BIOLOGY



BIOLOGY NOTES NAME:

ECOLOGY Unit 7 Part 1 DAY / MOD:

PAGES 412-414 DATE:

Standards:

____ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one

form to another

____ Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the different biogeochemical cycles including carbon

and water

Essential Question:

1.

I. The Recycling of Matter

Matter = anything that occupies _______________ and has _______________.

A. The Structure of Matter

1. Atoms = the basic units of ____________

2. Elements = a pure substance that consists entirely of _____ type of atom

• elements cannot be __________ down into simpler substances

• each element is represented by a ____________ symbol

Oxygen = _____ Hydrogen = ______ Calcium = _____ Sodium = _____

Carbon = _____ Phosphorus = _____ Chlorine = _____ Potassium = _____

Nitrogen = _____ Sulfur = _____ Magnesium = _____ Iron = _____

• Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to __________

❖ Of these 25, five _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life.

❖ The rest are the elements are present in very _____ amounts

• These elements get into our bodies through ____________________

• Nutrient = a chemical _______________ that an organism needs to sustain life

❖ nutrients are used to carry out essential life ________________ e.g.

❖ the essential nutrients include _________________, ________________, ___________, _______________, _________________, and _____________

What happens to our 5 essential elements once they LEAVE the body?

• Biogeochemical cycle = process in which elements, chemical compounds and other forms of _______________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the _______________ to another

❖ the C, H, O, N, P found in food and living organisms is constantly being ________________

❖ law of conservation of mass/matter = mass and matter can neither be ______________ nor destroyed but may be ________________________

B. .The Water Cycle: Recycling _____ and ______

Water Cycle = the movement of water between the Earth’s _____________ and its

__________________

• Driven by the ______

❖ processes that put water FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:

❖ processes that put water TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere:

• Aquifer = groundwater that accumulates to form large ___________ underground

• Transpiration = evaporation of water from a plant’s _______________

• Photosynthesis = plants taking ____________ as part of the process that transforms solar energy into _______________ energy (food)

• Respiration = “_________________ out” as part of the process that breaks down __________ for energy

• Water enters plants through their __________

❖ water exits plants through ____________________ or ________________________

• Water enters animals through ____________ or _________

❖ water exits animals through _________________, ___________________ or _____________________

Water Cycle Diagram:

C. The Carbon Cycle: Recycling _____ and _____

Carbon cycle = the movement of carbon between the Earth’s ______________ and its

__________________

• Partially driven by the ______ and partially driven by _______________ activity or spontaneous events like the ______________ of volcanoes

❖ processes that put carbon FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:

❖ processes that put carbon TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere:

• Fossil fuels like _________ and ________ are formed when organisms ________, are buried with very little __________________ over a long period of _________

❖ combustion = the burning of _______________ fuels

e.g.

Carbon Cycle Diagram:

II. Nutrient Limitation

Nutrients recycle through the ecosystem but what happens if we run out of usable forms of nutrients?

• Primary Productivity = the rate at which __________________ make usable organic matter for __________________

e.g.

• Limiting Nutrient = when an ecosystem is ________________ by a single nutrient that is ____________ or cycles very _______________

❖ this does not allow producers to make enough ___________ matter for consumers and thus ________________ the primary productivity

❖ oftentimes, the limiting nutrient is ________________ or ________________ (both are needed and often found in larger amounts in ___________________)

What happens if there is an overabundance of a former limiting nutrient?

• Producers will grow in ________________ at a very fast _________ and overall usable matter will _______________

• Sometimes, this can negatively disrupt the delicate balance of _________ in the ecosystem

❖ algal bloom = an immediate increase in the amount of _________ from a large input of a limiting ________________

➢ usually caused by run-off of ___________________ from fertilizers

➢ results in choking other _______________ and wildlife because the algae blocks gas exchange

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