LESSON 4



LESSON 3

PART 1

SOCIALIZATION

1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below:

face work Socialization adults

Ivan Pavlov Resocialization schools

feral children preparatory Religion

role taking family id

significant others genes love

biological urges emotional ego

Agencies of socialization superego masculinity

looking-glass self male culture

peer group game resocialization

personal relationships interaction Behaviorism

gender socialization superego

Primary socialization conditioned

significant others attention

adult socialization isolated

mass media female

losing face id

Secondary socialization play

social situations femininity

core identity language

George Herbert Mead ego

generalized other social

occupational mobility face

_____________________ refers to the ways in which people learn to conform to their society’s norms, values and roles.

_____________________ consists of the ways in which the newborn individual is molded into a person who can interact with others according to the expectations of society. _____________________ occurs in childhood and adolescence; primarily through schooling, and _____________________ refers to the ways in which a person learns the norms associated with new statuses.

Among the most basic questions in the study of human socialization is that of “nature” versus “nurture”. To what extent does the development of the person depend on genetic factors, and to what extent does it depend on learning? The first social scientist to develop a theory that addressed this issue was Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the personality develops out of the process of socialization through which the infant is gradually forced to control its _____________________. He divided the personality into three functional areas: the _____________________, from which unsocialized drives arise; the _____________________, which incorporates the moral codes of elders; and the _____________________, or one’s conception of oneself in relation to others.

In the growth of the personality, the formation of the _____________________ or social self is critical. According to Freud, this takes places in a series of stages in which conflict between the demands of the _____________________ and those of the _____________________ is always threatening to disrupt the functioning of the _____________________.

_____________________ asserts that all behavior is learned. It originated in the work of _____________________, who showed that behavior that was thought to be instinctual could in fact be shaped or _____________________ by learning situations.

Studies of _____________________, who have experienced extreme isolation or have been reared outside human society, show that such children are able to learn but that they do so far more slowly than children who have not been _____________________ in early childhood. Other studies have found that normal development requires not only the presence of other humans but also the _____________________ and _____________________ of adults. Children raised in orphanages and other nonfamily settings are more likely to develop _____________________ problems and to be retarded in their _____________________ development than comparable children who are reared by their parents.

The role of _____________________ in shaping traits such as intelligence and sexual orientation is a subject of continual research and controversy.

Interactionist models of socialization stress the development of the social self through _____________________ with others. One of the earliest interactionist theories was Charles Horton Cooley’s concept of the “_____________________”, the reflection of our self that we think we see in the behaviors of other people toward us. This concept was carried further by _____________________, who emphasized the importance of culture in the formation of the self. He believed that when children play, they practice _____________________, or trying to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person. This ability develops through three stages. During the _____________________ stage, children mimic the behavior of the _____________________ in their social environment. During the _____________________ stage, they play at beings others who are significant in their lives. During the third stage, the _____________________ stage, they develop the ability to “take the role of the _____________________” – that is, to shape their participation according to the roles of the other participants. In playing the roles for which they have been socialized, people adhere to the rules of interaction known as “_____________________”. They seek to present a positive image of themselves, their “_____________________” and to avoid being embarrassed or “_____________________”.

Research has shown that by better understanding what goes into emotional intelligence one can vastly improve one’s _____________________ and one’s understanding of why others react as they do in different _____________________.

Studies of the environments in which socialization occurs have found that normal development requires the involvement of one or more _____________________ in the care of the child, as well as public policies that promote such involvement.

_____________________ are groups of people, along with the interactions that occur within those groups, that influence a person’s social development.

After the _____________________, the most important agencies of socialization are the _____________________. Other socializing agencies in the community include day care centers, churches, leagues and other associations. _____________________ may be involved in socialization in different ways throughout an individual’s lifetime. The dominant agency of socialization outside the family is the _____________________, an interacting group of people of about the same age. Such groups exert a significant influence on the individual from adolescence on. The _____________________ are another significant agency of socialization in the modern society. The roles a person plays over a lifetime are influenced by _____________________ change and by changes in the _____________________ of his or her society. Socialization after childhood often occurs as a result of _____________________ and the influence of _____________________. A person’s _____________________ shapes that individual’s responses to new situations and challenges.

