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AP Human Geography Study Guide / HomeworkContents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Unit 1: Thinking Geographically PAGEREF _Toc12361466 \h 3Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes PAGEREF _Toc12361467 \h 6Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes PAGEREF _Toc12361468 \h 10Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes PAGEREF _Toc12361469 \h 14Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes PAGEREF _Toc12361470 \h 17Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use PAGEREF _Toc12361471 \h 22Unit Seven: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes PAGEREF _Toc12361472 \h 26Terms to know. PAGEREF _Toc12361473 \h 31Unit 1: Thinking GeographicallyBig Ideas: Big Idea 1: PSO – Why do geographers study relationships and patterns among and between places? Big Idea 2: IMP – How do geographers use maps to help them discover patterns and relationships in the world? Big Idea 3: SPS – How do geographers use spatial perspective to analyze complex issues and relationships?1.1 Introduction to Maps 1. How to geographers use maps and data to depict relationships of time, space, and scale?2. What types of maps do geographers use to present information?3. What types of spatial patterns are represented on maps? 4. How are maps selective in their information?Maps:Define and Draw examples of:DefinitionDrawingPhysical Political Choropleth Dot DistributionGraduated SymbolIsolineCartogramInclude distortionsMercator ProjectionPolar ProjectionGall Peters ProjectionRobinson ProjectionGoode-Homosline Projection1.2 Geographic Data1. How is data gathered for maps? 2. What are some examples of geospatial technologies?3. What are the different places that spatial information can come from?1.3 The Power of Geographic Data1. What geospatial and geographic data are used at all scales for personal, business, organizational, and governmental decision-making purposes? How can they be used?1.4 Spatial concepts1. What major geographic concepts illustrate spatial relationships?1.5 Human-Environmental interaction1. How do major geographic concepts illustrate spatial relationships?2. What are the theories regarding the interaction of the natural environment with human societies? Be sure to define as well as list them. 1.6 Scales of Analysis1. What are the scales of analysis used by geographers?2. What do scales of analysis reveal? Explain.1.7 Regional Analysis 1. How are regions defined?2. What are the different types of regions? What makes them different? What are real life examples of each?3. Why are regional boundaries often contested and debated? 4. At what scales do geographers apply regional analysis at local, national, and global scales? Why?Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Big Ideas: Big Idea 1: PSO – How does where and how people live impact global, political, and economic patterns?Big Idea 2: IMP – How does the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors influence changes in population?Big Idea 3: SPS – How do changes in population affect a place’s economy, culture, and politics?2.1 Population Distribution 1. Create choropleth map showing the distribution of population around the world. 2. How do physical factors influence the distribution of population?3. How do factors that illustrate patterns of population distribution vary according to scale of analysis? Why? 4. Complete the following table: DefinitionDrawingArithmetic DensityAgricultural DensityAgricultural Density5. How do the different method used to calculate population density reveals different information about the pressure the population exerts on the land?2.2 Consequences of Population distribution 1. How does population distribution and density influence political, economic, and social processes?2. How does population distribution and density impact the environment and natural resources (e.g., carrying capacity)?3. How does population distribution and density affect the need for infrastructure (e.g., housing) and urban services (e.g., sanitation)?2.3 Population Composition1. Complete the following table. Draw the three main shapes of population pyramids. Population PyramidExample country: What could lead to this shape?2. Why are patterns of age structure and sex ratio across different regions mapped and analyzed at different scales?3. How can population pyramids be used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and service?2.4 Population Dynamics 1. What demographic factors determine a populatiobn’s growth and decline? 