Ms. Arendas



3.4 Topic of Study: World War I & Great Depression Standard(s): Utilize historical inquiry skills and analytical processes; Recognize significant causes, events, figures, and consequences of the Great War period and the impact on worldwide balance of power; CCSS for Literacy in History/Social Studies Learning Goal: The student will be able to understand the significant causes of World War I and the global impact of the Great War leading to the Great Depression. DBQ: What Were the Underlying Causes of World War I? recommended Pacing: 7 days (Block).912.W.7.1 Analyze the causes of World War I including the formation of European alliances and the roles of imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. SS.912.W.7.2 Describe the changing nature of warfare during World War I. SS.912.W.7.3 Summarize significant effects of World War I. SS.912.W.7.4 Describe the causes and effects of the German economic crisis of the 1920s and the global depression of the 1930s, and analyze how governments responded to the Great Depression. SS.912.W.1.1 Describe the importance of historiography, which includes how historical knowledge is obtained and transmitted, when interpreting events in history. SS.912.W.1.2 Utilize a variety of primary and secondary sources to identify author, historical significance, audience, and authenticity to understand a I. WWI A. Causes 1. Militarism 2. Alliances 3. Imperialism 4. Nationalism B. Technological Warfare II. Post-War A. Economic Effects 1. German Financial Crisis 2. Over-production 3. Consumerism B. Social Effects C. Political Effects III. Great Depression A. Causes B. Effects Terms to know: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, militarism, nationalism, alliance, conscription, mobilization, propaganda, contraband, war of attrition, central powers, allied powers, U-Boat, Woodrow Wilson, Zimmermann Telegram, trench warfare, stalemate, “total war”, Mensheviks, Bolsheviks, Lenin, ? Explain the causes of World War I ? Show the significant events of World War I on a timeline ? Identify the central and allied powers ? List the concessions Germany agreed to in the Treaty of Versailles ? Examine the causes of the Great Depression ? Categorize the important causes of World War I ? Analyze the new developments in warfare during World War I ? Assess post-World War I Europe and determine the political, social, and economic events that led to the economic crisis of the 1920’s and the Great Depression ? Evaluate how governments responded to the Great Depression ? Form conclusions based on economic data from the Great Depression What were the root causes of WWI?1) Imperialism 2) Militarism 3) Military Alliances 4) NationalismImperialismWhen a stronger country takes over a weaker countryThough imperialism has been a part of world history since the days of Mesopotamians, the events of the 19th century brought imperialism to a whole new levelEconomic benefits: cheap raw materials used in European factories with the finished products sold back to the colonial subjects: rubber, cotton, tin, copper, diamonds, gold & oilMilitarismA build- up of military, mass production of advanced tools and weapons (gunpowder, rifles, fast ships, planes)Steamship expansions:1869 Suez Canal1914 Panama CanalRapid communication – telegraph (submarine cables by 1850)Railroads expansions:In 1878 a Canadian railway engineer Sir Sanford Fleming created Time Zones Military alliances started : When groups of nations have each other’s back.Central Powers / Allied Powers / Neutral Nations Nationalism : When people represent the country they’re from and become patriotic. “Pride”DBQ DO all pages! World War I (1914 – 1918) Prelude to WarAfter the end of the Franco-Prussian war in 1871, both France & Germany entered into alliances to protect themselves. Germany, the victor, united with Italy and Austria-Hungary. (1882)To guard against Germany; France formed an alliance with Russia, (1907) & eventually with Gr. Britain Balkan crises 1908-1913Though these military alliances were designed to protect the peace, they helped to provoke the largest and most destructive conflict the world had yet seen. It devastated the economic, social and political order of Europe. People at the time called it the Great War, due to the size of the war’s battles and the number of the casualties. The war was more disturbing to Europeans because it came after a period that many believed to have been an age of progress. WWI and the revolutions it spawned can properly be seen as the first stage in the crisis of the 20th Century WWI is also called “The Family War”In 1914, as war threatened, an urgent message from Russia came to Kaiser Wilhelm in Germany: “I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far”. The letter was signed simply “Nicki”. Nicki (Nicholas) was the Kaiser’s cousin, but he was also ruler of Russia. The two men were about to lead their countries into war against each other. The cousins’ touching but futile communication was a last-minute attempt to try and stop it. One of the strangest aspects of WWI was that it was fought between countries whose rulers were related. King George V of England was the first cousin of the German Kaiser and Russian Czar Nicholas. Most of the other European monarchs were close relatives or in-laws. The royal cousins controlled Europe and sizable parts of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas (Imperialism & Colonialism)Queen Victoria (of England) the grandmother to all these royal children, was a determined matchmaker. She believed that the international marriages of her children and grandchildren would secure world peace in the twentieth century. About that she was wrong. Her extended family feuded. The cousins bickered over African and Asian colonies. The German Kaiser, Wilhelm, was determined to have as large and sophisticated a navy to command as his English cousin, George. Together, the royal monarchs individually oversaw the creation of huge standing armies ready to mobilize quickly against each other. In the tense summer of 1914, that mobilization began. Declaring war against each other, the cousins inaugurated the bloodiest melee the world had yet seen. The political firestorm that accompanied it would dethrone many of the Europeans monarchs and send Nicholas to an early grave.Causes of WWI: Economic rivalries, imperial competition, nationalism, and military glorification led to increased army sizes and rivalries between nations. European nations signed