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TEST #1B: ENLIGHTENMENT, FRENCH REVOLUTION AND REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

INSTRUCTIONS: This test consists of two parts: a multiple choice portion and an essay portion. Read the instructions for each section carefully before you begin. ESTABLISH TIME LIMITS FOR EACH SECTION. HINT: read the essay choices before you begin.

Part I: Multiple Choice (2 points each). Instructions: answer every question on your scantron. Make sure you have written the test number on your scantron.

1. The French revolutionary cry was:

a. Life, Liberty, Property

b. Brotherhood, Friendship and Freedom

c. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

d. Liberty, Freedom, Equality

2. The Committee on Public Safety was unsuccessful because:

a. The Jacobins felt Robespierre was too willing to forget the wrongs of Louis XVI.

b. The committee could not restore the monarchy.

c. Robespierre and the Committee went too far in “eliminating enemies of the state.”

d. The émigrés that left Paris still would not return.

3. Which statement best describes the Old Regime in France?

a. No differences existed between social classes

b. The burden of taxation fell almost entirely on the third estate

c. Citizens enjoyed freedom of speech.

d. The Estates-General controlled the government.

4. Which of the following occurred LAST?

a. The Tennis Court Oath.

b. The establishment of the Directory.

c. The Reign of Terror

d. The beheading of Louis XVI

5. If Napoleon had a “role model” it would probably be:

a. Julius Caesar

b. Pericles

c. Louis XIV

d. Charlemagne

6. The Social class that gained the MOST from the French Revolution was:

a. The bourgeoisie

b. The aristocracy

c. The working class

d. The clergy

7. Napoleon’s Code:

a. Dictated military operations

b. Became the basis of France’s legal system

c. Was deciphered by Wellington

d. Provided guidelines for the French Bureaucracy

8. Napoleon is credited with having:

a. Introduced concepts of nationalism throughout Europe.

b. Introduced regulation sets of winter underwear to the armed forces.

c. Returned France to feudalism

d. Introduced the concept of separation of Church and State to France.

9. Napoleon made his biggest mistake when:

a. He tried to invade Russia while at war with Spain

b. He put his brother-in-law in the army

c. Fought a naval war with England

d. Made his brother the King of Spain

10. Which statement best supports the idea that Napoleon was a true son of the French Revolution?

a. Each victory of Napoleon’s was a link in the chain that took away our liberties.

b. Bonaparte has two ruling passions: glory and war.

c. My motto has always been: “A career open to all talents is without distinction of birth.”

d. In the colonies, slavery shall be restored.

11. The main purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to:

a. Create a European court

b. Establish strategies needed to rebuild the Ottoman’s economy.

c. Promote the ideas of the French Revolution.

d. Return Europe to the condition that existed before the French Revolution.

12. Which quote best reflects the ideas of John Locke?

a. “The art of government consists of taking as much money as possible from one class of citizens to give to the other.”

b. “Men are born free, but everywhere, they are in chains.”

c. “Men enter in to society to protect their property; they choose a government to make laws and set rules for this reason…”

d. “Life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”

13. According to Locke, this agreement between the governed and their leader depends on both sides fulfilling their responsibilities.

a. Law of Nature

b. Social Contract/Compact

c. Law of man

d. Laissez faire.

14. Hobbes is famous for having written:

a. Two Treatises on Government

b. The Leviathan

c. The Social Contract

d. The Spirit of the Laws

15. The Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen are similar in all of the following ways except:

a. They reflect enlightenment values.

b. They grant privileges of citizenship to a limited population.

c. They limit the powers of their leaders.

d. They list specific taxation policies for their citizens.

16. Which was a major cause of the French Revolution?

a. Inequalities in the tax structure.

b. Failure of the Congress of Vienna

c. Economic successes of mercantilism

d. The Continental System in Europe.

17. When Louis XVI called for a session of the Estates General, he allowed for each Estate to elect representatives and:

a. Write a new constitution

b. Submit a list of grievances.

c. Vote on a one man, one vote basis

d. Choose a nominee for the upcoming election.