2. What tools to geographers use to explain population growth and decline?3. How do social, cultural, political, and economic factors influence fertility, mortality and migration rates?4. Complete the following table: DefinitionGeographic ExampleCrude Birth RateCrude Death RateInfant Mortality RateMaternal Mortality RateNatural Increase TimeDoubling Time Life ExpectancyDependency RatioDemography2.5 Demographic Transition Model 1. Draw and label the demographic transition model.2. How can the demographic transition model can be used to explain population change over time?3. How does the epidemiological transition explains causes of changing death rates?2.6 Malthusian Theory1. What is Malthusian theory?2. How can Malthusian theory and its critiques are used to analyze population change and its consequences?2.7 Population Policies1. How do different government policies promote or restrict population growth? What are those policies called? 2.8 Women and Demographic Change1. What has caused reduced fertility rates in most of the world?2. How has the changing social, economic, and political roles of women influenced patterns of fertility, mortality, and migration?2.9 Aging Populations1. What determines a population’s average age? Why? 2. What are the social, economic, and political implications of an aging population?2.10 Causes of Migration 1. What are the common push and full factors that influence migration?2. How do the following affect push and pull factors: Culture, Demography, Economics, Environment, Politics? 2.11 Forced and Voluntary Migration 1. What are the types of forced migrations? 2. What are the types of voluntary migrations? 3. How are patterns of voluntary and forced migration may be affected by distance and physical features?2.12 Effects of Migration1. What are some of the political effects of migration? 2. What are some of the economic effects of migration?3. What are some of the cultural effects of migration?Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and ProcessesBig Ideas:Big Idea 1: PSO – How does where and how people live impact global, political, and economic patterns?Big Idea 2: IMP – How does the interplay of environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors influence changes in population?Big Idea 3: SPS – How do changes in population affect a place’s economy, culture, and politics?3.1 Introduction to Culture 1. Define culture.2. How does culture affect things like food preferences, architecture, land use, art, language, and religion?3. What is cultural relativism and ethnocentrism? Where do we see these concepts influencing the world today?3.2 Cultural Landscapes 1. Cultural landscape are combinations of what?2. How are language, religion, ethnicity, and gender are essential to understanding landscapes symbolic of cultural identity (e.g., signs, architecture, sacred sites)?3. How does ethnicity and gender reflect cultural attitudes that shape the use of space (e.g., women in the workforce, ethnic neighborhoods)?3.3. Cultural Patterns1. How do regional patterns of language, religion, ethnicity, and gender contribute to a sense of place, enhance place-making, and shape the global cultural landscape?2. How and why do language, ethnicity, and religion contribute to creating centripetal and centrifugal forces?3.4 Types of Diffusion 1. Complete the following table.DefinitionGeographic ExampleExpansion DiffusionLanguage:Religion:Culture:Contagious DiffusionLanguage:Religion:Culture:Stimulus diffusionLanguage:Religion:Culture:Hierarchical DiffusionLanguage:Religion:Culture:Relocation Diffusion Language:Religion:Culture:3.5 Historical causes of Diffusion1. How do interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global forces lead to new forms of cultural expression? What are some examples?2. How did colonialism, imperialism, and trade helped to shape patterns and practices of culture?3.6 Contemporary Causes of Diffusion 1. How does urbanization and globalization construct and change culture on small and large scales?2. What is the method that these processes come to bear on culture?3. How are communication technologies (e.g., the Internet) are reshaping and accelerating interactions among people and places and changing cultural practices?4. How are communication technologies creating cultural convergence and divergence? Diffusing of Religion and Language1. Create a choropleth map showing the distribution of the following language families : GermanicBalto-SlavicRomanceIndo-IranianSino-TibetanAfro-AsiaticAltaicAustronesian2. Draw the language tree: FamilyBranchesGroupsLanguagesCountriesIndo EuropeanSino Tibetan Afro-AsiaticAltaic3. Create a choropleth map showing the distribution of:ReligionColorCountriesProtestant ChristianityRoman CatholicOrthodoxSunni IslamShiite IslamJudaismHinduismBuddhism4. How do language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths? Why? Give an example for each.5. What are some examples of universalizing religions? Where are distributed? How are they diffused?6. What are some