pacts with one another for protection, forming large alliances. WWI Kick-off … Austrian Archduke Ferdinand (wife Sophie) is assassinated in Serbia, and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia setting the wheels in motion for WWIChapter 16 War & RevolutionSection 1 Page 499The Road to World War ISection 2Page 503The WarSection 3 Page 514The Russian RevolutionSection 4 Page 521End of the WarSection 1- The Road to World War I (WWI)-how militarism, nationalism, imperialism and military alliances and a crisis in the Balkans led to WWI -how Serbia’s determination to become a large, independent state angered Austria-Hungary & initiated hostilities Vocab: Conscription mobilization, Section 2 – The War-The stalemate at the Western Front led to new alliances, a widening of the war, and new weapons-Governments expanded their powers, increased opportunities for women, & made use of propagandaVocab: propaganda, trench warfare, war of attrition, planned economiesSection 3 – The Russian Revolution-The czarist regime in Russia fell as a result of poor leadership-The Bolsheviks under Lenin came to power-Communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forcesVocab: soviets, war of communismSection 4 – End of the War-Combined Allied forces stopped the German offenses-Peace settlements brought political and territorial changes to Europe and created bitterness and resentment in several nationsVocab: armistice, reparation, mandateAmerica in the 20th Century: WWI: The War in Europe Discovery Streaming (video 30 minutes) SCRIPT OF NARRATION (7.5 pages)One year after Woodrow Wilson's election as President of the United States, Europe went to war. Wilson had pledged to continue the progressive reforms that were improving American government, business, work and living conditions. Sadly, just four years later, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of War against Germany. Extenuating world events had changed his mind and America entered - World War One. It was called by some: "The War to End All Wars", Socialists dubbed it "The Imperialist War." Soldiers often called it, "The Trench War." World War I was in fact, the first "modern war." As war waged with the ingenuity of the industrial age—from telegraphs to tanks--movies to machine guns. Despite being a modern war, the roots of World War One were steeped in Europe's tumultuous past. As far back as 1870 France and Germany were enemies. When Germany won the Franco-Prussian war it seized two French provinces, Alsace and Lorraine. From then on competitiveness for European leadership evolved between the two countries, and a spirit of "Nationalism" gripped them both. This Nationalism went far beyond simply maintaining patriotic feelings for one's country.Instead, Germany, France, and other European countries believed that the interests of their homeland should always be put ahead of world cooperation. The resulting contempt for one country by another inevitably led to the risk of war. Nationalism was at the root of conflicts between Russia and Austria-Hungary. Russians believed that they were the protector of all of Europe's Slavic people, regardless of which government they happened to live under. For example, Serbia was an independent country, but millions of other Serbs lived under Austria-Hungary's rule. The result was an intense rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary for influence over Serbians and the country of Serbia. Poland had been divided among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, and wanted to re-unite in their own Polish state with self-rule. The Czechoslovakians also wanted freedom and self-determination. Under Austria-Hungary's rule they were not even allowed to use their own language. Consequently, by 1914 Europe was a hotbed of nationalism, and tensions ran high between the governments and their constituents. While the spirit of nationalism flourished across Europe, many countries were building their global empires. Great Britain and Germany were colonizing Africa and the Middle East in a frenzy of "imperialism." France and Germany were now rivals at home, and abroad, as they clashed over control of Morocco. Russia turned its attention to Europe as she sought control over the Serbs. The contest for international trade, resources, and land soon resulted in a build- up of military strength. The British, Germans, French, Italians, Japanese and Americans began an arms race, stockpiling weapons, recruiting armies and launching battleships to protect their interests at home and abroad. As each country amassed countless weapons and beefed-up their Army and Navies they saw the wisdom of agreeing to military "alliances" --mutual treaties of assistance --that would commit each nation to support one another should they be attacked. By 1914 there were two major defense alliances: the Triple Entente, later called the "Allies" consisted of France, Great Britain, and Russia, although Russia had a separate treaty with Serbia. The other, The Triple Alliance, later called the "Central Powers," included Germany, Austria-Hungary the Ottoman Empire and Italy -- Italy would later join the Allies.For a little while these Military Alliances served as a type of checks and balances system, with each nation reluctant to upset the balance of power. But, despite these alliances, war soon erupted-- a single event would soon tip the scale. On June 28,1914, in the capital of Bosnia, a village called Sarajevo, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie were waving to the happy crowds from their motorcade, when a young man leapt from the sidewalk and shot them both dead. The assassin turned out to be a member of a secret society called "The Black Hand," whose goal was to reunite all Serbs under one rule. The assassination was used by the Austria-Hungary government as an opportunity to make an example of Serbia, and squelch any Nationalist uprisings in the future. One month later, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. If it weren't for the military alliances it might have been a relativelysmall, localized conflict. Instead, one nation after another was pulled into the fight due to their treaties of support. In order to aid its Serbian allies, Russia mobilized its armedforces. Germany, who was obligated by treaty to support Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia two days after that. Subsequently, Germany declared war on Russia's ally - France. And one day later, Great Britain - who had a