LESSON 4



LESSON 3

PART 1

SOCIALIZATION

1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below:

face work Socialization adults

Ivan Pavlov Resocialization schools

feral children preparatory Religion

role taking family id

significant others genes love

biological urges emotional ego

Agencies of socialization superego masculinity

looking-glass self male culture

peer group game resocialization

personal relationships interaction Behaviorism

gender socialization superego

Primary socialization conditioned

significant others attention

adult socialization isolated

mass media female

losing face id

Secondary socialization play

social situations femininity

core identity language

George Herbert Mead ego

generalized other social

occupational mobility face

_____________________ refers to the ways in which people learn to conform to their society’s norms, values and roles.

_____________________ consists of the ways in which the newborn individual is molded into a person who can interact with others according to the expectations of society. _____________________ occurs in childhood and adolescence; primarily through schooling, and _____________________ refers to the ways in which a person learns the norms associated with new statuses.

Among the most basic questions in the study of human socialization is that of “nature” versus “nurture”. To what extent does the development of the person depend on genetic factors, and to what extent does it depend on learning? The first social scientist to develop a theory that addressed this issue was Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the personality develops out of the process of socialization through which the infant is gradually forced to control its _____________________. He divided the personality into three functional areas: the _____________________, from which unsocialized drives arise; the _____________________, which incorporates the moral codes of elders; and the _____________________, or one’s conception of oneself in relation to others.

In the growth of the personality, the formation of the _____________________ or social self is critical. According to Freud, this takes places in a series of stages in which conflict between the demands of the _____________________ and those of the _____________________ is always threatening to disrupt the functioning of the _____________________.

_____________________ asserts that all behavior is learned. It originated in the work of _____________________, who showed that behavior that was thought to be instinctual could in fact be shaped or _____________________ by learning situations.

Studies of _____________________, who have experienced extreme isolation or have been reared outside human society, show that such children are able to learn but that they do so far more slowly than children who have not been _____________________ in early childhood. Other studies have found that normal development requires not only the presence of other humans but also the _____________________ and _____________________ of adults. Children raised in orphanages and other nonfamily settings are more likely to develop _____________________ problems and to be retarded in their _____________________ development than comparable children who are reared by their parents.

The role of _____________________ in shaping traits such as intelligence and sexual orientation is a subject of continual research and controversy.

Interactionist models of socialization stress the development of the social self through _____________________ with others. One of the earliest interactionist theories was Charles Horton Cooley’s concept of the “_____________________”, the reflection of our self that we think we see in the behaviors of other people toward us. This concept was carried further by _____________________, who emphasized the importance of culture in the formation of the self. He believed that when children play, they practice _____________________, or trying to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person. This ability develops through three stages. During the _____________________ stage, children mimic the behavior of the _____________________ in their social environment. During the _____________________ stage, they play at being others who are significant in their lives. During the third stage, the _____________________ stage, they develop the ability to “take the role of the _____________________” – that is, to shape their participation according to the roles of the other participants. In playing the roles for which they have been socialized, people adhere to the rules of interaction known as “_____________________”. They seek to present a positive image of themselves, their “_____________________” and to avoid being embarrassed or “_____________________”.

Research has shown that by better understanding what goes into emotional intelligence one can vastly improve one’s _____________________ and one’s understanding of why others react as they do in different _____________________.

Studies of the environments in which socialization occurs have found that normal development requires the involvement of one or more _____________________ in the care of the child, as well as public policies that promote such involvement.

_____________________ are groups of people, along with the interactions that occur within those groups, that influence a person’s social development.

After the _____________________, the most important agencies of socialization are the _____________________. Other socializing agencies in the community include day care centers, churches, leagues and other associations. _____________________ may be involved in socialization in different ways throughout an individual’s lifetime. The dominant agency of socialization outside the family is the _____________________, an interacting group of people of about the same age. Such groups exert a significant influence on the individual from adolescence on. The _____________________ are another significant agency of socialization in the modern society. The roles a person plays over a lifetime are influenced by _____________________ change and by changes in the _____________________ of his or her society. Socialization after childhood often occurs as a result of _____________________ and the influence of _____________________. A person’s _____________________ shapes that individual’s responses to new situations and challenges.