examples of ethnic religions? Where are distributed? How are they diffused?3.8. Effects of Diffusion 1. How are acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, and multiculturalism are shaped by the diffusion of culture? Give examples. Unit 4: Political Patterns and ProcessesBig Ideas:Big Idea 1: PSO – How do historical and current events influence political structures around the world?Big Idea 2: IMP – How are balances of power reflected in political boundaries and government power structures?Big Idea 3: SPS – How can political, economic, cultural, or technological changes challenge state sovereignty?4.1 Introduction to Political Geography1. Write a definition and geographic example for each of the following: Nation, State, Nation-state, Stateless nation, Multinational state, Multistate nation, Autonomous region, semiautonomous regions, Territoriality2. Why and how are independent states the primary building blocks of the world political map?4.2 Political Processes1. How have concepts of sovereignty, nation-states, and self-determination shape the contemporary world? 2. How have colonialism, imperialism, devolution along national lines, and independence movements influenced contemporary political boundaries? Give an example for each.4.3 Political Power and Territoriality1. How is political power expressed geographically?2. Define and give examples of neocolonialism, shatterbelts, and choke points. 3. What is territoriality? 4.4. Defining Political Boundaries1. Define and give examples of relic, superimposed, subsequent, antecedent, geometric, and consequent boundaries.4.5 The Function of Political Boundaries1. How can international boundaries establish limits on sovereignty and be a source of disputes?2. Why don’t political boundaries always coincide with patterns of language, religion, ethnicity, nationality, and economy?3. Why do land and maritime boundaries and international agreements influence national or regional identity? How?4. Why do land and maritime boundaries and international agreements encourage or discourage international or internal interactions and disputes over resources? How?5. Draw the UN Convention on the Law of the sea.6. What is the purpose of UNCLOS?4.6 Internal Boundaries1. How can voting districts, redistricting, and gerrymandering influence the results of elections at various scales?2. What is the relationship between the census and re-districting in the USA?4.7 Forms of Governance1. Define and give examples of unitary and federal states.2. Compare and contrast unitary and federal states. 4.8 Defining Devolutionary Factors1. What is devolution?2. What factors can lead to devolution? What are some examples?3. How is federalism different from devolution?4.9 Challenges to Sovereignty1. Devolution occurs when states fragment into what? What are some examples? 2. Devolution occurs when states disintegrate. What are some examples? How do you know?3. How have advances in communication technology facilitated devolution, supranationalism, and democratization?4. How and why have global efforts to address transnational and environmental challenges and to create economies of scale, trade agreements, and military alliances help to further supranationalism?5. Complete the following table.AcronymNamePurposeSignificance UNNATOEUASEANNAFTAArctic CouncilAfrican Union6. In what ways can supranational organizations challenge state sovereignty? 4.10 Consequences to Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces1. Complete the following table. Explain how they can come from politics, economics, or culture.DefinitionPoliticsEconomicsCultureCentrifugal ForcesCentripetal Forces2. What four things can centrifugal forces lead to?3. What four things can centripetal forces lead to?Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and ProcessesBig Ideas:Big Idea 1: PSO – How do a people’s culture and the resources available to them influence how they grow food?Big Idea 2: IMP – How does what people produce and consume vary in different locations?Big Idea 3: SPS – What kind of cultural challenges and technological advances have impacted the way people grow and consume food?5.1 Introduction to Agriculture1. How are agricultural regions influenced by the physical environment and climatic conditions?2. Make a map showing the agricultural production regions associated with major bioclimatic zones.3. What are main intensive farming practices? Where are each practiced?4. What are main extensive farming practices? Where are each practiced? 5.2 Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods1. How do specific agricultural practices shape different land-use patterns?2. What are the different rural settlement patterns?3. Define and draw examples of rural settlement patterns.DefinitionDrawing4. What are the different rural survey methods?Agricultural Origins and Diffusions1. Create a map showing the early hearths of domestication of plants and animals. 