treaty with France - declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. World War I had begun.As Germany invaded the neutral country of Belgium, no one foresaw how long the war would last, and how gruesome the costs would be. Over 65 million people fought, over 20 million were wounded, between nine and 10 million died on the battlefield, and another 20 million lost their lives due to hunger and disease related to the war. The magnitude of the killing was unprecedented. In just the first three months of the war nearly the entire original British army was wiped out. Despite all the carnage, the battle lines remained almost stationary in France. The "Western Front," as it was known, was defined by two lines of trenches zigzagging across northern and eastern France for thousands of miles. Wide enough for two men to walk abreast and stand erect to fire their machine guns, the trenches were choked with mire, rats, and lice. German soldiers occupied one line, Allied soldiers the other, between them laid a "no man's land" filled with barbed wire and mud, smoldering with bomb craters. From time to time soldiers would storm out of these trenches and attempt to overrun the enemy only to be met with a hail of bullets. Both sides suffered hundredsof thousands of casualties while accomplishing practically nothing, as the battle lines remained essentially unchanged.Meanwhile the tools of technology, which had provided prosperity for the industrialized world, were now being used to create more efficient and more ghastly weapons. A solider described the shocking sight of a machine gun that could fire 500 to 600 bullets per minute. Frightened Solider I saw trees as large as a man's thigh literally cut down by the stream of lead.In 1914 the German army deployed their new cannon against Belgium. "Big Bertha," as it was called, could hurl an 1,800 pound shell nine miles. A year later, at the second battle of Ypres the Germans introduced poison gas to warfare. Soon both sides used chemical weapons like chlorine which suffocated its victims, or mustard gas, that burned the skin and blinded its casualties. By 1916 the British army began using tanks in battle with great success. Before long, however, German soldiers realized that flame throwers, weapons that could shoot a stream of flaming gasoline, could be used to stopthem. Balloons, and then airplanes, were converted into weapons of war. When Germany attacked the Belgian city of Liege in 1914, it was the first time civilians were killed by a war plane. Planes were fitted with machine guns and loaded with bombs, and soon began dueling in air to air combat. These "Dogfights" became a common sight over the skies of Europe. Germany's leading fighter pilot, Manfred Richthofen, nicknamed "The Red Baron" by the British because of his brightly painted red Albatross airplane, shot down eighty allied aircraft before being struck by a bullet from the Trenches and crashing to his death.Manfred RichthofenIf I should come out of this war alive, I will have more luck than brains.Even more destruction was waiting on and under the Atlantic Ocean as Germany pressed its "unterseeboots" - its submarines - into the battle. German submarines - U-boats - patrolled the Atlantic firing torpedoes on merchant ships trying to deliversupplies to the Allies. It aroused the anger of Americans in particular because they felt that this was a violation of the principle of the "freedom of the seas" - long a cornerstone of United States Foreign Policy.Germany then launched a U-boat blockade in response to the British blockade along the German coast, which in theory, prevented contraband - weapons and military supplies – from reaching Germany. But the British definition of contrabandwas wide sweeping, including food and fertilizer for crops. 750,000 Germans died of starvation during the British blockade.75,000 people lost their lives due to German submarine warfare. The blockades continued the pattern of the war begun in the trenches. Everywhere the fighting was inconclusive, while the new technologically advanced weapons made the lack ofvictories - more devastating.Into this battle of death and despair came the United States in the spring of 1917, despite President Woodrow Wilson's promise that the U.S. could stay neutral.Woodrow Wilson...so far as I can remember, this is a government of the people, and this people is not going to choose war.Most Americans, though they felt sympathy for the plight of Europeans, saw no reason to join a fight 3,000 miles away. At the time of Wilson's second inauguration, immigrants constituted one third of the United States' population. More than eight million German-Americans lived in the U.S. and naturally felt sympathy toward their former homeland. America had the closest ties with the Allies. The U.S. shared a common languageand history with England and many democratic institutions. America traded with Great Britain and France twice as much as with Germany, and stories of German war atrocities had outraged many citizens of all ethnic backgrounds.Still, most Americans wanted to remain neutral, but that was not to be, primarily for two reasons. America entered the war largely to insure that the Allies would be able to repay the huge debts owed to the United States. And America had to prevent Germany from threatening U.S. shipping.A change A change in American attitude occurred when the British ship Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat. Of the 1,198 who were killed there were 128 Americans. More ships were sunk incurring more loss of American lives. When the GermanKaiser announced on January 31st, 1917, that U-boats would sink all ships in British waters whether they were hostile or neutral there seemed little choice but to enter the war.The discovery of "The Zimmerman Telegram" cemented that decision. It was a coded note from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German Minister in Mexico, promising U.S. territory to Mexico in return for joining the Germancause.Arthur Zimmerman ...we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the followingbasis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to re-conquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.A little over a month later, Congress formally declared war on Germany and The Central Powers. The American public was shocked, but still there was no rush to enlist. The result was Congress to voting overwhelmingly for a draft, requiring eligible men to register with the