_____________________ may occur at any time during adulthood.

Sometimes people undergo _____________________ to correct patterns of social learning that they and others find detrimental.

An important aspect of socialization is _____________________, or the ways in which we learn our gender identity and develop according to cultural norms of _____________________ and _____________________. Gender identity is an individual’s own feeling of whether he or she is a _____________________ or a _____________________.

2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition.

a. socialization j. generalized other

b. id k. agencies of socialization

c. superego l. agents of socialization

d. ego m. peer group

e. behaviorism n. resocialization

f. conditioning o. total institution

g. feral child p. gender socialization

h. role taking

i. significant other

___ 1. a child reared outside human society.

___ 2. the ways in which we learn our gender identity and develop according to cultural norms of masculinity and femininity.

___ 3. according to Freud, the part of the human personality that is the individual’s conception of himself or herself in relation to others.

___ 4. a theory that states that all behavior is learned and that this learning occurs through the process known as conditioning.

___ 5. a person’s internalized conception of the expectations and attitudes held by society.

___ 6. the processes whereby we learn to behave according to the norms of our culture.

___ 7. according to Freud, the part of the human personality from which all innate drive arise.

___ 8. an interacting group of people of about the same age that has a significant influence on the norms and values of its members.

___ 9. individuals who socialize others.

___ 10. any person who is important to an individual.

___ 11. the shaping of behavior through reward and punishment.

___ 12. according to Freud, the part of the human personality that internalizes the moral codes of adults.

___ 13. intense, deliberate socialization designed to change major beliefs and behaviors.

___ 14. trying to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person from whom one seeks a response.

___ 15. the groups of people, along with interactions that occur within those groups, that influence a person’s social development.

___ 16. a setting in which people undergoing resocialization are isolated from the larger society under the control of a specialized staff.

3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below.

1. Socialization that occurs when the child leaves the family for schooling and comes under the influence of adults and peers outside the household is known as:

a. primary socialization

b. secondary socialization

c. adult socialization

d. resocialization

2. The theory that asserts that all behavior is learned is known as:

a. sociobiology

b. biological determinism

c. behaviorism

d. identity theory

3. In Freud’s model of the personality, the functional area that incorporates the moral codes of adults is called the:

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. identity

4. Cases of feral children, or children who have been abandoned or isolated in infancy, show that:

a. isolation in childhood does not affect later socialization

b. socialization is unnecessary for a person to lead a normal life

c. socialization is a purely biological process

d. none of the above

5. The concept of the “looking-glass self” was developed by:

a. Lawrence Kohlberg

b. Jean Piaget

c. George Herbert Mead

d. Charles Horton Cooley

6. A person who is an important figure in another person’s social environment is referred to as a (an):

a. significant other

b. generalized other

c. agent of socialization

d. peer

7. The individual’s conception of the expectations of society and its demands is called the:

a. ego

b. superego

c. significant other

d. generalized other

8. An example of face work would be:

a. what a model does before appearing before the camera

b. the universal language of facial gestures

c. the grim looks of basketball players who are losing an important game

d. interaction in a small group designed to make a person feel better after spilling a dish in her lap

9. The groups of people that influence a person’s social development throughout his or her lifetime are:

a. a peer group

b. agencies of socialization

c. the generalized other

d. resocializing agents

10. The primary agency of socialization is the:

a. family

b. school

c. peer group

d. mass media

11. The attitudes and values of adolescents tend to be most strongly influenced by their:

a. teachers

b. siblings

c. peers

d. parents

4. TRUE or FALSE:

T/F 1. Today it is generally recognized that biological factors have little effect on the formation of the personality.

T/F 2. Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality is based on the belief that the individual acquires a self by observing and assimilating the identities of others.