2. How have patterns of diffusion results in the global spread of plants and animals? 3. What was the Columbian Exchange?The Second Agricultural Revolution1. What was the First Agricultural Revolution?2. What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?3. What were the advances of the second agricultural revolution? 4. What were the effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution?5.5 The Green Revolution1. What was the Green Revolution?2. What technologies characterized the Green Revolution?3. Complete the following table.Impacts of the Green RevolutionPositiveNegativeHuman PopulationsThe EnvironmentAgricultural Production Regions1. Complete the following mercial AgricultureSubsistence AgricultureDefinitionTypes of agriculture What has influenced it What are its consequences Geographic Regions 2. How are agricultural production regions defined by the extent to which they reflect subsistence or commercial practices (monocropping or monoculture)? Why? 3. What influence does land cost have on intensive and extensive farming practices?4. Define and draw the Bid-Rent Theory.5.7 Spatial Organization of Agriculture1. What are challenges facing small family farms? What is happening to them? Why?2. What is a commodity chain? How does it relate to agriculture?3. How has technology increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and the carrying capacity of the land?5.8 Von Thunen Model1. What does Von Thunen’s Model help explain?2. Compare and contrast the land use zones in von Thunen’s model. 3. How does von Thunen’s model explain the contemporary distribution of agricultural region?4. Are there examples of specialty farming that does not conform to his rings? Where? Why?5.9 The Global System of Agriculture1. How does agriculture relate to the global supply chain?2. Some countries have become highly dependent on one or more export commodities. What are some positives and negatives from this?3. How are patterns of global food distribution affected by political systems, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade?5.10 Consequences of Agricultural Practices1. What are five environmental effects of agriculture? Why do they happen and what is the impact?2. Complete the table bellow. What is it?How does it alter the landscape?Where do we see it practiced around the world?Slash and BurnTerracesShifting CultivationDraining WetlandsPastoral Nomadism3. What are three societal effects of agricultural practices? 5.11 Challenges of contemporary Agriculture1. What are three examples of agricultural innovations? 2. What have been some of the debates around the use of innovations? 3. How has food production and consumption influenced food-choice issues? (Organic farming, value-added specialty crops, fair trade, local-foods movement)4. What are some challenges to feeding a global population? Be specific.5. What economic effects does the location of food-processing facilities and markets, economies of scale, distribution systems, and government policies have on food-production practices?5.12 Women in Agriculture 1. How has the role of women in food production changed?2. How has the role of women changed the types of food a family consumes and the way food is prepared?3. How does the type of agricultural production effect the role of women in that place? Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land UseBig Ideas: Big Idea 1: PSO – How do physical geography and resources impact the presence and growth of cities?Big Idea 2: IMP – How are the attitudes, values, and balance of power of a population reflected in the built landscape?Big Idea 3: SPS – How are urban areas affected by unique economic, political, cultural, and environmental challenges?6.1 The Origin and Influences of Urbanization1. How does site and situation influence the origin function and growth of cities?2. Complete the following table.How do the following influence urbanization?Changes in communicationChanges in TransportationPopulation GrowthMigration Economic developmentGovernment policies 6.2 Cities Across the World1. What is a megacity? What is a metacity? What are some examples of megacities?2. Why are megacities rapidly increasing in countries of the periphery and semiperiphery?3. What economic, social, political, and environmental challenges do megacities and world cities experience?4. How have processes of suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization have created new land-use forms? What are those new landforms? 