18. Adam Smith contributed to Enlightenment thinking in all of the following ways except:

a. Writing The Wealth of Nations

b. Supporting the adoption of Laissez Faire economic policies.

c. Supporting mercantilism

d. Supporting capitalism

19. The Storming of the Bastille represents the beginning of the French Revolution because:

a. The Bastille was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

b. Because it was an important and difficult military success, proving the superiority of French Peasants.

c. Because the Bastille represented the large, privileged regime that the peasants were trying to destroy.

d. Because all the flour stored there helped the peasants make bread.

20. The Constitution of 1791 failed because:

a. It was too radical.

b. Napoleon refused to acknowledge it.

c. It was too radical for royalists and too conservative for revolutionaries.

d. It was too conservative for royalists and too radical for revolutionaries.

21. All of the following are true about the revolutions of 1848 EXCEPT:

a. Never before or since has Europe been in so universal an upheaval

b. The nearly simultaneous fall of governments throughout Europe was due in part to an international revolutionary conspiracy.

c. Only Russia and Great Britain escaped revolution in 1848.

d. The revolutions left a legacy of class fears and class conflict.

22. The Revolutions of 1848 failed because:

a. They were poorly organized and without leadership

b. They could not find charismatic leaders.

c. They were against democratic reforms

d. Most Europeans felt that change could best be implemented through legislative reforms.

23. Charles X “triggered” the Revolution of 1830 when:

a. He died unexpectedly

b. He stated his desire to return to absolute monarchy.

c. He attempted to annex Belgium

d. None of the above

24. Nationalism is:

a. A desire of people for self-expression

b. Desire of people for democratic government

c. Policy for redistributing national wealth.

d. Feeling that united people of the same language, history and tradition.

25. Which ideology was least often represented in the leadership position of the revolutions of 1848?

a. Conservative

b. Nationalistic

c. Liberal

d. None of the above.

26. Poland was unable to achieve independence for all of the following reasons except:

a. The Polish people did not have a common nationhood.

b. Poland had been split up, making it difficult to achieve unity.

c. The Liberals and Nationalists were unable to agree on how to achieve independence.

d. The leaders of the revolutions- students and officers- had very few common goals.

27. Belgium was aided in its independence by:

a. The French

b. The distractions of Austria and Germany, trying to deal with their own revolutions.

c. The liberalism of the King of Norway.

d. The liberalism of the Dutch King.

28. The Quadruple alliance in the Congress of Vienna was:

a. Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain

b. Prussia, Russia, Austria and Spain

c. Austria, Sweden, the Netherlands and Spain.

d. Russia, Sweden, Great Britain and the Netherlands.

29. Napoleon did all of the following except:

a. Establish the Bank of France

b. Reform France’s educational system

c. Unify French law under the Napoleonic code.

d. Expand the legal rights of women.

30. What was the outcome of many of the European revolutions from 1830 – 1848?

a. Most of the nationalist revolutions successfully obtained nationhood for their people.

b. Most of the revolutions ended without any change to the status quo.

c. Although most of the countries changed their governments, people’s ideas about government remained the same.

d. Most of the governments became direct democracies.

Part II: Essay Portion: Choose ONE of the topics below to write a well-organized essay supported by historical facts. A well organized essay includes a thesis, introduction, body and conclusion. Write the essay on loose leaf, using a pen.

1. How did Enlightenment philosophers impact the revolutionary movements in France and the United States? (make sure to mention specific philosophers, their ideas and to differentiate between French and American Revolutions.)

2. Compare and contrast the social, political and economic causes of the French and American Revolutions. Make specific reference to groups- both in power and disenfranchised and what their roles were in the revolution. Also make some reference to outcomes.

3. “When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold”-Metternich. Evaluate this statement by Metternich. (Make sure to address the influence of France in 1789 as well as 1848. Make specific mention of other European revolutions and how they may or may not have been influenced by France).

4. The revolutions of 1848 were “…a turning point at which history failed to turn:”- Trevelyn (20th century historian). Evaluate Trevelyn’s analysis of the revolutions of 1848. Be sure to use specific examples that support your thesis.

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