_____________________ may occur at any time during adulthood.

Sometimes people undergo _____________________ to correct patterns of social learning that they and others find detrimental.

An important aspect of socialization is _____________________, or the ways in which we learn our gender identity and develop according to cultural norms of _____________________ and _____________________. Gender identity is an individual’s own feeling of whether he or she is a _____________________ or a _____________________.

2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition.

a. socialization j. generalized other

b. id k. agencies of socialization

c. superego l. agents of socialization

d. ego m. peer group

e. behaviorism n. resocialization

f. conditioning o. total institution

g. feral child p. gender socialization

h. role taking

i. significant other

___ 1. a child reared outside human society.

___ 2. the ways in which we learn our gender identity and develop according to cultural norms of masculinity and femininity.

___ 3. according to Freud, the part of the human personality that is the individual’s conception of himself or herself in relation to others.

___ 4. a theory that states that all behavior is learned and that this learning occurs through the process known as conditioning.

___ 5. a person’s internalized conception of the expectations and attitudes held by society.

___ 6. the processes whereby we learn to behave according to the norms of our culture.

___ 7. according to Freud, the part of the human personality from which all innate drive arise.

___ 8. an interacting group of people of about the same age that has a significant influence on the norms and values of its members.

___ 9. individuals who socialize others.

___ 10. any person who is important to an individual.

___ 11. the shaping of behavior through reward and punishment.

___ 12. according to Freud, the part of the human personality that internalizes the moral codes of adults.

___ 13. intense, deliberate socialization designed to change major beliefs and behaviors.

___ 14. trying to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person from whom one seeks a response.

___ 15. the groups of people, along with interactions that occur within those groups, that influence a person’s social development.

___ 16. a setting in which people undergoing resocialization are isolated from the larger society under the control of a specialized staff.

3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below.

1. Socialization that occurs when the child leaves the family for schooling and comes under the influence of adults and peers outside the household is known as:

a. primary socialization

b. secondary socialization

c. adult socialization

d. resocialization

2. The theory that asserts that all behavior is learned is known as:

a. sociobiology

b. biological determinism

c. behaviorism

d. identity theory

3. In Freud’s model of the personality, the functional area that incorporates the moral codes of adults is called the:

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. identity

4. Cases of feral children, or children who have been abandoned or isolated in infancy, show that:

a. isolation in childhood does not affect later socialization

b. socialization is unnecessary for a person to lead a normal life

c. socialization is a purely biological process

d. none of the above

5. The concept of the “looking-glass self” was developed by:

a. Lawrence Kohlberg

b. Jean Piaget

c. George Herbert Mead

d. Charles Horton Cooley

6. A person who is an important figure in another person’s social environment is referred to as a (an):

a. significant other

b. generalized other

c. agent of socialization

d. peer

7. The individual’s conception of the expectations of society and its demands is called the:

a. ego

b. superego

c. significant other

d. generalized other

8. An example of face work would be:

a. what a model does before appearing before the camera

b. the universal language of facial gestures

c. the grim looks of basketball players who are losing an important game

d. interaction in a small group designed to make a person feel better after spilling a dish in her lap

9. The groups of people that influence a person’s social development throughout his or her lifetime are:

a. a peer group

b. agencies of socialization

c. the generalized other

d. resocializing agents

10. The primary agency of socialization is the:

a. family

b. school

c. peer group

d. mass media

11. The attitudes and values of adolescents tend to be most strongly influenced by their:

a. teachers

b. siblings

c. peers

d. parents

4. TRUE or FALSE:

T/F 1. Today it is generally recognized that biological factors have little effect on the formation of the personality.