government. Of the 24 million who signed up, three million were chosen by lottery to serve.Women were not drafted and the Army would not even let them enlist. The Navy and Marines accepted women volunteers for non-combat positions. Thirteen thousand served as nurses, clerks, stenographers, secretaries, and telephone operators. Women could become Army nurses, but they did not receive the benefits, equal pay, or military rank of Army men.The number of African-Americans who served in World War One was double their proportion in the general population. African American soldiers were segregated into separate units and living quarters and were not allowed to join the Navy or theMarines. For the first time in history, some African Americans were trained to be Army officers, though they were only allowed to be in charge of African American troops.The renowned The renowned all-African-American 369th Infantry Regimentdubbed "The Harlem Hell Fighters" saw more continuous duty on the front lines than any other American regiment. Two of the 369th's soldiers were the first Americans ever to receive the French military honor, "The Cross of War."Of course, before any American soldiers were able to fight in World War One, the United States had to get troops and supplies to Europe. The costs of such an operation were staggering. To raise money and get the resources needed the United Statesgovernment implemented extraordinary measures.First, the federal government took control of the economy and gave the President the power to fix prices, and regulate certain war-related industries. President Wilson next established the War Industries Board and appointed millionaire financial expertBernard Baruch to head it. Wilson often called him "Dr. Facts" because of his ability to assemble, coordinate, and distribute details about war materials and production.Bernard BaruchEvery man has a right to be wrong in his opinions. But no manhas a right to wrong in his facts.No detail, however seemingly trivial, escaped his scrutiny. Baruch noticed that eight thousand tons of steel were used each year to make lady's corsets. He asked American women to give up that fashion in support of the war. They did, and the steel saved could be employed to build two battleships.The board encouraged companies to use mass production techniques to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. It also established price controls, allocated raw materials, and told manufacturers what they needed to produce in order to help the wareffort. As a result, industrial production increased by twenty percent. Other government agencies controlled the railroads, regulated the use of coal and oil and mediated labor disputes avoiding crippling strikes.The War Industries Board also created a massive publicity campaign encouraging the public to contribute to the war effort by planting "Victory Gardens" and observing "Meatless Meals" so food could be sent overseas to the troops. "Gasless Sundays"and "Lightless Nights" soon followed. Young Woman My Tuesdays are meatless. My Wednesdays are wheatless. I'mgetting more eatless every day.In order to conserve energy, the War Industries Board even adopted an idea first championed by Benjamin Franklin - Daylight Savings Time - to take advantage of the longer days of summer and use less electricity. And finally, to raise the $33 million cost of the war the government took two actions. First, it established an "Excess Profits" (or "War Profits") tax on corporate earnings, and higher income taxes on wealthier citizens. Taxes were raised on tobacco, liquor and luxury goods as well. These actions collected about one third of the money needed. The rest was raised by appealing to Americans' strong sense of patriotism. Liberty Bonds were sold. These, in essence, loaned money to the government to fight the war.Movie stars and newspapers, parades and billboards all carried the message to buy bonds. Amazingly, on average, every adult American lent the war effort about $400.00 -- a large amount at the time. Even with the money necessary to fight the war the government realized they would need the popular support of Americans, most of whom had been either neutral or openly against involvement. Therefore, President Wilson appointed a former muckraking journalist, George Creel, to head the Committee on Public Information, our nation's first propaganda agency.Creel was a giant when it came to advertising and public relations. He called his committee, "...the world's greatest adventure in advertising." Creel convinced the best writers, artists, musicians, and advertising people of the day to help him "sell" the war - from booklets and books for Americans in various languages, to anti-government propaganda messages for our enemies. Creel even got into the movie business with features such as "Under Four Flags" with the help of famous film director D.W. Griffith. These pro-war movies were not only hits, they actually made money for the cause $852,744 - remarkable, when you realize that it only cost a nickel to see a movie backthen. Simply put, Creel helped make an unpopular war popular.His masterstroke was the creation of a national force of 75 thousand men who would deliver a four minute patriotic speech anytime, anywhere. The "Four Minute Men" spoke on the draft, rationing, bond drives, and victory gardens. By the end of the war they had delivered more than seven-and-a-half million speeches to 314 million listeners. Musicians gave voice to the war. Songs like "Till We Meet Again," "It's a Long, LongWay to Tipperary," "Keep the Home Fires Burning," and "Over There," kept American spirits high.Meanwhile, the immense task of transporting troops to France began. After years of relying on foreign vessels to take American goods overseas, America's supply of ships was limited. Consequently, shipyard workers were exempt from the draft or given deferments, to make shipbuilding a priority industry. A new construction technique called "fabrication"—a process by which parts were built elsewhere and then assembledin a central shipyard-- substantially reduced the time needed to build ships. The system worked, and worked well. In a single day - appropriately, the Fourth of July, 1918, America launched 95 ships!Rear Admiral William S. Simms decided that the best way to get troops and supplies safely past the German U-boats was to use a "convoy system." That meant that merchant and troop transport ships would cross the Atlantic in large groups, escortedby a guard of