5. What are some challenges to as a result of these processes?6.3 Cities and Globalization1. What are some world cities? How do they drive globalization?2. What networks connect globally cities?6.4 The Size and Distribution of Cities1. Complete the following table.DefinitionDrawing ExampleRank Size RulePrimate City RuleGravity ModelChristaller’s Central Place Theory6.5 The Internal Structure of Cities1. Complete the following table.MODELAUTHORDESCRIPTIONDRAWING/VISUALBid Rent Theory Concentric Zone ModelSector ModelMultiple Nuclei ModelGalactic City ModelEuropean CityLatin American CitySouth East Asian CitySub-Saharan Africa City6.6 Density and Land Use1. How to residential buildings and patterns of land use reflect a city’s culture, technological capabilities, and cycles of development?6.7 Infrastructure1. How does the location and quality of a city’s infrastructure directly affects its spatial patterns of economic and social development? 6.8 Urban Sustainability1. What are some sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices? 2. What are smart-growth policies?3. What are the goals of New Urbanism? 4. What are some of the benefits of the urban design initiatives?5. What are some of the negative effects of these urban design initiatives? Some of the criticisms? 6.9 Urban Data1. How is quantitative data from census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas?2. How is qualitative data from census and survey data from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change?6.10 Challenges to Urban Changes1. As urban populations move within a city, what are some economic and social challenges that result? 2. Why have squatter settlements and conflicts over land increased?3. What are some responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas?4. What is urban renewal and gentrification?5. What are positive and negative consequences of each?6. How does functional and geographic fragmentation of governments (the way government agencies and institutions are dispersed between state, county, city, and neighborhood levels) present challenges in addressing urban issues?6.11 Challenges to Urban Sustainability 1. What are six challenges to urban sustainability?2. What are five responses to urban sustainability challenges? Unit Seven: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and ProcessesBig Ideas:Big Idea 1: PSO – Why does economic and social development happen at different times and rates in different places?Big Idea 2: IMP – How might environmental problems stemming from industrialization be remedied through sustainable development strategies?Idea 3: SPS – Why has industrialization helped improve standards of living while also contributing to geographically uneven development?7.1 The Industrial Revolution1. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin? Where did it start? What were its impacts on agriculture and urbanization?2. What was the impact of industrialization on food production, population growth, urbanization, and class structure? 3. How did industrialization factor into the rise of colonialism and imperialism?7.2 Economic Sectors and Patterns1. Complete the following table.Definition Geographic exampleRelationship to DevelopmentPrimary SectorSecondary SectorTertiary SectorQuaternary SectorQuinary Sector 2. How do the following influence the location of manufacturing?LaborTransportation (including shipping containers)Break of bulk pointsLeast cost theoryMarketsResources3. What is the Least Cost Theory? Who is the author? Be sure to draw it. 7.3 Measures of Development1. Complete the following table. What is this?How does this act as a measure of social and economic development?GNIGDPGNPSectoral structure of the economyIncome DistributionFertility ratesInfant mortality ratesAccess to health careLiteracy RatesUse of fossil fuels What is this?How does this act as a measure of gender inequality?Gender Inequality IndexReproductive healthGovernment ParticipationLabor Market ParticipationLevel of Education2. What is the Human Development Index?3. Create a choropleth map showing the distribution of development using the Human Development Index.7.4 Theories of Development1. How do the roles of women change as countries develop economically? 2. Although there are more women in the workforce, why don’t they have equity in wages or employment opportunities?3. How have microloans provided opportunities for women and their communities?7.5 Trade and the World Economy1. Complete the following table.DefinitionHow do these help explain spatial variations in development? Rowstow’s Stages of Economic GrowthWallerstein’s World System TheoryDependency TheoryCommodity Dependence 7.6 Trade and the World Economy1. How do complementary and comparative advantage establish the basis for trade?2. Complete the table.How do these foster globalization? European UnionWorld Trade OrganizationMercosurOPEC3. How can government initiatives (like tariffs) at all scales may affect economic development?4. How do the following demonstrate how different economies have become more closely connected?Global Financial Crises (e.g. debt crises)International Lending Agencies (e.g. the Internal Monetary Fund)Strategies of development (e.g. microlending)7.7 Changes as a Result of the World Economy1. What is outsourcing? How has outsourcing and economic restructuring led to a decline in lobs in manufacturing regions? What happens to that workforce?2. What is the New International Division of Labor? 