CHAPTER 13: GENDER AND SEXUALITY
CHAPTER 13: GENDER AND SEXUALITY
I. Sexual Development
A. Vocabulary
1. sex – one’s biological classification as female or male.
2. gender – psychological and social characteristics associated with being males or female; defined especially by one’s gender identity and learned gender roles.
B. Female or Male?
1. primary sexual characteristics – sex defined by the genitals and internal reproductive organs.
2. secondary sexual characteristics – sexual features other than the genitals and reproductive organs—breast, body shape, facial hair, etc.
3. menarche – onset of menstruation; a woman’s first menstrual period.
4. ovulation – release of an ovum (egg cell) by the ovaries; ova combine with sperm cells to begin the growth of an embryo.
5. menopause – an end to regular monthly menstrual periods.
6. sex hormones
a. gonads: primary sex glands, testes and ovaries.
b. estrogen: any of a number of female sex hormones.
c. androgen: any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone.
7. dimensions of sex
a. genetic sex: sex as indicated by presence of XX or XY chromosomes.
b. gonadal sex: sex as indicated by the presence of ovaries or testes.
c. hormonal sex: sex as indicated by a preponderance of estrogens or androgens in the body.
d. genital sex: sex as indicated by the presence of male/female genitals.
e. gender identity: one’s personal, private sense of maleness or femaleness.
C. Prenatal Sexual Development
1. X chromosome – female chromosome contributed by the mother; produces a female when paired with another X and a male who paired with a Y chromosome.
2. Y chromosome – male chromosome contributed by the father; produces a male; however, males may give either an X or a Y chromosome.
3. androgen insensitivity – an inherited disorder in which male embryos fail to develop mail genitals because of an unresponsiveness to testosterone; result is female development.
4. sex-linked trait – traits other than sex that are influenced by genes carried on an X chromosomes, rarely on Y.
5. intersexual person – individual who has genitals suggestive of both sexes.
6. androgenital syndrome – inherited disorder that causes the adrenal glands to produce excess androgens sometimes masculinizing developing females before birth.
7. gender identity is shaped by:
a. gender role socialization: process of learning gender behaviors considered appropriate for one’s sex in a given culture.
8. origins of male-female differences influenced by:
a. biological basing effect: hypothesized effect that prenatal exposure to sex hormones has on development of the body, nervous system, and later behavior patterns.
9. gender role – pattern of behaviors that are regarded as “male” or “female” by one’s culture; also referred to as a sex role.
D. Culture
1. gender role stereotypes – oversimplified and widely held beliefs about the basic characteristics of men and women.
E. Female and Male Behavior
1. instrumental behaviors – behaviors directed toward the achievement of some goal; behaviors that are instrumental in producing some effect.
2. expressive behaviors – behaviors that express or communicate emotion or personal feelings.
II. Androgyny
A. Bem Sex Role Inventory – a list of 60 personal traits including “masculine,” “feminine,” and “neutral” traits; used to rate one’s degree of androgyny.
B. (Psychological) Androgyny – presence of both “masculine” and “feminine” traits in a single person.
III. Sexual Behavior
A. Sexual Arousal
1. erogenous zones – areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desire.
2. sexual script – an unspoken mental plan that defines a “plot,” dialogue, and actions expected to take place in a sexual encounter.
3. sex drive – strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behaviors.
4. castration – surgical removal of the testicles or ovaries.
5. sterilization – medical procedures, vasectomy/tubal ligation, that make a man or a woman infertile.
B. Masturbation – producing sexual pleasure/orgasm by directly stimulating the genitals.
IV. Sexual Orientation – one’s degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes.
A. Vocabulary
1. heterosexual – a person romantically and erotically attracted to members of the opposite sex.
2. homosexual – person romantically and erotically attracted to same-sex person.
3. bisexual – person romantically and erotically attracted to both men and women.
B. Homosexuality
1. homophobia – a powerful fear of homosexuality.
2. heterosexism – belief that heterosexuality is better or more natural than homosexuality.
V. Human Sexual Response
A. Masters and Johnson – stated that sexual response can be divided into four phases:
1. excitement phase – 1st phase of sexual response, indicated by initial signs of sexual arousal.
2. plateau phase – 2nd phase of sexual response during which physical arousal is further heightened.
3. orgasm – 3rd phase, a climax and release of sexual excitement.
4. resolution – 4th phase, involving a return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal.
B. Female Response – clitoral versus vaginal orgasms; once described by Freud as “immature” (clitoral orgasms); however Hite’s research found that only 26% of women experienced organisms without involving the clitoris.
C. Male Response – orgasm is accompanied by ejaculation (release of sperm and seminal fluid by the male at the time of orgasm); afterwards it is followed by a refractory period (males are unable to again reach orgasm).
D. Comparing Male and Female Responses
1. women tend to go through the stages more slowly than men:
a. about 10 – 20 minutes for women to reach orgasm (3rd phase).
b. men can go through all 4 stages in as little 4 minutes.
2. in the past, tried to have simultaneous orgasms, no longer favored.
3. slower response in females doesn’t suggest less sexuality; during masturbation 70% of women report reaching orgasms in 4 minutes or less.
4. no relationship has been found between satisfaction and penis size.
5. only 30% of women regularly reach orgasm during intercourse; however, 90% of women have orgasms during masturbation; also women are more capable of multiple orgasm, but only 15% have regular multiple orgasms.
VI. Atypical Sexual Behavior
A. Paraphilias – compulsive or destructive deviations in sexual preferences or behaviors; p. 491.
1. exhibitionism – “flashing” or displaying genitals to unwilling viewers; 35% of all sexual arrests; male and married; from strict & repressive backgrounds; highest repeat rate; and deep sense of inadequacy.
2. child molestation
VII. Attitudes and Sexual Behavior
A. Double standard – applying different standards for judging the appropriateness of male and female sexual behavior.
B. Crime of Rape
1. acquaintance (date) rape – forced intercourse that occurs in the context of a date or other voluntary encounter.
2. rape myths – false beliefs about rape that tend to blame the victim and increase the likelihood that some men will think that rape is justified.
3. forcible rape – sexual intercourse carried out against the victims will and under the threat of violence or bodily injury.
4. statistics – 1/7 report, but more likely ¼; up 80% of rape cases, rapist is friend or acquaintance of victim.
VIII. STDs and Safer Sex
A. Vocabulary
1. STD – disease that is typically passed from one person to the next by intimate physical contact; venereal disease.
2. asymptomatic – refers to a disease while lacking obvious symptoms of illness.
3. HIV – human immunodeficiency virus – sexually transmitted virus that disables the immune system.
4. AIDS – acquired immune deficiency syndrome – often fatal disease caused by HIV infection. In AIDS, the immune system is weakened, allowing other diseases to invade the body.
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