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How To:

Cite and Reference

Using Harvard

- The purpose of referencing

- Ways of introducing references into text

- Quoting

- Using reporting verbs in text

- Bibliographic referencing

- Other sources of help

- Example of bibliography

Citing and Referencing

Whenever you refer to the work or ideas of someone else, you must acknowledge this in two places – in the main body of the text (citing) and at the end of your work in the alphabetical list of references. This practice is called referencing.

Information provided in this document relates to the Harvard System of referencing. The Harvard System uses the author’s surname and date of publication for referencing purposes in the text. Information can be drawn from a wide range of sources including: books, journals, newspapers, videos and the Internet.

Always check the referencing guidelines provided by your Programme Organiser or Lecturer. If you have a choice to adopt a certain style you must keep to it throughout the assignment.

The purpose of referencing

Referencing allows the reader to verify quotations and data and consult the sources used. Referencing ensures that plagiarism is avoided and demonstrates the range of reading undertaken. Plagiarism is when you use someone’s ideas, thoughts and words without acknowledging the source.

References are required when you:

• Quote - use someone’s exact words

• Summarise - sum up someone else's arguments or ideas

• Paraphrase - put another author's material into your own words

• Copy - use illustrations such as: diagrams, tables, charts or maps

Ways of Introducing References into the Text

   

References can be introduced into the text in various ways and certain rules apply. Ideally this information should be integrated into the text so that it does not break up the flow of the writing.

|EXPLANATION |EXAMPLE |

|Author's name occurs naturally in the sentence, only use the |Morgan (1997) suggested that ... |

|surname and place bracket round the year | |

|Author’s name does not appear naturally in the sentence, place |A recent study (Smith, 2003) found or |

|surname and publication inside bracket |In a recent study it was found… (Smith 2003) |

|Using two names inside text use ‘and’ |Harris and Jones (2001) have commented on … |

|Using two names in the bracket use ‘&’ |(Harris & Jones 2001) |

|The author is unknown use ‘Anon’ |It has been observed ( Anon, 2001) that … |

|but be wary of unauthored work. | |

|In newspaper articles or websites, if there is no author, use the|A recent study described ... (The Herald, 2011, p4) |

|name of the newspaper. In websites where there is no author use |The Health and Safety Executive ( 2011) states that… |

|the website host address. Often websites do not have a date, but | |

|always check the home page of the website. | |

|Be wary of using unauthored work. | |

|Occasionally the same author will write more than one article in |In his first article Grayson (1997a) indicates … |

|the same year. Use ‘a’, ‘b’ etc. |Grayson (1997b) further argued that... |

|EXPLANATION |EXAMPLE |

|When there are more than two authors use: 'et al' (note italics) |An additional theory was developed (Hughes et al., 2002)… |

|NB: All names should appear in the references. | |

|If you refer to a source in another text, refer to both sources. For |Freud (1888, cited in Smith, 2000) |

|example, you may mention but you need to tell the reader that you | |

|have not read Freud’s actual work. | |

|If you quote one source in another text, note the actual page you |Porter (1997, cited in Feeley, 2001, p12) |

|read | |

|Journals are often published as ejournals. Cite in text as hard copy |(Murphy, 2001) |

|using author and year (refer to page 6, Bibliographic referencing). | |

Reporting Verbs

• Make the text more interesting for the reader

• Make your meaning clearer

• Help establish the discussion

• Highlights what the author has done

|EXAMPLE - THE AUTHOR (YEAR) |EXPLANATION |

|Analyses/analysed |Examine closely |

|Compares/compared |Discusses in terms of similarities and differences |

|Comments/Commented |Give an opinion or reaction |

|Concludes/Concluded |Bring argument to a close |

|Criticises/Criticised |Express disagreement |

|Demonstrates/Demonstrated |Show clearly by giving proof / evidence |

|Examines |Look at in detail |

|Discusses/Discussed |Consider and offer opinion |

|Illustrates/Illustrated |Offer an example/s |

| Indicates/ Indicated |Offer a explanation |

| Notes/Noted |Make mention of |

| Observes/Observed |Note through comments |

|Points out/Pointed out |Giving an opinion |

|Suggests/Suggested |Put forward an idea |

|Summarise/Summarised |Present the main points |

|Validates/Validated |Prove the accuracy of something |

|Verifies/Verified |Check the accuracy |

Note the tense used depends on the context.

Further reporting verbs can be found at

Quotations are the exact words used in the source, whether it be a book, journal, newspaper or website.

