BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY NOTES NAME:
ECOLOGY Unit 7 Part 1 DAY / MOD:
PAGES 412-414 DATE:
Standards:
____ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one
form to another
____ Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the different biogeochemical cycles including carbon
and water
Essential Question:
1.
I. The Recycling of Matter
Matter = anything that occupies _______________ and has _______________.
A. The Structure of Matter
1. Atoms = the basic units of ____________
2. Elements = a pure substance that consists entirely of _____ type of atom
• elements cannot be __________ down into simpler substances
• each element is represented by a ____________ symbol
Oxygen = _____ Hydrogen = ______ Calcium = _____ Sodium = _____
Carbon = _____ Phosphorus = _____ Chlorine = _____ Potassium = _____
Nitrogen = _____ Sulfur = _____ Magnesium = _____ Iron = _____
• Of the 90 naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to __________
❖ Of these 25, five _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life.
❖ The rest are the elements are present in very _____ amounts
• These elements get into our bodies through ____________________
• Nutrient = a chemical _______________ that an organism needs to sustain life
❖ nutrients are used to carry out essential life ________________ e.g.
❖ the essential nutrients include _________________, ________________, ___________, _______________, _________________, and _____________
What happens to our 5 essential elements once they LEAVE the body?
• Biogeochemical cycle = process in which elements, chemical compounds and other forms of _______________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the _______________ to another
❖ the C, H, O, N, P found in food and living organisms is constantly being ________________
❖ law of conservation of mass/matter = mass and matter can neither be ______________ nor destroyed but may be ________________________
B. .The Water Cycle: Recycling _____ and ______
Water Cycle = the movement of water between the Earth’s _____________ and its
__________________
• Driven by the ______
❖ processes that put water FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:
❖ processes that put water TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere:
• Aquifer = groundwater that accumulates to form large ___________ underground
• Transpiration = evaporation of water from a plant’s _______________
• Photosynthesis = plants taking ____________ as part of the process that transforms solar energy into _______________ energy (food)
• Respiration = “_________________ out” as part of the process that breaks down __________ for energy
• Water enters plants through their __________
❖ water exits plants through ____________________ or ________________________
• Water enters animals through ____________ or _________
❖ water exits animals through _________________, ___________________ or _____________________
Water Cycle Diagram:
C. The Carbon Cycle: Recycling _____ and _____
Carbon cycle = the movement of carbon between the Earth’s ______________ and its
__________________
• Partially driven by the ______ and partially driven by _______________ activity or spontaneous events like the ______________ of volcanoes
❖ processes that put carbon FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:
❖ processes that put carbon TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere:
• Fossil fuels like _________ and ________ are formed when organisms ________, are buried with very little __________________ over a long period of _________
❖ combustion = the burning of _______________ fuels
e.g.
Carbon Cycle Diagram:
II. Nutrient Limitation
Nutrients recycle through the ecosystem but what happens if we run out of usable forms of nutrients?
• Primary Productivity = the rate at which __________________ make usable organic matter for __________________
e.g.
• Limiting Nutrient = when an ecosystem is ________________ by a single nutrient that is ____________ or cycles very _______________
❖ this does not allow producers to make enough ___________ matter for consumers and thus ________________ the primary productivity
❖ oftentimes, the limiting nutrient is ________________ or ________________ (both are needed and often found in larger amounts in ___________________)
What happens if there is an overabundance of a former limiting nutrient?
• Producers will grow in ________________ at a very fast _________ and overall usable matter will _______________
• Sometimes, this can negatively disrupt the delicate balance of _________ in the ecosystem
❖ algal bloom = an immediate increase in the amount of _________ from a large input of a limiting ________________
➢ usually caused by run-off of ___________________ from fertilizers
➢ results in choking other _______________ and wildlife because the algae blocks gas exchange
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