heavily armed destroyers and cruisers, circling the fleet. The plan cut shipping losses in half. One hundred submarine chaser-boats and 500 airplanes were also used to stop U-boats from sinking ships bound for Europe. Remarkably, of the two million men who sailed to Europe during the war, only 100 were lost to U-boat torpedoes. General John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force. Pershing believed in aggressive action in combat and was highly regarded by his superiors and the men he commanded. "Black Jack" as he was popularly known among the troops was understood to be fair, courageous and a top-notch administrator. At first American troops were employed mainly as replacements for European casualties. By April of 1918, Pershing convinced the Allies that Americans should fight as a separate army. General John PershingWe came American; we shall remain American and go into battle with old glory over our heads. I will not parcel out American boys.Accordingly, American soldiers, called "Doughboys" because of their white belts that they cleaned with pipe clay or "dough," fought together under the command of French Marshal Ferdinand Foch. By now, the government of Russia had been overthrown by the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin. And Russia withdrew from the war, signing a peace treaty with Germany. This meant the Germans could now consolidate their army and concentrate on a single front. By May of 1918 the Germans managed to get within fifty miles of Paris. America had arrived "over there" just in time to help stop the German advance at Cantigny. A few weeks later the Doughboys helped thwart the German attacks at Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood and Reims.In late summer the Allies, with America's help, triumphed in the second battle of the Marne and in September mounted offensives against the Germans at Saint-Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne regions where 1.2 million U.S. troops fought. By October it was clear the tide had turned against Germany and the Central Powers, as German troops began to retreat all along the front.The victory was not without devastating cost, however. All told, the United States lost 48,000 men in battle, approximately 62,000 died of disease, and another 200,000 were wounded and needed immediate medical care. Florence BallardThe Army is only 12 miles away... I have Americans, English, Irish, and French, and apart - in the corners- are Germans. They have to watch each other die side by side ...the cannon goes day and night and the shells are breaking over and around us ....I have to write many sad letters to American mothers.Thankfully, an end to the slaughter was not far off, although on the home front, the effects of the war were enormous. From fines and imprisonment for those who opposed the war, to new roles for Women and African Americans, World War One was proving to be a major turning point in American history.20 QUESTIONS FROM VIDEO BELOW: 1.List and explain the four underlying causes of World War I.2. Describe the "Checks and Balances System" and its importance prior to the start of the war3. Describe the event that catapulted Europe into World War I.4. Explain why World War I was also known as the "Modern War" and give 5 examples of technological advances.5. 5 Descriptions and explain trench warfare6. Discuss 3 reasons why the U.S. wanted to stay neutral in WWI? 7. Discuss 2 reasons why the U.S joined WWI/ (2 events that brought it into the War)8 Explain the roles women had in fighting the war.9. Explain the roles African-Americans had in fighting the war.10. Describe the efforts made by the War Industries Board to control the economy in preparation for war.11. List and explain 5 efforts the general public could do to support the government and the United States while at war.14. What did the Committee on Public Information do to support the war, and who was the head of the committee?12 Discuss the process the military used in getting ships made and transported over to Europe safely.13. Explain the United States foreign policy, "Freedom of the Seas," and its role in the U.S. joining the war.15.Why were the U.S. soldiers called “Doughboys”?16. Which country left the war in the spring of 1918 and signed a peace treaty with Germany?17.Who led the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)?18. How many men (world total) fought in the war? 19. How many died from battle? wounds? diseases? 20. Why were citizens fined or imprisoned who opposed the war?The Rise of NationalismGroup Assignment: Choose your choice of a Thinking Maps to explain the following significant aspects to WWI: who/ what/ when/ where WWI Kick-off … Austrian Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated in Serbia, and Austria-Hungary (AH) declared war on Serbia setting the wheels in motion for WWI (DOMINO EFFECT with other countries joining)Weapons of WWI New Technologies used for fighting*machine guns firing hundreds of rounds per minute*new artillery that could reach miles away = German Tank – “Big Bertha’)*science is being used for killing soldiers. Poisonous gasses =chlorine, mustard *factories are pumping out weapons at a fast rate.*used airplanes for the first time for reconnaissance purposes initially*Military Aircraft1915 used for reconnaissance purposes initially and then pilots used pistols & then machine guns were mounted on planes. *Zeppelins were used for bombing*“Red Baron”(named after his bright red plane) was most famous pilot of German Air Force *Trench Warfare5 feet high & 6 to 30 feet wide wet & filled with: dead men who were blown apart by artillery barrages, lice, rats as big as cats, stench of decomposing bodies (no mans’ land in between the trenches filled with barbed wire, shell holes, mud and injured an dying men) many men died from disease and foot rotIn 10 months At Verdun, France, in 1916 700,000 men lost their lives over a few miles of land 1914Allied Powers Triple Entente (intent) France, Great Britain, Russia (later Italy joins) Central PowersItaly / Austria-Hungary / Germany / Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Bulgaria) U.S Involvement:gets involved in 1917 & joins alliesPresident Woodrow Wilson invited all of the top CEO’s to Washington to bring ideas for raising $$Hollywood / Musicians & ArtistsVictory Gardens / Go without: gas and other luxuries “Meatless Mondays” & “Wheatless Wednesdays” Buy Liberties Bonds *President Woodrow Wilson his 14 points*League of