T/F 3. Behaviorism traces its origins to the work of the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.

PART 2

INTERACTION IN GROUPS

1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below:

social category communities

Territorial communities rationality

voluntary association responsibility

Ethnomethodology bureaucracy

Stanley Milgram groups

primary group faster

reference group economic

social group statuses

civil society reciprocity

nonterritorial communities networks

Informal organizations increases

impression management social

Secondary group roles

in-group-out-group pleasure

formal organizations religion

dramaturgical approach fairness

what norms to conform to income

definition of the situation race

social network analysis neighborhoods

the support of the others

what groups to join

The social fabric of modern societies is composed of millions of _____________________ of many types and sizes. Unlike a _____________________, a collection of individuals who are grouped together because they share a particular trait, a _____________________ is a set of two or more individuals who share a sense of common identity and belonging and interact on a regular basis. Those interactions create a social structure composed of specific _____________________ and _____________________.

A _____________________ is characterized by intimate, often face-to-face, association and cooperation. _____________________ are characterized by relationships that involve few aspect of the personality; the members’ reasons for participation are usually limited to a small number of goals. As the number of people in a group increases, the number of possible relationships among the group’s members _____________________ at a _____________________ rate.

At the level of social organization between the primary group and the institutions of the nation-state are _____________________. _____________________ are contained within geographic boundaries; _____________________ are networks of associations formed around shared goals. Territorial communities are usually composed of one or more _____________________ in which people form attachments on the basis of proximity.

Groups formed at the neighborhood level are integrated into _____________________ that may extend beyond geographic boundaries. A key factor in the formation of networks is _____________________ distinctions. Such distinctions can form around almost any quality but are usually based on such qualities as _____________________, _____________________ or _____________________. Another type of group is the _____________________, a group the individual uses as a frame of reference for self-evaluation and attitude formation. The study of whom people associate with, how those choices are made, and the effects of those choices is known as _____________________.

Social scientists have identified certain principles of interaction that help explain both stability and change in human groups. Among them are the _____________________ principle, the _____________________ principle, the _____________________ principle and the _____________________ principle. The balance among these principles varies from one situation to another, with _____________________ motives dominating in some instances and _____________________ needs winning out in others. From an interactionist perspective, an important factor determining how people behave in a given instance is their _____________________.

Studies of interaction in groups use a variety of techniques. _____________________ is the study of the underlying rules of behavior that guide group interaction. The _____________________ regards interaction as though it were taking place on a stage and unfolding in scenes. The strategies that people use to set a stage for their own purposes are known as _____________________.

_____________________ are groups with generally agreed-upon but unwritten norms and statuses, whereas _____________________ have explicit, often written, sets of norms, statuses and roles that specify each member’s relationships to the others and the conditions under which those relationships hold. A _____________________ is a formal organization whose members pursue shared interests and arrive at decisions through some sort of democratic process. A _____________________ is a formal organization characterized by positions with clearly defined responsibilities, the ordering of positions in a hierarchy, governance by rules and precedence, impersonality and impartiality, a career ladder and efficiency as a basic norm.

One effect of the increasing dominance of bureaucracies in modern societies is the possibility that individuals will not take full ____________________ for their actions. A study of obedience to authority conducted by _____________________ raised serious questions about people’s ability to resist pressure to carry out orders for which they are not personally responsible. The study also found, however, that rebellion is more likely when individuals who rebel have _____________________. Durkheim pointed out that members of complex societies have greater freedom to choose _____________________ and _____________________ but that they can be overwhelmed by the choices open to them. Weber examined the effects of the rise of bureaucracies in modern societies, finding that the individual often come to feel like a tiny cog in a huge set of interlocking organizations.

Democratic theory states that when people are given freedom of association they will form a complex _____________________.