T/F 2. Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality is based on the belief that the individual acquires a self by observing and assimilating the identities of others.

T/F 3. Behaviorism traces its origins to the work of the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.

PART 2

GLOBAL SOCIAL CHANGE

1. Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below:

Social change micro Postmodernist

cultural lag wars commercial

family life urban developing

social movements core controlled

Third World war technology

social institutions middle modernization

public policy culture problematic

endogenous forces scarce modernizing

macro-level human peripheral

social control macro developing

social stratification animal productivity

exogenous forces core institutions

urban concentration norms industrial

scientific knowledge anomie economic

technological changes health semiperipheral

power-driven machines cyclical evolutionary

political decision making literacy Multilinear

conquest casualties

middle population

micro technology

power inequality

unique population

conflict unilinear

change complex

progress powerful

_____________________ refers to variations over time in the ecological ordering of populations and communities, in patterns of roles and social interactions, in the structure and functioning of institutions, and in the cultures of societies. Such changes can result from forces building within societies (_____________________) as well as from forces exerted from the outside (_____________________). Changes at the _____________________, _____________________ and _____________________ levels of social life usually are interrelated. No social change in human history has been as far-reaching and universal in its consequences as the transition to an _____________________, _____________________ way of life. However, not all people who are experiencing such changes think of them as _____________________. Nor can all forms of social change be _____________________, although some changes are intentional. Similarly, although social scientists can understand and predict the master trends of their era, they have limited ability to anticipate major forms of change such as _____________________, _____________________ or _____________________.

One of the major forces that produce social change is _____________________. The primary ecological effects of war are _____________________ and _____________________. War also results in large-scale shifts in _____________________ and rapid acceleration of _____________________ change. It can affect a society’s _____________________ in a variety of ways, and it may drastically change the structure of a society, especially its major social _____________________.

A second source of social change is _____________________, the changes that have taken place in societies throughout the world as a result of industrialization, urbanization and the development of nation-states. These changes include a shift from simple techniques toward the application of _____________________; an evolution from subsistence farming toward the _____________________ production of agricultural goods; a transition from the use of _____________________ and _____________________ power toward the use of _____________________; and a movement from the farm and village toward _____________________. These processes may or may not take place simultaneously.

Some sociologists view _____________________ as a basic principle of social change. They recognize, however, that _____________________ are often slow to adapt to changing technologies. This recognition forms the basis of the theory known as _____________________. _____________________ critics argue that technology and rationality deprive human lives of spirituality; they also believe that major institutions of modern societies have become instruments of _____________________ by _____________________ elites. The so-called _____________________ nations are those that have won independence from colonial dominance in the decades since World War II. Such nations are also called _____________________ nations or _____________________ nations. They are undergoing a set of transformations whose effect is to increase the _____________________ of their people, their _____________________, their _____________________ and their ability to participate in _____________________.

Wallerstein’s world system theory divides the world into _____________________ states, _____________________ areas and _____________________ areas.

People often experience social change as highly _____________________. In pursuing new opportunities in education, leisure activities, intimate relationships and political participation, they may find themselves without a clear set of _____________________ to guide their lives and hence may experience _____________________. The entry of large numbers of women into the labor force, for example, has upset the traditional norms of _____________________. A third area in which social changes touch the individual is _____________________, which may involve trade-offs between conflicting goals such as eliminating poverty and protecting the environment.

Sociologists have often attempted to develop models of social change that can be used to predict the future of whole societies or civilizations. Many of the founders of sociology favored an _____________________ model in which social change is seen as natural and constant; all societies inevitably become increasingly _____________________ through a steady series of stages. Modern evolutionary theorists refer to such models as _____________________ because they predict that all societies will undergo the same process of change. _____________________ models emphasize that one must study each society separately to discover the evolutionary stages that are _____________________ to a particular society. A variety of theories have taken a _____________________ view of social change, in which civilizations rise and fall, respond to a series of challenges, or alternate between two opposing sets of cultural values. Conflict theorists argue that conflict among groups with different amounts of _____________________ produces social change, which leads to a new system of _____________________, which in turn leads to further _____________________ and further _____________________. From a functionalist perspective, social change occurs as a result of _____________________ growth, changes in _____________________, social _____________________ and efforts by different groups to meet their needs in a world of _____________________ resources. The latter two perspectives can be applied to change at the _____________________ and _____________________ levels of social life as well as to _____________________ changes.

