n = 5) and unilateral damage in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (n = 5) on a series of theory of mind tasks varying in difficulty. Bilateral orbito-frontal lesion patients performed similarly to individuals with Asperger\"s syndrome, performing well on simpler tests and showing deficits on tasks requiring more subtle social reasoning, such as the ability to recognize a faux pas. In contrast, no specific theory of mind deficits were evident in the unilateral dorsolateral frontal lesion patients. The dorsolateral lesion patients had difficulty only on versions of the tasks that placed demands on working memory.","ISSN":"0898-929X","note":"PMID: 9802997","journalAbbreviation":"J Cogn Neurosci","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Stone","given":"V. E."},{"family":"Baron-Cohen","given":"S."},{"family":"Knight","given":"R. T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",9]]}}}],"schema":""} (Stone et al. 1998)Theory of Mind Tasks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a13ka2880ab","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Winner {\\i{}et al.} 1998)","plainCitation":"(Winner et al. 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":440,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":440,"type":"article-journal","title":"Distinguishing lies from jokes: theory of mind deficits and discourse interpretation in right hemisphere brain-damaged patients","container-title":"Brain and Language","page":"89-106","volume":"62","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Right-hemisphere brain damaged (RHD) patients and a normal control group were tested for their ability to infer first- and second-order mental states and to understand the communicative intentions underlying ironic jokes and lies. Subjects listened to stories involving a character who had either a true or a false belief about another character's knowledge. Stories ended either with an ironic joke or a lie by this character. In the joke stories, the speaker knew that the listener knew the truth (a true second-order belief) and did not expect the listener to believe what was said; in the lie stories, the speaker did not know that the listener actually knew the truth (a false second-order belief) and thus did expect the listener to believe what was said. RHD patients performed significantly worse than control subjects on one of two measures of second-order belief, which suggests that the ability to make second-order mental state attributions is fragile and unreliable following right-hemisphere damage. RHD patients in addition performed worse than controls when asked to distinguish lies from jokes, confirming their known difficulties with discourse interpretation. For both groups, the ability to distinguish lies from jokes was strongly correlated with two measures of the ability to attribute correctly second-order beliefs. These results suggest that the fragility of RHD patients' understanding of second-order mental states underlies a portion of their difficulties in discourse comprehension, but that the underlying impairment is not restricted to right hemisphere dysfunction.","DOI":"10.1006/brln.1997.1889","ISSN":"0093-934X","note":"PMID: 9570881","shortTitle":"Distinguishing lies from jokes","journalAbbreviation":"Brain Lang","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Winner","given":"E."},{"family":"Brownell","given":"H."},{"family":"Happé","given":"F."},{"family":"Blum","given":"A."},{"family":"Pincus","given":"D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",3]]}}}],"schema":""} (Winner et al. 1998)Music Emotion Recognition (Omar et al., 2010)Intentional Emotional Expression Task ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ago0ksm393","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gola {\\i{}et al.} 2017)","plainCitation":"(Gola et al. 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":435,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":435,"type":"article-journal","title":"A neural network underlying intentional emotional facial expression in neurodegenerative disease","container-title":"NeuroImage : Clinical","page":"672-678","volume":"14","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Intentional facial expression of emotion is critical to healthy social interactions. Patients with neurodegenerative disease, particularly those with right temporal or prefrontal atrophy, show dramatic socioemotional impairment. This was an exploratory study examining the neural and behavioral correlates of intentional facial expression of emotion in neurodegenerative disease patients and healthy controls. One hundred and thirty three participants (45 Alzheimer's disease, 16 behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, 8 non-fluent primary progressive aphasia, 10 progressive supranuclear palsy, 11 right-temporal frontotemporal dementia, 9 semantic variant primary progressive aphasia patients and 34 healthy controls) were video recorded while imitating static images of emotional faces and producing emotional expressions based on verbal command; the accuracy of their expression was rated by blinded raters. Participants also underwent face-to-face socioemotional testing and informants described participants' typical socioemotional behavior. Patients' performance on emotion expression tasks was correlated with gray matter volume using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) across the entire sample. We found that intentional emotional imitation scores were related to fundamental socioemotional deficits; patients with known socioemotional deficits performed worse than controls on intentional emotion imitation; and intentional emotional expression predicted caregiver ratings of empathy and interpersonal warmth. Whole brain VBMs revealed a rightward cortical atrophy pattern homologous to the left lateralized speech production network was associated with intentional emotional imitation deficits. Results point to a possible neural mechanisms underlying complex socioemotional communication deficits in neurodegenerative disease patients., \n \n \n ?