3. Complete the following table. What is this?Why has this emerged?MaquiladoraSpecial Economic ZonesFree Trade Zones4. How has the contemporary economic landscape been transformed by the following?post-Fordist methods of productionmultiplier effectseconomies of scaleagglomeration just-in-time delivery the emergence of service sectors high technology industries growth poles7.8 Sustainable Development 1. What is sustainable development and what does it address? 2. How does ecotourism help some countries protect the environment and generate jobs? What countries do this?3. What are the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals?4. How do they help measure progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects?Terms to know. You should be able to define and identify why the term is important for APHG. Highlight words you already know. Only study the words you don’t know. Unit 1: Absolute directionAbsolute distanceAbsolute LocationAdministrative RegionArea distortionBiomeCartographyCensus dataChoroplethClusteringConcentrationContagious DiffusionCultural AutonomyCultural EcologyCultureDensityDiffusionDirection distortionDispersalDistance decayDistance distortionDistance-DecayDistributionDot-DistributionElevationEnvironmental DeterminismEquatorEratosthenesExpansion DiffusionField observationFlowsFormal RegionFunctional RegionGeographic information systems (GIS)Geographical dataGeographyGeospatial dataGISGlobal scaleGPSGravity ModelHearthHierarchical DiffusionHuman GeographyInternational Date LineLand useLandscape analysisLatitudeLocal scaleLocationLongitudeMapMap distortionMedia reportsMedian Line PrincipleMental MapMercator ProjectionMeridianNational scaleNatural resourcesOnline mappingOnline visualizationParallelPatternPerceptual (vernacular) regionPerceptual RegionPersonal interviewPeters ProjectionPhotographic interpretationPlacePolicy documentsPossibilismPrime MeridianProjectionProportional SymbolReference MapReference mapsRegionRegional analysisRegional scaleRelative directionRelative distanceRelative LocationRelocation DiffusionRemote sensingRobinson ProjectionSatellite imagerySatellite navigation systemScaleShape distortionSiteSituationSpaceSpace-Time CompressionSpatial AnalysisStimulus DiffusionSustainabilityThematic MapTime ZonesTime-Space convergenceToponymTravel narrativesUneven DevelopmentUniform DistributionVernacular RegionUnit 2: Activity SpaceAge DistributionAge Structure DiagramsAging populationAgricultural DensityAIDSAnti-natalist policiesArithmetic DensityAsylum SeekerBaby Boom Boserup TheoryBrain Drain/GainCarrying CapacityCensusChain Migration Child Mortality RateChinaCirculationClimateCohortColonyContraceptionCounterurbanizationCrude Birth Rate (CBR)Crude Death Rate (CDR)CultureDemographic Transition ModelDemographyDependency RatioDiasporaDoubling TimeEconomicsEcumeneEmigrationEndemicEpidemiologic Transition ModelErlich TheoryFertilityFood SecurityForced MigrationGravity ModelGuest workerHuman TraffickingImmigrationImmigration policiesInfant Mortality Rate (IMR)Internal migrationInternally displaced personsInternational MigrationInterregional MigrationIntervening ObstacleIntervening OpportunityIntraregional MigrationLandformsLee’s Migration ModelLife ExpectancyMalnutritionMalthusian TheoryMaternal Morality RateMedical careMigrant LaborMigrationMigration SelectivityMigration StreamMigration TransitionMobilityMortality RateNatalism Natural Increase Rate (NIR)Neo-MalthusianNet MigrationNonecumeneOne Child PolicyOverpopulationPandemicPeriodic MovementPhysiological densityPoliticsPopulation pyramidPopulation-doubling timePro-natalist policiesPull factorsPush factorsPush/Pull FactorsQuotaRate of Natural Increase (RNI)Ravenstein's Laws of MigrationRefugeeRemittancesReplacement Level FertilityRural-to-urban migrationRust BeltSex RatioSlaveryStep MigrationSuburbanizationSun BeltThomas MalthusTime-Contract WorkersTotal Fertility Rate (TFR)TranshumanceTransnational migrationUNHCRUrbanizationVoluntary MigrationWater bodiesWilbur ZelinskyZero Population GrowthUnit 3: AccentAcculturationAgnosticAmalgamation TheoryAnatolian HypothesisAnimismArabicArtifactAssimilationAtheismAutonomous ReligionBaha’iBranchBuddhismBuilt EnvironmentCasteCentrifugal forcesCentripetal forcesChristianityColonialismConfucianismContagious diffusionCore-Domain-Sphere