2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition.

a. social change

b. endogenous force

c. exogenous force

d. modernization

e. cultural lag

f. developing nation

g. core state

h. semiperipheral area

i. peripheral area

j. cohort

___ 1. a term used to describe the changes that societies and individuals experience as a result of industrialization, urbanization and the development of nation-states.

___ 2. pressure for social change exerted from outside society.

___ 3. a region that supplies basic resources and labor power to more advanced states.

___ 4. a nation that is undergoing a set of transformations who effect is to increase the productivity of its people, their health, their literacy and their ability to participate in political decision making.

___ 5. a technologically advanced nation that has a dominant position in the world economy.

___ 6. variations over time in the ecological ordering of populations and communities, in patterns of roles and social interactions, in the structure and functioning of institutions, and in the cultures of societies.

___ 7. a state or region in which industry and financial institutions are developed to some extent but that remains dependent on capital and technology provided by other states.

___ 8. all persons born in a specified time span.

___ 9. pressure for social change that builds within society.

___ 10. the time required for social institutions to adapt to a major technological change.

3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below.

1. Social change can result from forces exerted on a society from the outside. Such forces are referred to as:

a. peripheral

b. cyclical

c. exogenous

d. unilinear

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the modernization process?

a. There is a change from subsistence farming toward the commercial production of agricultural goods.

b. There is a transition from the use of human and animal power toward industrialization.

c. There is a tendency toward the formation of urban concentrations.

d. There is a trend toward a more humane and satisfactory way of life.

3. The experiences of developing nations show that modernization is:

a. an inevitable process that occurs in all societies.

b. essentially the same thing as secularization.

c. likely to occur at different rates in different nations.

d. usually limited to economic institutions.

4. The general theory of development known as world system theory was proposed by:

a. André Gunder Frank

b. Immanuel Wallerstein

c. Miriam Wells

d. Arnold Toynbee

5. In world system theory, an area that supplies basic resources and labor power to other nations is a:

a. peripheral area

b. semiperipheral area

c. core state

d. none of the above

6. Which of the following is not a challenge to theories of modernization?

a. the rise of fundamentalism in the Middle East and elsewhere

b. the possible depletion of natural resources throughout the world

c. the steady increase in literacy rates in many regions of the world

d. the dependence of developing regions on core states for capital and technological expertise

7. Which of the following statements is true?

a. About two thirds of all married women with children work outside the home.

b. High-quality day care does not impede a child’s development.

c. The United States cannot be characterized as a “symmetrical society” in which men and women share equally in households and occupational pursuits.

d. all of the above

8. An assumption implicit in the nineteenth-century models of social change is that:

a. people can create more perfect social systems

b. norms based on revered traditions should not change

c. all societies will eventually have institutions resembling those of Eastern Europe

d. Western Europe will always remain the dominant region of the world, and colonial powers will remain subordinate

9. Nineteenth-century models of social change tended to be:

a. cyclical

b. multilinear

c. evolutionary

d. homeostatic

10. Social change at the micro and middle levels of social analysis can best be explained by applying:

a. the functionalist perspective

b. conflict theory

c. cyclical models

d. all the basic sociological perspectives

4. TRUE or FALSE:

T/F 1. Modernization refers to a set of social changes that societies and individuals experience as a result of industrialization, urbanization and the rise of nation-states.

T/F 2. Fundamentalist movements are found almost exclusively in the Islamic world.

T/F 3. Changes in the environment are occurring more rapidly than changes in the ability of political institutions to deal with them.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download