\n A rightward atrophy pattern homologous to the leftward \"speech production network\" predicted patients' ability to intentionally imitate emotional facial expressions.\n \n \n ?\n Neurodegenerative disease patients with core deficits in social functioning show deficits in the ability to intentionally imitate facial expressions of emotion.\n \n \n ?\n Intentional emotion imitation deficits were related to more fundamental deficits in emotion reading and general emotional expressiveness.\n \n \n ?\n Emotion imitation deficits predicted caregivers’ ratings of interpersonal warmth and empathy.","DOI":"10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.016","ISSN":"2213-1582","note":"PMID: 28373956\nPMCID: PMC5367861","journalAbbreviation":"Neuroimage Clin","author":[{"family":"Gola","given":"Kelly A."},{"family":"Shany-Ur","given":"Tal"},{"family":"Pressman","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Sulman","given":"Isa"},{"family":"Galeana","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Paulsen","given":"Hillary"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Teresa"},{"family":"Adhimoolam","given":"Babu"},{"family":"Poorzand","given":"Pardis"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Bruce L."},{"family":"Rankin","given":"Katherine P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",1,17]]}}}],"schema":""} (Gola et al. 2017)Facial Emotion Processing Task ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"acoebo7l15","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Calder 1996)","plainCitation":"(Calder 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":430,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":430,"type":"article-journal","title":"Facial Emotion Recognition after Bilateral Amygdala Damage: Differentially Severe Impairment of Fear","container-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","page":"699-745","volume":"13","issue":"5","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"Although the amygdala is widely believed to have a role in the recognition of emotion, a central issue concerns whether it is involved in the recognition of all emotions or whether it is more important to some emotions than to others. We describe studies of two people, DR and SE, with impaired recognition of facial expressions in the context of bilateral amygdala damage. When tested with photographs showing facial expressions of emotion from the Ekman and Friesen (1976) series, both DR and SE showed deficits in the recognition of fear. Problems in recognising fear were also found using photographic quality images interpolated (“morphed”) between prototypes of the six emotions in the Ekman and Friesen (1976) series to create a hexagonal continuum (running from happiness to surprise to fear to sadness to disgust to anger to happiness). Control subjects identified these morphed images as belonging to distinct regions of the continuum, corresponding to the nearest prototype expression. However, DR and SE were impaired on this task, with problems again being most clearly apparent in the region of the fear prototype. An equivalent test of recognition of morphed identities of six famous faces was performed normally by DR, confirming the dissociability of impairments affecting the recognition of identity and expression from the face. Further two-way forced-choice tests showed that DR was unable to tell fear from anger, but could tell happiness from sadness without difficulty. The finding that the recognition of fear can be differentially severely affected by brain injury is consistent with reports of the effects of bilateral amygdala damage in another case (Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio, & Damasio, 1994, 1995). The recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions may therefore be linked, to some extent, to specific neural substrates.","DOI":"10.1080/026432996381890","ISSN":"0264-3294","shortTitle":"Facial Emotion Recognition after Bilateral Amygdala Damage","author":[{"family":"Calder","given":"Andrew J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996",7,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Calder 1996)Moral/Conventional Distinction Task ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2ifp8ben8b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lough {\\i{}et al.} 2006)","plainCitation":"(Lough et al. 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":422,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":422,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social reasoning, emotion and empathy in frontotemporal dementia","container-title":"Neuropsychologia","page":"950-958","volume":"44","issue":"6","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.08.009","ISSN":"00283932","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Lough","given":"Sinclair"},{"family":"Kipps","given":"Christopher M."},{"family":"Treise","given":"Cate"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Blair","given":"James R."