ModelCosmogonyCreoleCreolizationCultural AutonomyCultural ConvergenceCultural divergenceCultural EcologyCultural LandscapeCultural PerceptionCultural relativismCultureCulture ComplexCulture HearthCulture RealmCulture RegionCulture TraitCustomDaoismDenominationDharmaDialectDialectsDioceseDowryEastern OrthodoxEbonicsEnglishEnvironmental DeterminismEnvironmental PerceptionEthnic culturesEthnic neighborhoodsEthnic ReligionEthnic religionsEthnicityEthnocentrismExpansion diffusionExtinct LanguageFolk Culture FundamentalismGenderGender rolesGhettoGlobalizationGlocalizationHabitHadjHearthHierarchical diffusionHierarchical ReligionHinduismIdeogramImperialismIndigenous communitiesIndo-EuropeanInterfaith BoundaryIntrafaith BoundaryIslamIslamIsoglossIsolated LanguageJerusalemJesus ChristJudaismKarmaKurgan HypothesisLand use patternsLanguageLanguage BranchLanguage familiesLanguage FamilyLanguage GroupLingua FrancaLingua francaLiterary TraditionMahayanaMandarin (Chinese)Material CultureMeccaMentifactMissionaryMohammedMono-, Bi-, Multi-LingualMonotheismMulticulturalismMultilinear EvolutionNostratic HypothesisOfficial LanguageOrthographyPhonemePidginPilgrimagePolyglotPolytheistic ReligionPopular CulturePossiblismPostmodern architectureProtestantProtolanguageReincarnationReligionRelocation diffusionRoman CatholicRomance LanguageSacred PlaceSectSecularismSequent occupancyShamanismSharia LawShiiteSikhismSino-TibetanSlangSlavic LanguageSociofactSpanishSpeech CommunityStandard LanguageStimulus diffusionSunniSyncretismSyntaxTabooTerriorThe VaticanTheravedaTradeTrade LanguageTraditional architectureTraditional ReligionTribal ReligionUniform landscapeUniversalizing ReligionUrbanizationVajrayanaVernacularWorld religionsZionismUnit 4: Administered boundariesAfrican UnionAntecedent BoundaryApartheidArctic CouncilArmenian GenocideArtificial BoundaryAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)AutocracyAutonomous regionBalkanizationBlockbustingBosnian GenocideBoundaryCambodian GenocideCentrifugal ForceCentripetal ForceChoke pointsChoke pointsCity-StateCivil DivisionsColonialismColonyCompact StateConsequent boundariesConsequent BoundaryCore AreaCultural BoundaryCultural cohesionCultural ShatterbeltDefined boundariesDelimited boundariesDemarcated boundariesDemilitarized zonesDemocracyDemocratizationDevolutionDomino TheoryEast/West DivideEconomies of scaleElongated StateEnclaveEquitable infrastructure developmentEstablished territorial seasEthnic CleansingEthnic ConflictEthnic EnclaveEthnic GroupEthnic nationalistEthnic NeighborhoodEthnic separatismEthnicityEthno-nationalismEuropean Union (EU)ExclaveExclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)Failed statesFederal statesForward CapitalFriedrich RatzelFrontierGenocideGeometric BoundaryGeopoliticsGerrymanderHeartland TheoryImperialismIndependence movementsIndependent stateIrredentismIsraelLand boundariesLandlocked StateMaritime boundariesMicrostateMilitary alliancesMulticore StateMulti-Ethnic StateMultinational StateMultistate nationNationNationalismNationalityNation-StateNATONeocolonialismNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)North/South DivideOPECPalestinePart Nation StatePhysical BoundaryPolitical GeographyPublic LandsRaceRacismRedistrictingRegionalismRelic BoundaryRimland TheoryRwandan GenocideSegregationSelf-DeterminationSemiautonomous regionSeparatismShatterbeltsSovereigntySovereigntyStateStateless NationSubsequent BoundarySuffrageSuperimposed BoundarySupranational OrganizationsSupranationalismTerritorial WatersTerritorialityTerrorismThe BalkansThe KurdsTheocracyTrade agreementsUNCLOS Uneven developmentUnitary StateUnited Nations (UN)United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)USSRVoting districtsWorld Bank XenophobiaUnit 5: Acid RainAgribusinessAgricultural HearthAgricultural revolutionsAgricultureAnimal HusbandryAquacultureArable Land Bid-rent theoryBiodiversityBiotechnologyBoserup HypothesisCAFOCarl SauerCarrying capacityCash CropCereal GrainsClimateClusteredColumbian ExchangeCommercial agricultureCommunity-supported agricultureComplex commodity chainsConservation effortsCrop RotationDairyingDeforestationDesertificationDietary shiftsDispersedDomesticationDouble-CroppingDraining wetlandsEconomies of scaleErosionExport commoditiesExtensive AgricultureFair TradeFallowFeedlotFertile CrescentFertilizerFirst Agricultural RevolutionFood desertsFood insecurityFood SecurityGenetically modified organismsGlobal supply chainGMOGreen RevolutionHearths of domesticationHigh-yield seedsHorizontal IntegrationHorticultureHunter / GatherIndus River ValleyIntensive farmingIntertillageIrrigationIrrigationLand cover changeLinearLivestock RanchingLocal - food movementsLong lotLuxury CropsMaizeMarket gardeningMechanized farmingMediterranean AgricultureMetes and boundsMilkshedMixed crop/ livestock