2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition.

a. social category j. reference group

b. social group k. ethnometodology

c. primary group l. dramaturgical approach

d. secondary group m. impression management

e. community n. informal organization

f. territorial community o. formal organization

g. nonterritorial community p. voluntary association

h. in-group q. bureaucracy

i. out-group

___ 1. the strategies one uses to “set a stage” for one’s own purposes.

___ 2. a social group to which an individual has a feeling of allegiance; usually, but not always, a primary group.

___ 3. a network of relationships formed around shared goals.

___ 4. a set of two or more individuals who share a sense of common identity and belonging and interact on a regular basis.

___ 5. a set of primary and secondary groups in which the individual carries out important life functions.

___ 6. a group that an individual uses as a frame of reference for self-evaluation and attitude formation.

___ 7. a social group whose members have a shared goal or purpose but are not bound together by strong emotional ties.

___ 8. a social group characterized by intimate, face-to-face associations.

___ 9. any social group to which an individual does not have a feeling of allegiance; may be in competition or conflict with the in-group.

___ 10. a formal organization characterized by a clearly defined hierarchy with a commitment to rules, efficiency and impersonality.

___ 11. a population that functions within a particular geographic area.

___ 12. a group that has an explicit, often written, set of norms, statuses and roles that specify each member’s relationships to the others and the conditions under which those relationships hold.

___ 13. a formal organization whose members pursue shared interests and arrive at decisions through some sort of democratic process.

___ 14. a groups whose norms and statuses are generally agreed upon but are not set down in writing.

___ 15. a collection of individuals who are grouped together because they share a trait that is deemed by the observer to be socially relevant.

___ 16. an approach to research on interaction in groups that is based on the recognition that much social interaction depends on the desire to impress those who may be watching.

___ 17. the study of the underlying rules of behavior that guide group interaction.

3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below.

1. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes true social groups from social categories?

e. They are collections of people who are in the same place at the same time.

f. Their members have a sense of belonging to the group.

g. Their members share a particular trait.

h. all of the above

2. Which of the following are characterized by goal-oriented participation and relationships that involve few aspects of members’ personalities?

a. primary groups

b. secondary groups

c. territorial groups

d. reference groups

3. A group that consists of people whom one considers to be outside the bounds of intimacy is known as:

a. a primary group

b. a nonterritorial group

c. a social network

d. an out-group

4. A woman who a job in a bank and wears a tailored suit because she believes that this is the proper attire for bankers is adhering to a standard set by her:

a. primary group

b. voluntary association

c. in-group

d. reference group

5. A study of interconnections among business leaders in major corporations would be an example of:

a. social network analysis

b. reference group analysis

c. the dramaturgical approach

d. definition of the situation

6. People withdraw from participation in groups that they find unrewarding. This is an example of the:

a. rationality principle

b. fairness principle

c. pleasure principle

d. reciprocity principle

7. According to the rationality principle, people usually:

a. seek pleasure and avoid pain

b. expect that others will behave toward them the way they behave toward others

c. tend to make rough calculations of the costs and benefits of interactions with others

d. become angry when they do not receive certain kinds of treatment from others

8. Studies of interaction in small groups have found that the person who initiates the most interactions often:

a. is the best-liked person in the group

b. gets no attention from the other members of the group

c. comes to be thought of as a leader

d. does not adhere to group norms

9. Positions with clearly defined responsibilities that are ordered in a hierarchy that constituted a career ladder are characteristic of a:

a. bureaucracy

b. territorial community

c. reference group

d. voluntary association

10. In his experiments on obedience to authority, Stanley Milgram found that subjects were most likely to obey the experimenter when the “learner” was:

a. in the same room as the subject

b. in direct proximity to the subject

c. in another room and could not be heard by the subject

d. in another room but could be heard by the subject

4. TRUE or FALSE:

T/F 1. A primary group is distinguished from a secondary group by the fact that its members engage in face-to-face interaction.

T/F 2. The size of the group is a significant factor in the maintenance of primary-group relations.

T/F 3. Informal organizations have generally agreed-upon norms and statuses that are not set down in writing.

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