Nations *Propaganda Ideas used to spread and influence public opinion for or against a cause* Influenza Epidemic*Lenin by 1921 Communist were in total command of Russia *Stalin takes power in 1924 (man of steel) considered one of the greatest mass murderers in all of history*Russian Revolutions 1917 Rise of Nationalism / Romanov’s ruled for 300 years Nicholas II Romanov who ruled Russia from 1896-1917 was shy, reserved, well read, polite, and family oriented BUT…he was also weak, obstinate, indecisive, easily led, and vascillating.In a time of great civil unrest he was not a strong and capable ruler. He believed in his autocratic right to direct the country and resisted efforts to institute modernizing reforms. – Designed to create a uniform Russia, many of the policies of czarist Russia was oppressive and unjust. Rich landowners lived lives of luxury while workers and peasants struggled to survive. Waves of protest followed- riots, strikes, and murders. He was forced to establish a representative government (Duma). However, this merely served to provide several opposing political parties.Militarily speaking things were in no better condition. The ill-conceived and unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 added more fuel to the flames of discontent In 1917 troops stormed the Winter Palace, and Nicholas was forced to abdicate the throne. Placed under heavy guard, the Imperial family was transported to Siberia. All were brutally slaughtered by Soviets July 17, 1918THIS ENDED THE 300 YEAR REIGN OF THE ROMANOVS! Alexander III’s “Russification” program to create national unity, which included religious and ethnic persecution. He insisted that everyone have one language, Russian – and one religion, the Russian Orthodox Church.As WWI drags on, the Russian people grow disillusioned with their government. Their uprising, (February Revolution) ends Czar Nicholas II’s reign and brings the Bolsheviks come to power.At the war’s start, the Russian people were filled with national pride and united against Germany. As the war progressed, however, Russian casualties grew, factories could no longer produce enough ammunition and supplies, and the transportation industry began to fail. The Russian people, believing that the war was bleeding the country dry, began questioning their leaders’ competency.Bolsheviks Take Power in a revolution (Lenin is leader)Under Vladimir Ilyich (V.I.) Lenin’s direction, the Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution. Lenin believed that only violent revolution could destroy the capitalist system Bolsheviks renamed themselves Communists. On March of 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic provinces. Continued losses at the war front and shortages of food and fuel at home created anger and hostility toward the monarchy. Workers in St. Petersburg, which was renamed Petrograd during the war, went on strike and marchers took to the streets. Instead of firing on the protesters as they did during the first Russian revolution, soldiers joined the marchers. The helpless monarchy collapsed.Civil War broke out in Russia and between 1918 & 1921 the Communist (Red) Army was forced to fight on many fronts against Allies & & anti-communist (white) force…However, by 1921 Communist were in total command of RussiaStalin takes power in 1924 (a.k.a. man of steel) considered one of the greatest mass murderers of his people in all of historySegment III – Death from Above: The Red Baron (Discovery Education)The German high command needed success to boost morale, which it was not getting on the ground. So it campaigned to make pilots heroes to the German people. Legendary German pilot Manfred von Richthofen (Red Baron) shot down more than 80 planes in mid-air battles and was more feared and respected than any other WWI heroSo what makes his death so intriguing?What was his fatal mistake? Did Captain Roy Brown kill him? How did Historians discover new findings today to get answers from the infamous battle flight?They went to original sight, WWI eyewitness, flight simulator, laser tests, past documents, autopsy, trajectory of bullet, According to the computer simulation, Brown had to be extremely lucky to have hit the Red Baron. In addition, the autopsy report shows that someone with Baron’s injury could only have lived about a minute; however, the Baron continued to fly for nearly two minutes after Brown fired and he was still alive when he landed.Seargent Popkin and gunner Snowy Evans were both in position to shoot the Baron. In Popkin’s letter, however, he describes firing frontally at the triplane, which eliminates him, leaving Evans as the only real possibility. DBQ Essay – What were the Underlying Causes of WWI?The Legacy of WWIWWI had a devastating effect on the world …About 10 -12million people died and 21 million wounded. Countless civilians had suffered as well. The economies of the warring nations had suffered serious damage too. Farms destroyed and factories ruined for a total of $338 billion. The war also had an emotional cost and people felt all the suffering did not seem to have a purpose. The art and literature of the years after the war reflected a new sense of hopelessness.In 1917, the U.S entered the war and Russia left it. In March 1918, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered. In October a revolution overthrew the emperor of Austria-Hungary. In November, Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step down in Germany. The new government signed an armistice to agree to stop fighting. On November 11th at 11a.m. in the year 1918 Europe was finally at peace. We celebrate that day as Veterans Day in the U.S. Representatives of the 27 victorious Allied nations sent delegates to peace talks in Paris. The main leaders were Woodrow Wilson of U.S. / George Clemenceau of France / and David Lloyd George of Britain. Even though Italy is considered in the “Big Four” powers they play a smaller role than the “The Big Three” (whom bicker over their individual desires) *Germany was not invited to attend and Russia could not be present because of its civil war Wilson pushed for his peace plan called Fourteen Points. He wanted to end secret treaties and alliances and give people self-determination (the right to form their own nation) He also hoped to set up an organization that would police the actions of nations and prevent future wars known as the League of Nations. Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy and international cooperation. However, he soon finds out that more practical motives guided other states, and it does not even last a year. The U.S Senate refused to ratify the agreement which weakens the peace agreementNational interests complicated the deliberations: (page 529)The Prime Minister of GB wanted to make the Germans pay for the cost of the warThe Premier of France desired revenge and security against future German aggression and he wanted Germany stripped of all weapons and vast reparations to cover the costs of the war.In addition, he wanted a buffer state between France & Germany but end up settling with a defensive alliance with GB & U.S. The final peace settlement of Paris consisted of five separate treaties with the defeated nations – Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, & Turkey. The Treaty of Versailles with Germany, signed at Versailles near Paris, on June 28th 1919, was by far the most important. A NEW MAP OF EASTERN EUROPE WAS REDRAWN. Both German & Russian empires lost much territory, and the Austrian Hungarian Empire disappeared.Serbia formed the nucleus of a new state, called Yugoslavia (which combined – Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes) NEW NATION STATES EMERGED:* Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were all declared independent* Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – once a part of Russia were made independentThe centuries old - Ottoman Empire (OE) was broken up.To gain Arab support (against Ottoman Turks) during the war, the Western Allies had promised to recognize the independence of Arab States within the OE. Once the war was over, however, the Western nations changed their minds: France took control of Lebanon & SyriaBritain received Iraq & Palestine Because Wilson had opposed the outright annexation of colonial territories by the Allies and these acquisitions were officially called mandates. Under this mandate system, a nation officially governed another nation as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations but did not own the territory. WWI was a total war – one that involved a complete mobilization of resources and people. As a result, the power of governments over the lives of their citizens increased. Freedom of the press and speech were limited in the name of national security. WWI made the practice of strong central government a way of life. The turmoil created by the war also seemed to open the door to an even greater insecurity. Revolutions broke up old empires and created new states, which led to new problems. The hope that Europe and the rest of the world would soon return to normalcy was soon dashed.In the 1920’s many people assumed that Europe and the world were about to enter a new era of international peace, economic growth, and political democracy. Most people wanted peace but were unsure how to maintain it. Plans for economic revival gave way to inflation and then to the Great Depression (GD) at the end of 1929. The GD brought misery to millions of people. Begging for food on the streets became widespread, especially when soup kitchens were unable to keep up with demand. More and more people were homeless and moved around looking for work and shelter. Social unrest spread rapidly. Making matters worse, these economic hard times gave rise to dictatorial regimes across much of Europe because people began to listen to and vote for, radical voices calling for extreme measures. ENTER…..__________________ The Global World goes into a depression after WWIHowever, the U.S goes through Roaring 20’s a.k.a “The Jazz Age” from 1920-1929 due to a strong economy and plentiful work along with increases in wages. With extra spending money Americans invest heavily in the stock market. GREAT DEPRESSION:Stock Market crashes in 1929 Great Depression 1930-1941Businesses closeFarms go Bankrupt /Drought causes Dust BowlUnemployment risesHomelessness increasesAdmissions to mental hospitals increase by 300%Suicides increase by 30%*President Hoover did not believe in government handout…therefore most Americans were not helped & called their new shack home “Hoovervilles”FDR gets elected & provides the New Deal!Food/jobs/construction projects to improve America (roads, dams, schools)Focused on Infrastructure Brings America out of the slump and gives hope & jobs to AmericansNew Deal & New Reforms: 26 new acts in first 100 days of office Examples are: FDIC up to $100,000 / Social SecurityMost historians rank Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) as one of Americas greatest U.S. presidents.? However, it has widely been written that he was both beloved and hated.? Perhaps this contradiction comes naturally when one is given the enormous task to lead.? But, that is just what American's elected him to do in 1933 during the Great Depression.? He got to work taking charge of a nation on the edge of an economic collapse telling Americans in his inaugural address: "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself".? He committed to helping and protecting the distressed and "forgotten man" get back to work.? He spent billions of dollars on relief and public works setting up dozens of agencies? that became known by their initials and he became widely known as FDR.? His leadership style offered up and ushered in a new era of placing strong governmental controls over business and finance than ever before.? And because of this, FDR's "critics " charged that his ambitious "New Deal" program and policies gave the federal government too much power and control threatening the country's free enterprise system. ? Lessons learned from the legacy?of FDR certainly must be at the forefront of American minds today.? After all, they re-elected?President Barack Obama to deal with our high unemployment rate and decline in business activity since 2008.? Similar to FDR's reforms, President Obama signed a very controversial, $787-billion economic stimulus bill (American recovery & Reinvestment Act) aimed at investing in jobs and projects. He is quoted as saying in his first formal address to Congress:? "Now is the time to act boldly and wisely, to not only revive this economy, but to build a new foundation for lasting prosperity."