},{"family":"Hodges","given":"John R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006",1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Lough et al. 2006)Linguistic prosody test (Rohrer, 2012).Gesture imitation and discrimination (De Renzi et al. 1980)Facial Affect Selection Task ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a812d3gpgm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bowers D {\\i{}et al.} 1992)","plainCitation":"(Bowers D et al. 1992)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":554,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":554,"type":"book","title":"The Florida Affect Battery","publisher-place":"Gainsville, Florida, Center for Neuropsychological Studies, University of Florida","event-place":"Gainsville, Florida, Center for Neuropsychological Studies, University of Florida","author":[{"literal":"Bowers D"},{"literal":"Blonder L"},{"literal":"Heilman K"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Bowers D et al. 1992)Emotion Selection Task ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14ef9qnbg4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Miller {\\i{}et al.} 2012)","plainCitation":"(Miller et al. 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":275,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":275,"type":"article-journal","title":"One size does not fit all: face emotion processing impairments in semantic dementia, behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease are mediated by distinct cognitive deficits","container-title":"Behavioural Neurology","page":"53-60","volume":"25","issue":"1","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Patients with frontotemporal dementia (both behavioural variant [bvFTD] and semantic dementia [SD]) as well as those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show deficits on tests of face emotion processing, yet the mechanisms underlying these deficits have rarely been explored. We compared groups of patients with bvFTD (n = 17), SD (n = 12) or AD (n = 20) to an age- and education-matched group of healthy control subjects (n = 36) on three face emotion processing tasks (Ekman 60, Emotion Matching and Emotion Selection) and found that all three patient groups were similarly impaired. Analyses of covariance employed to partial out the influences of language and perceptual impairments, which frequently co-occur in these patients, provided evidence of different underlying cognitive mechanisms. These analyses revealed that language impairments explained the original poor scores obtained by the SD patients on the Ekman 60 and Emotion Selection tasks, which involve verbal labels. Perceptual deficits contributed to Emotion Matching performance in the bvFTD and AD patients. Importantly, all groups remained impaired on one task or more following these analyses, denoting a primary emotion processing disturbance in these dementia syndromes. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of emotion processing deficits in patients with dementia.","DOI":"10.3233/BEN-2012-0349","ISSN":"1875-8584","note":"PMID: 22207423\nPMCID: PMC5294238","shortTitle":"One size does not fit all","journalAbbreviation":"Behav Neurol","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Miller","given":"Laurie A."},{"family":"Hsieh","given":"Sharpley"},{"family":"Lah","given":"Suncica"},{"family":"Savage","given":"Sharon"},{"family":"Hodges","given":"John R."},{"family":"Piguet","given":"Olivier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Miller et al. 2012)Face-Emotion Matching Task ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ana1ms62v2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bowers D {\\i{}et al.} 1992)","plainCitation":"(Bowers D et al. 1992)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":554,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":554,"type":"book","title":"The Florida Affect Battery","publisher-place":"Gainsville, Florida, Center for Neuropsychological Studies, University of Florida","event-place":"Gainsville, Florida, Center for Neuropsychological Studies, University of Florida","author":[{"literal":"Bowers D"},{"literal":"Blonder L"},{"literal":"Heilman K"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Bowers D et al. 1992)Attribution of intention test (Brunet et al. 2000)Benton Facial Recognition Task (Benton et al. 1989)Voice Perception tests (Hailstone et al. 2011)Self-evaluation Preservation (Gola et al. 2015)Scripts (Cosentino et al. 2006)AAT = Aachen Aphasia Test; ACE = Addenbroke’s Cognitive Examination; AMIPB = Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery; BADA = Batteria per l’Analisi dei Deficit Afasici also called the Battery for the Analysis of the Aphasic Deficit; BADS = Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; BECS GRECO = La batterie d'évaluation des connaissances sémantiques du GRECO also called the GRECO Neuropsychological Semantic Battery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a9p472irrr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merck {\\i{}et al.