systemsNomadic herdingOrganic AgricultureOvergrazingPastoral NomadismPesticidesPhysical environmentPlantationPlantation agriculturePollutionRanchingRiceRidge-TillingRural land-use patternsRural settlement patternsRural survey methodsSalinizationSecond Agricultural RevolutionShifting CultivationSlash and burnSoil salinizationSpecialty CropsSubsidySubsistence agricultureSustainable AgricultureSwiddenTerracesThe PampasThird Agricultural RevolutionTownship and rangeTranshumanceTropical climateUrban farmingValue-added specialty cropsVertical IntegrationVon Thünen’s ModelWater pollutionWheatUnit 6: AffordabilityAfrican City ModelAir qualityAnnexationBarrioBid-Rent CurveBid-rent theoryBlockbustingBochert’s Epochs of Urban Evolution BoomburbsBrownfieldsBurgess Concentric Zone ModelCensusCentral Business District (CBD)Central City Christaller's Central Place TheoryCityCity governmentCity infrastructureClimate changeConcentric Zone Model (Burgess)ConurbationCounty governmentde facto segregationDecentralizationDensity GradientDisamenity zonesEcological footprintEconomic BaseEdge CityEnergy useEuropean City ModelExurbsFarmland protection policiesFavelaField studiesFunctional fragmentation of governmentGalactic City ModelGentrificationGeographic fragmentation of governmentGravity ModelGreenbeltsGreenbeltsHarris Ullman Multiple Nuclei ModelHarris, ChaunceyHinterlandHousing densityHoyt Sector ModelInfillingIslamic City ModelLatin American City Model (Griffin-Ford)LondonLouis Wirth Characteristics Of Settlements (pg. 454)Market Area MegacityMegalopolisMetacitiesMetropolitan AreaMexico City Mixed land useMultiple Nuclei Model (Harris-Ullman)Neighborhood governmentNew UrbanismNew York CityPeripheral Model (Harris)PeripheryPrimate City RulePublic HousingQualitative dataQuantitative dataRangeRank-Size Rule (Zipf’s Law)RedliningSanitationSector Model (Hoyt)Semi-peripherySettlementSiteSituationSlow-growth citiesSmart GrowthSmart-growth policiesSocio-Economic StatusSoutheast Asian City ModelSprawlSquatter SettlementState governmentSub-Saharan Africa City ModelSuburbSuburban sprawlSuburbanizationSurvey dataSustainable design initiativesThresholdTokyoTownTransportation-oriented developmentUnderclassUrban growth boundariesUrban hierarchyUrban PrimacyUrban Realms Model (Vance)Urban renewalUrban sustainabilityUrbanizationWalkabilityWater qualityWorld citiesWorld CityZone In TransitionZones of abandonmentZoning Zoning practicesUnit 7: Acid RainAgglomerationAir PollutionAlfred Weber's Least Cost TheoryAsian TigersBasic IndustryBiofuelBrandt LineBreak-Of-BulkBreak-of-bulk pointsBRIC CountriesBrownfieldBulk-Gaining IndustryBulk-Reducing Industry CapitalCapitalismCentral Place Theory (Weber)Clean Air ActColonialismCommodity ChainCommodity TheoryCommunismComparative AdvantageComplementary advantageCore countriesCore-Periphery ModelDebt crisisDeindustrializationDensity GradientDependency TheoryDeveloped CountryDeveloping CountryDevelopmentEconomic BaseEconomic DevelopmentEconomic IndicatorsEconomies of scaleEcotourismEuropean UnionExport processing zonesFair TradeFertility ratesFootloose IndustryFordismFormal economyFossil fuelsFree Trade AgreementsGender empowermentGender EquityGender Inequality IndexGlobal EconomicsGlobalizationGravity ModelGross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross National Income per capita (GNI)Gross National Product (GNP)Growth polesHigh technology industriesHinterlandHuman Development Index (HDI)IHDIImperialismIncome distributionIndustrial RevolutionIndustrializationInfant mortality ratesInformal economyInfrastructureInternational division of laborInternational Monetary FundJust in-time deliveryLabor-IntensiveLabor-market participationLandfillsLess Developed CountryLiteracy RateLocation TheoryManufacturingMaquiladoraMarket Area Mass ProductionMERCOSURMicroloansMiningMore Developed CountryMultiplier effectNatural GasNeo-ColonialismNeoliberal policiesNew International Division of Labor (NIDL)Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)Nonbasic IndustryNon-Governmental OrganizationsNuclear EnergyOilOPECOutsourcingPeripheryPeriphery countriesPost-Fordist methodsPrimary IndustryPrimary SectorProductivityPublic transportation projectsQuaternary sectorQuinary sectorRangeRank-Size Rule Raw Material Recycling Renewable energyReproductive healthRostow's Stages of Economic GrowthSecondary sectorSemi-periphery countriesService sectorsSite CharacteristicsSituation CharacteristicsSmall-scale financeSmogSolar EnergySpecial economic zonesSupranationalismSustainabilitySustainable DevelopmentTariffsTertiary sectorThresholdTransnational CorporationUnderemploymentUN's Sustainable Development GoalsWallerstein, EmmanuelWorld Bank World System TheoryWorld Trade Organization ................
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