? His "critics" echo the same charges as FDR's critics.? And ironically, both President Roosevelt & President Obama's First 100 Days in Office are comparable with enacted legislation.? Essay Prompts:Analyze the arguments for the U.S entering WWIAnalyze arguments for the U.S. NOT entering WWI. Write several journal entries as if you were a soldier in the trenches.ANALYZE:In your opinion, what should today’s national and military leaders have learned from the military plans that helped initiate WWI? Explain in detail. What lasting results occurred in women’s rights due to WWI? What were the temporary results? Discuss the effects of the war on women’s rights? EXPOSITORY:Compare the economic, political, and social causes of the American, French & Russian RevolutionsSome historians believe that the desire to suppress internal disorder may have encouraged leaders to take the plunge into war. As an advisor, write a memo to your country’s leader explaining how a war might be advantageous with regard to domestic policyINFORMATIVE:You are a reporter for a large newspaper, sent to the Paris Peace Conference to interview one of the leaders of the Big Three. Prepare a written set of questions you would like to ask the leader you have selected. PERSUASIVE:Both Britain and the U.S. passed laws during the war to silence the opposition and censor the press. Are the ideals of democratic government consistent with such laws? Provide arguments for and against. WORLD WAR ONE (WWI) TESTNAME:_________________________Pre-Test (write True or False and fix the false statement)1.____________________________________2.____________________________________3.____________________________________4.____________________________________5.____________________________________6.____________________________________7.____________________________________8.____________________________________9.____________________________________10.____________________________________Video Quiz (write True or False and fix the false statement)1.____________________________________2.____________________________________3.____________________________________4.____________________________________5.____________________________________6.____________________________________7.____________________________________8.____________________________________9.____________________________________10.____________________________________Post Test (write letter and full answer to Multiple Choice )1.________________________________________________________2.________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________4.________________________________________________________5.________________________________________________________6.________________________________________________________7.________________________________________________________8.________________________________________________________9.________________________________________________________10.________________________________________________________1.List and explain the four underlying causes of World War I.a) _______________________________________________________b) _______________________________________________________c) _______________________________________________________d) _______________________________________________________2. Describe the event (kick-off) that catapulted Europe into World War I.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Explain why World War I was also known as the "Modern War"a) ________________________________________________________________4. List 5 examples of technological advances in weaponry a) __________________________________________b) __________________________________________c) __________________________________________d) __________________________________________e) ___________________________________________5. List 5 Descriptions of trench warfarea) ___________________________________________________________b) ___________________________________________________________c) ___________________________________________________________d) ___________________________________________________________e) ___________________________________________________________6. Discuss 3 reasons why the U.S. wanted to stay neutral in WWI? a) __________________________________________________________________b) __________________________________________________________________c) __________________________________________________________________7. Discuss 1 reason why the U.S joined WWI and 2 events that brought it into the Wara) reason =____________________________________________________________b) event = ____________________________________________________________c) event = _____________________________________________________________8 Explain 2 roles women had in fighting the war.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________9. Explain 2 roles African-Americans had in fighting the war.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10. Describe 2 efforts made by the War Industries Board to control the economy in prep for war.a)__________________________________________________________________________b)__________________________________________________________________________11. List and explain 4 efforts the general public could do to support the U.S. govt. while at war.a)_________________________________________________________________________b)_________________________________________________________________________c)_________________________________________________________________________d)_________________________________________________________________________12. What did the Committee on Public Information do to support the war, and who was the head of the committee?a)_________________________________________________________________________head=______________________________________13. Discuss the process the U.S. military used in getting ships made and transported over to Europe safely.____________________________________________________________________14. Explain the United States foreign policy, "Freedom of the Seas," ____________________________________________________________________15.Why were the U.S. soldiers called “Doughboys”?a)_________________________________________________________________________16. Which country left the war in the spring of 1918 and signed a peace treaty with Germany?a)_________________________17. Who led the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)?a)_________________________________________18. How many men (world total) fought in the war? ______________________19. How many died from: a) battle? b) wounds & diseases? a)b)20. Why were citizens fined or imprisoned who opposed the war?a)_________________________________________________________________ ................
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