Quotes should be used sparingly to make significant points and should be integrated well within the text.

|EXPLANATION |EXAMPLE |

|Short quotations - less than a line, use single quotation marks|Burns (2000, p3) explained that ‘Research is a systematic |

|and incorporate quote into text; use author, year and page |investigation to find answers to a problem’. |

|number | |

|If you leave words out then indicate by using three dots … |‘…most reinsurers have consistently lost money’ |

|Double inverted commas should be used for reporting direct |At the World Economic Forum 2011, Gates talked about ‘polio |

|speech. |eradication…which is spearheaded by the World Health |

| |Organisation…’ |

| |Graph illustrating natural change [pic] |

|Diagrams, graphs or illustrations should have a title and |(Adapted from Office for National Statistics, 2007) |

|include the words (adapted from, Author's name, date of | |

|publication and page number where possible) | |

|** No page number here as from website | |

Bibliographic Referencing

When writing essays or reports you are expected to include Bibliographic information in a list at the end of the assignment.

You may be asked to produce:

• A Reference List - this includes all sources you refer to in your text.

• A Bibliography - this lists all materials consulted, including works not cited in the text.

• When using the Harvard System references are listed in bibliographies or reference lists alphabetically by authors' names.

|EXPLANATION |EXAMPLE |

|Book |Angus, S., 1999. A Study Skills Guide. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Pierce Press. |

|Author's surname, and initials., | |

|Year of publication. | |

|Title (in italics - you can underline in handwritten work). | |

|Edition - if not the first. | |

|Place of publication: | |

|Publisher. | |

|Texts by the same author. |Angus, S.,2001, Study Skills Revised. Glasgow: Pierce Press. |

|List these in chronological order - most recent year first. |Angus, S., 1999. A Study Skills Guide.2nd ed. Glasgow: Pierce Press. |

|More than one text has been published by an author in the same year |Grayson, J. (1997a) ‘Place of residence, student involvement, and first|

|letters should be added to differentiate - (1997a) (1997b). |year marks’. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education. 27, pp. 1-24 |

| |Grayson, J. (1997b). ‘Academic achievement of first-generation students|

| |in a Canadian university’. Research in Higher Education 38, pp. 659-676|

|Reference to a contribution in a book |Banz.CZ., 1995. Social Dimensions of software development. In: J.A. |

|Contributing author‘s Surname, Initials., |ANDERSON, ed. Annual review of software management and development. |

|Year of publication. |Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 502-510 |

|Title of contribution followed by In: |and/another example is the following: |

|Initials. Surname of author or editor of publications followed by |Barr, T., 1987. Critical Analysis Skills. In: P.W. HOLLOWAY, ed. |

|editor(s) |Developing Skills for Higher Education. London: Palmer Print, pp. 45 -|

|Title of book. |52. |

|Edition - if not the first. | |

|Place of publication: | |

|Publisher, | |

|Page number(s) of contribution. | |

|Government Department or Organisation |Scottish Enterprise. 2001. Scottish Economic Growth. Glasgow: Scottish |

|Name of body which produced the document. |Enterprise, (WW40). |

|Year of publication. | |

|Title of publication | |

|Place of publication: | |

|Publisher, | |

|Report No - if relevant. | |

|Article in a Journal |O'Brien, M., 2001. Searching the Internet Successfully. The Internet |

|Author's surname, and initials., |Journal, 8 (2), pp. 211-219. |

|Year of publication. | |

|Title of Article, | |

|Title of Journal, | |

|Volume number and (part number), | |

|Page numbers of contribution. | |

| |Farrar, S., 2004. Cash crises lead to student depression. The Times |

|Newspaper Article |Higher Education Supplement. 16 April, p. 5 |

|Author's surname and initials or newspaper article, | |

|Year of publication. | |

|Title of Article. | |

|Title of Newspaper, | |

|Date - day and month, | |

|Page numbers / Column number. | |

| |Lyons, W., 2004. The 10 trends that will shape 2005. |

|Full text journal or newspaper article from the internet |news.. [online]. Wednesday 22nd December. Available from: |

|Author’s surname and initials, | |

|Year of publication. |[Accessed 26th August 2005] |

|Title of article. | |

|Title of publication. | |

|[Type of medium in square brackets] | |

|Date of publication. | |

|Available from: URL | |

|[Date accessed in square brackets] | |

| | |

|Full text journal from a database on the internet |Clancy, P. and Goastellec, G., 2007. Exploring Access and Equity in |