} 2011)","plainCitation":"","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/7zKhaPN7","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/TqxiqTaf","type":"article-journal","title":"La batterie d'évaluation des connaissances sémantiques du GRECO (BECS-GRECO) : validation et données normatives","container-title":"Revue de neuropsychologie","page":"235","volume":"3","issue":"4","source":"CrossRef","DOI":"10.3917/rne.034.0235","ISSN":"2101-6739, 2102-6025","shortTitle":"La batterie d'évaluation des connaissances sémantiques du GRECO (BECS-GRECO)","language":"fr","author":[{"family":"Merck","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Charnallet","given":"Annik"},{"family":"Auriacombe","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Belliard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Hahn-Barma","given":"Valérie"},{"family":"Kremin","given":"Helgard"},{"family":"Lemesle","given":"Béatrice"},{"family":"Mahieux","given":"Florence"},{"family":"Moreaud","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Palisson","given":"Danièle Perrier"},{"family":"Roussel","given":"Martine"},{"family":"Sellal","given":"Fran?ois"},{"family":"Siegwart","given":"Hervine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Merck et al. 2011); CANTAB = Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, CATS = Comprehensive Affect Testing System; CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; CSMTB = Cambridge Semantic Memory Test Battery; CYCLE = Curtiss–Yamada Comprehension Language Evaluation; DKEFS = Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; DRM = Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm; DRS = Dementia Rating Scale; FAI = Facial Affect and Identity Discrimination; MAE = Multilingual Aphasia Examination; NAB = Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; NAVS = Northwestern Assessment of Verbs and Sentences; NUFFACE = Northwestern University Famous Faces; PALPA = Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia; PBAC = Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition; PVLT = Philadelphia Verbal Learning Test; RVDLT = Rey Visual Design Learning Test; SEA = Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment; SYDBAT = Sydney Language Battery; TASIT = The Awareness of Social Inference Test; TEA = Test of Everyday Attention ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ork48vu19","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Robertson {\\i{}et al.} 1994)","plainCitation":"","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/0uKbbFVs","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/6gLOCwLW","type":"book","title":"The Test of Everyday Attention","publisher":"Thames Valley Test Company.","publisher-place":"Flempton, England","event-place":"Flempton, England","author":[{"family":"Robertson","given":"I.H."},{"family":"Ward","given":"T"},{"family":"Ridgeway","given":"V"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Robertson et al. 1994); TROG = Test for Reception of Grammar ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ajssg4f3ja","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bishop 1989)","plainCitation":"","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Lmq2F9fz/xzdcqLbc","uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":"DesjdrIe/J2RQCof5","type":"book","title":"Test for the Reception of Grammar (TROG), Version 2","publisher":"Medical Research Council","number-of-pages":"book","source":"Google Books","note":"Google-Books-ID: c0ZEnQAACAAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Bishop","given":"D. V. M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":""} (Bishop 1989); VAT = Visual Association Test; WRMT = Warrington Recognition Memory Test ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1encj328e5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Soukup {\\i{}et al.} 1999)","plainCitation":"","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":[""],"uri":[""],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Recognition Memory for Faces: Reliability and Validity of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (RMT) in a Neurological Sample","container-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings","page":"287-293","volume":"6","issue":"3","abstract":"In response to critiques regarding the psychometric limitations of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test for faces (RMT-F), the current study was conducted to examine the test-retest reliability and validity of the measure in a neurological sample. Forty adult outpatients, ages 35–81, were administered the RMT-F as part of their diagnostic exam. A second evaluation was conducted after an average interval of 7 months (range = 2–20 months). Results yielded a Pearson reliability coefficient of 0.81 (p < .001), indicating a clinically satisfactory index of stability. Correlations with other measures were conducted to examine convergent and divergent validity. Results indicate that the facial component of the RMT has adequate reliability for patients with established neurological disease, shows moderate correlations with other measures of complex visuospatial function, and shows no significant correlation with measures of verbal reasoning, visual problem-solving, or verbal fluency. These findings provide additional support for the clinical efficacy of this instrument for use in a diverse neurological patient sample.","DOI":"10.1023/A:1026243822356","ISSN":"1573-3572","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings","author":[{"family":"Soukup","given":"Vicki M."},{"family":"Bimbela","given":"Alfredo"},{"family":"Schiess","given":"Mya C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999",9,1]]}}}],"schema":""} (Soukup et al. 1999); WAB = Western Aphasia BatteryReferences for Appendix E ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adlam, A., Patterson, K., Bozeat, S., & Hodges, J.R. (2010). The Cambridge Semantic Memory Test Battery: Detection of semantic deficits in semantic dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurocase, 16, 193–207.Baddeley, A. D., Emslie, H., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1994). Doors and People: A test of visual and verbal recall and recognition manual. 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