|Author’s surname and initials. |Higher Education: Policy and Performance in a Comparative Perspective. |

|Year of publication. |Higher Education Quarterly. 61 ( 2). [online]. |

|Title of article. |Available from: |

|Title of publication. |

|Volume (Issue Nr). |6 |

|[Type of medium in square brackets] | |

|Available from: database followed by the URL |[Accessed 10th April 2008] |

|[Date accessed in square brackets] | |

|Reference for a specific web page | |

|Author’s surname and initials. |Monash University. 2008. Essay Writing. Language and Learning Online. |

|Year of publication. |[online]. Available from: |

|Document title. | |

|[Type of medium in square brackets] |[Accessed 17TH April 2008] |

|Available from: URL | |

|[Date accessed in square brackets] | |

| |University of New South Wales. 2007. Transition Signals in Writing. The|

|Document in pdf format |Learning Centre Homepage. [online] |

|Author’s surname and initials. |Available from: |

|Year of publication. |[Accessed 17th April 2008] |

|Title of document. | |

|[Type of medium in square brackets] | |

|Available from: URL | |

|[Date accessed in square brackets] | |

| | |

|E-Book |Chalker, S. and Weiner, E., 1998. The Oxford Dictionary of English |

|Author’s surname and initials, |Grammar. Oxford: University Press. [online] |

|Year of publication. |Available from: |

|Title of Book |

|Edition – if not the first |e1353 |

|Place of publication: |[Accessed on 04.April 2008] |

|Publisher | |

|[Type of medium in square brackets] | |

|Available from: URL | |

|[Date accessed in square brackets] | |

| |Wilson, Margaret. Essay Writing Tips for Students. [online]. Message |

|Email Communication |to: Esther Smith. 03.07.07. [02.02.08]. Personal Communication |

|Author’s surname and initials. | |

|Title of the Email | |

|Type of medium in square brackets | |

|Message to: Recipient | |

|Date sent [date accessed] | |

|Personal Communication | |

| |Lisa. 2008. Book Review: the Longman Practical Stylist. 30.01.08 Book |

|Blog |Reviews. Humanities and Social Science Library. [online]. Available |

|Author’s surname and initials. |from: |

|Year. |

|Title of the blog entry. |views |

|Date when the blog was written |[Accessed on: 04.03.08] |

|Title of the Blog | |

|[Type of medium in square brackets] | |

|Available from: URL | |

|[Date accessed] | |

If there is no author, either corporate or individual, try to avoid using the example as it is difficult to establish authenticity.

Useful sources of additional information

CGU’s website on Refworks



Harvard and Numeric explanations, University of Sussex



Guidelines on reference listing, the Harvard system, University of Thames Valley

 

 

Guide to citing references (Harvard, Numeric, Footnotes) and Referencing Software, University of Birmingham



Citing references – The Harvard System and Legal Material, Bournemouth University



Example Bibliography

Baren-Cohen, S., 2003. The essential difference: men, women and the extreme male brain. London: Allen Lane.

Barnes, S., 2001. Questionnaire design and construction. Bristol Institute of Learning and Technology. [online]    Accessed on 30 August 2006.

Clancy, P. and Goastellec, G., 2007. Exploring Access and Equity in Higher Education: Policy and Performance in a Comparative Perspective. Higher Education Quarterly. 61 ( 2). [online]. Available from: . [Accessed 10th April 2008]

Cottrell, S., 2005. Critical thinking skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Effective Learning Service, 2003. Annual questionnaire, 2002/3. Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian University.

Farrar, S., 2004. Cash crises lead to student depression. The Times Higher Education Supplement. 16 April. p 5

Field, J., 2004. Articulation and credit transfer in Scotland: taking the academic highroad or a sideways step in a ghetto? Journal of Access Policy and Practice. 1 (2), pp. 85-99 [online] Available from: .  Accessed on 18 August 2006

Gillett, A., 2008. Writing Paragraphs. Using English for Academic Purposes Website. [online]. Available from: [Accessed 10th April 2008]

Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), 2002. Good practice guidance for senior managers and practitioners. (November 2002/48) [online]. Available from:

. [Accessed on 2nd March 2006]

Illeris, K., 2006. What is special about adult learning? In: P. Sutherland and J. Crowther, eds. Lifelong Learning. London: Routledge, 15-24

Wilding, R. and Morelli, A., 2006. Preparing for Dissertations. 22th November. 2008. Study Zone Blog. [online]. Available from: . [Accessed 17th April 2008]

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